International Journal of Scientific Research and Management Studies (IJSRMS)

Volume 1 Issue 1, pg: 7-10

SINGLE PHASING, PHASE REVERSAL, OVERVOLTAGE,

UNDER VOLTAGE AND OVERHEATING PROTECTION OF
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Devesh Kumar1, Piyush Kumar Verma2, Brijesh Kumar Singh2,
Ravindra Singh2, Vishal Singh2
1
Assistant Professor, 2Pursuing B-Tech
MIT Moradabad, India

ABSTRACT
This paper tends to develop for protection of three phase induction motor from single phasing, phase reversal,
over voltage and under voltage. Due to this electrical fault the winding of motor get heated which lead to
insulation failure and thus reduce the life time of motor. This fault is generated in induction motor due to
variation in induction motor parameters. When three phase induction motor runs continuously, it is necessary to
protect the motor from these anticipated faults. Three phase induction motor generally directly connected
through the supply, if the supply voltage has sag and swell due to fault the performance of motor is affected and
in some cases winding is burned out. When phase sequence (RYB) is reversed due to wrong connection then
motor start rotating in another direction, if supply system has only one phase and other phase is disconnected
then it is single phasing problem.

KEYWORD: Three phase induction motor, PIC microcontroller, over voltage, under voltage, overheating,
single phasing and phase reversal kit.

I. INTRODUCTION
Three phase induction motor generally suffers from under voltage, overvoltage, overheating, single
phasing and phase reversal problems. When the three phase induction motor supply with higher
voltage than is rated then induction motor starts overheated. In our project a variable resistance is used
when supply voltage is lower than rated then voltage drop across the resistance is higher than it
protects the motor from this fault. When supply voltage is lower than voltage drop across the
resistance is lower than specified value and motor fails to start. When supply is only one phase, this is
single phasing problem and supply voltage fall the rated and once again motor fails to start. In the
case of motor overheating a LM sensor is used which sense the temperature of winding if it is exceed
the specified limit then once again motor fails to start. It is highly desired that 3 phase induction motor
works freely from these all types of faults. Details description of all types of faults is given below.

II. OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION

In overvoltage protection system of 3 phase induction motor, protects the motor from overvoltage, the
voltage which is higher than the rated voltage. In circuit diagram of overvoltage protection it consists
the comparator which compare two voltages one is supply and another one is drop across the variable
resistance. When the voltage drop across the variable rsistance is higher than specified value then
comparator generates signals. This signal is fed to microcontroller and microcontroller takes the
appropriate action as shown in fig.1.

http://www.ijsrms.com All Rights Reserved pg. 7

International Journal of Scientific Research and Management Studies (IJSRMS)
Volume 1 Issue 1, pg: 7-10

R3

R3 D17
R R
PT LED
U5A

8
3
+ 1
2
R4 -
R LM393

4
R2

2
POT
1 3

Fig.1 Circuit diagram of overvoltage protection

III. BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram of system is shown in fig.2. Microcontroller is AT89S52 is used with
programming code which drives the whole system according to their characteristics. One relay drive
is used which drive the relay function. All the five unit of controlling warring as input for
microcontroller and a power supply is also used which provide the power supply to microcontroller.
As the input provided by the different section of protection according to that microcontroller works.

LCD 16X2

Phase Reversal
A
Over
Relay T
Temperature
Driver
8 Single Phasing
Relay 9
Over Voltage
S Under Voltage
Load 5
RS 232
2

Power
Supply

Fig.2 Block diagram of system

http://www.ijsrms.com All Rights Reserved pg. 8

International Journal of Scientific Research and Management Studies (IJSRMS)
Volume 1 Issue 1, pg: 7-10

IV. UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

In under voltage protection of 3 phase induction motor provides the protection from the under voltage.
When supply system has low voltage than the rated of induction motor then under voltage protection
section of protection supply is provided to motor. Single phasing works. It has same concept as
overvoltage it also has comparator which compare two voltage one form supply and another from the
voltage drop across the variable rsistance. When voltage drop across the variable resistance is lower
than specified value, this signal sends to microcontroller and microcontroller stop the operation of
motor in the case of running and fails to operate in case of starting. Preset is used to set the specified
value as shown in fig.3.

