Shear Force and Capacity in Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints With Good Bond Along Beam and Column Bars
Shear Force and Capacity in Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints With Good Bond Along Beam and Column Bars
Shear Force and Capacity in Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints With Good Bond Along Beam and Column Bars
SUMMARY
The effect of good bond along beam and column bars within a joint on shear strength in reinforced
concrete interior beam-column joints was investigated. Five interior beam-column joint specimens with
one-half scale were tested. The bond along beam and column bars within a joint and loading history were
chosen as the test parameters. All specimens eventually failed in joint shear. To study on horizontal and
vertical shear forces input to joint panel, concrete compressive stress distributions acting on beam and
column critical sections were researched through measuring concrete normal strains by gauges stuck on
beam and column surfaces. The depth of the concrete compressive zone at beam and column critical
sections exceeded a half of the beam and column depth respectively. This means that all concrete
compressive force at critical section is not necessarily introduced to joint panel as a shear force. The
decrease in either horizontal or vertical joint shear force, which was computed using measured tensile
forces of steel bars and accounting for non-contribution of the concrete compressive force to joint shear,
resulted in the degradation of story shear force.
INTRODUCTION
At the Great Earthquake in Hanshin Awaji areas in 1995, a lot of severe damages were observed in
reinforced concrete beam-column joints. Although provision to seismic design of beam-column joints was
added after the great earthquake in AIJ Standard for Structural Calculation of Reinforced Concrete
Structures [1], it is not based on the failure mechanism of beam-column joints.
Shear resistant mechanism of beam-column joints is currently studied focusing on the modeling for joint
failure caused by deterioration of flexural resistant mechanism [2], [3], [4] and the stress transmission
mechanism in a joint using finite element analysis [5], [6], [7]. These studies were not enough to explain
the correlation of joint shear force with joint failure. The flexural resistant model by Shiohara [2] can
explicate well the mechanism of joint failure without decrease in joint shear force. There is, however,
different failure type of a joint panel from Shiohara model, which can be defined as shear failure caused
1
Graduate Student, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan. Email:morita@ecomp.metro-u.ac.jp
2
Associate Professor, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan. Email:kitak@ecomp.metro-u.ac.jp
3
Research Associate, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan. Email:skishida@ecomp.metro-u.ac.jp
4
Professor, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan. Email:tanishi@arch.metro-u.ac.jp
by the degradation of joint input shear force. It is necessary to grasp the influential parameters on the joint
shear behavior.
In this paper, the concrete strains at the beam and column critical sections were measured in detail. Joint
shear force was calculated considering the shape of concrete compressive stress block at the critical
sections. Then five interior beam-column joint specimens without transverse beams nor slabs were tested
to investigate the correlation of the bond along beam and column bars with the joint shear strength.
OUTLINE OF TEST
Specimens
Properties of specimens are listed in Table 1. Section dimensions and reinforcement details are shown in
Figures 1 and 2. The five interior beam-column joint specimens with one-half scale were tested. Section
dimensions and the specified concrete strength (18 N/mm2) were common for all specimens. The beam
width was equal to the column width for all specimens. The bond along beam and column bars within a
joint and the loading history were chosen as the test parameters. Specimen M1 was control specimen. The
bond along beam bars within a joint for Specimens M2, M3 and M4, and along column bars for Specimen
M6 was improved by the increase in the surface area of the beam or column bar within a joint by welding
the same diameter bars. The reinforcement details were identical for Specimens M2 and M3. The reversed
cyclic load was applied at the top of the column for Specimens M1, M2, M4 and M6, whereas the
monotonic load for Specimen M3. Hoops composed of four sets of 4-D13 were provided as joint lateral
reinforcement for Specimen M4. Properties of the steel and the concrete are shown in Tables 2 and 3.
270 65
4-D25
400
965
Joint lateral 4-D25
65
reinforcement
West 4-D10@60 East a'
of 2-D6@80 (b) Joint section at a-a'
Beam section
(a) Detail of welded bar (Specimens M2,M3,M4)
(Specimens M2,M3,M4)
400
b b'
600
16-D22
300 4-D10@60 (d) Joint section at b-b'
40
67.5
67.5
40
(Specimen M6)
365
Joint section 350
(c) Detail of welded bar Shaded area represents
Column section welded bars.