Fig.3 Preset to set value

This circuit works in same manner as overvoltage protection works only the different is that value set
by preset. In this Case set value is minimum but in overvoltage case set values by preset resister.
When appropriate voltage drop across the Resister exceeds from the set values of preset the signal
sends to microcontrollers.

V. SINGLE PHASING
In single phasing protection to 3 phase induction motor, if other two phases is faulted and only one
protection of motor section starts functioning. Generally in single phase supply voltage is lower value
than specified value. On this value of voltage motor is unable to start. Comparator which compares
single phasing supply voltage and rated specified voltage, and single sends to microcontroller and
microcontroller generates single which stop the motor if motor is running and does not allow to motor
start in case of standstill. Sometimes single phasing protection looking much motor important when
the motor is tight which important function like furnishing, pump driving and crane driving etc.
This fig.4 show the typical single phasing condition in three phase induction motor where one phase
break down and motor is only supplied by remaining phases which is equivalent to single phasing
condition. Single phasing occurs as a result of several possibilities. A loose wire, a bad connection,
bad starter contacts, overload relay problems, a bad breaker, a blown fuse, and other things can cause
this destructive condition. Obvious signs are a louder than normal humming from the motor and/or a
shaft that vibrates rather than rotating.
R3

R3 D17
R R
PT LED
U5A
8

3
+ 1
2
R4 -
R LM393
4

R2
2

POT
1 3

Fig.4 Diagram of single phasing

http://www.ijsrms.com All Rights Reserved pg. 9

 International Journal of Scientific Research and Management Studies (IJSRMS)
Volume 1 Issue 1, pg: 7-10

VI. PHASE REVERSAL

Phase reversal problem occurs in motor when the supply phase is reversed due to wrong connection
(except than RYB) due to phase reversal motor starts running in anticlockwise (opposite direction
from normal) would cause operation and safety problem. Most of three phases motor run opposite
phases. This type of protection is used in application like elevators where it would be damaging or
dangerous for the motor to run in reverse. Generally when motor is connected with the important
application then type of protection being much more important .When the load is connected with
motor then reversal of phase means Direction of rotation is changed. It could cause serious problem
therefore much more care is required to protect the motor form such type of fault. The overheating
protection system is placed to turn the motor off when the exceeds heat is generated within the motor.
This protection system rested the motor cools to safe operating temperature. Direction by switching
the connection of any two of three although the motor having shut down because it tripped the thermal
limit in inconvenient.

VII. OVERHEATING PROTECTION

Overheating protection of motor means protect the motor from overheating of its winding. This
overheating in motor is generally caused by overloading of motor, bearing seizes up something locked
the motor shaft from turning. Motor simply fails to starts properly, a failure to start of motor may
cause by faulty start in winding in motor. For sensing the heat LM 35 sensor is used for this purpose.
This sensor is connected to comparator inputs. With the help of sensor which sense the temperature of
winding & its temperature exceeds to some particular level then comparator sends this
signal to microcontroller as shown in fig.5.
R3

D17
LM35 R
LED
U5A
8

3
+ 1
2
-
LM393
4

R2
2

POT
1 3

Fig.5 Diagram of overheating protection

VIII. CONCLUSION
Protection of three phase induction motor from over voltage, under voltage, single phasing, and
overheating and phase reversal provide the smooth running of motor improves its lifetime and
efficiency. Generally these faults generated when supply system is violating its rating. In three phase
induction motor when running at rated voltage, current and load these faults are not generated.
For smooth running of motor generally concentration on supply voltage under the prescribe limit and
load which is driven by the motor should also be under the specified limit.

REFERENCES
[1]. www.standards.ieee.org/finds tds/ standard/ 252-1995.html
[2]. electrical engineering portal. com/ basics cp 3 phase induction motor 4
[3]. I.J Nagrath & D. P Kothari. The McGraw-Hill.
[4]. www.marineinsight.com/ tech/ marine electrical
[5]. Slemon, GR and A Stravghen, electrical machine,
[6]. Addition Wesley Reading, Mass 1980.

http://www.ijsrms.com All Rights Reserved pg. 10