1225 350 1050 175 (Specimen M6)
Figure 1: Section dimensions and reinforcement details Figure 2: Details of welded bar in a joint
Loading Method
The beam ends were supported by horizontal rollers, while the bottom of the column was supported by
mechanical hinge. The horizontal load was applied at the top of the column. The column axial load was
not applied for the simplicity of the stress transmission in a joint panel. The lateral force was controlled by
the story drift angle for 1 cycle of 1/400 radian, 2 cycles of 1/200, 1/100 and 1/50 radian, 1 cycle of
1/33 radian and to the end after 2 cycles of 1/25 radian.
TEST RESULTS
General Observations
The crack patterns after the story drift angle of 1/25 radian are shown in Figure 3. The diagonal shear
cracks occurred in the joint panel for all specimens. The concrete compressive failure was observed in
center of the joint panel for Specimen M1. However, the concrete compressive failure was observed in
wide area of the joint panel for Specimen M2 with welded bars along beam bars in a joint. The diagonal
cracks expanded to the beam and column hinge regions for Specimen M3 subjected to the monotonic
horizontal load. Specimen M4 failed such as a direct shear along horizontal plane in the center of joint
panel. The diagonal cracks expanded to the column hinge region for Specimen M6 with welded bars along
column bars in a joint. Column bars did not yield for all specimens. A few beam bars yielded at the story
drift angle of 1/25 radian only for Specimen M3. Therefore it was judged that the beam and column did
not yield. All specimens eventually failed in a joint shear regardless of the beam and column bar bond
condition.
150 150
(a) push (b) push
100 over
100 over
Specimen M2
Story shear force, kN
Specimen M1
,kN
Control specimen Improved bond
50 50
along beam bars
0 0
Specimen M3
,kN
Specimen M6
Improved bond
50 Story drift
along column bars
:1/200 radian
0
:1/100 radian
-50 :1/50 radian
Maximum story
:1/33 radian
shear force:134kN
-100 :1/25 radian
-150
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
Story drift , %
250 250
M2
200 M4 200
Bond force, kN
Bond force, kN
150 M3 150 M6
at maximum story
100 100
shear force M3
50 50 M2
M4
M6 M1 M1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
Story drift , % Story drift , %
Figure 5: Bond force along beam bar Figure 6: Bond force along column bar
Column Bar Bond
The bond forces along a column bar within a joint for all specimens are shown in Figure 6. The bond force
was computed by the difference of the column bar forces at opposite beam faces. The bond forces along a
column bar decreased at the story drift angle of 1/50 radian for Specimens M1, M2, M3 and M4. The
bond forces along a column bar within a joint of Specimen M6 increased by 60% comparing with those of
other specimens. Then, it was judged that welded bars along column bars improved the column bar bond
condition. The decrease in the bond force along column bars caused the decay of the story shear force for
Specimens M2, M3 and M4. Concrete at the beam critical section failed in compression by flexural
moment after the peak of the story shear force for Specimen M6. Therefore the decrease in the bond force
along beam bars caused the decay of the story shear force for Specimen M6.
200
150 c
70
beam
100
70
column
50
70
strain 0
25 70
gauge
Forces on both beam critical sections induced by the beam moment Mb is shown in Figure 8(a), and the
distribution of confining force to the horizontal expansion in joint panel is shown in Figure 8(b). Flexural
cracks occurred in critical sections at the story drift angle of 1/400 radian. Since shear force acts
simultaneously on the beam critical section in addition to flexural moment, the confining force can be
carried across the flexural crack by aggregate interlocking. Then the confining force decreases gradually
toward the top (or bottom) fiber in tension because of wide crack opening as shown in Figure 8(c).
Therefore, the distribution of the concrete compressive stress at beam critical section would result in a
triangle by the superposition of both concrete stress conditions shown in Figures 8(a) and 8(c).
The distributions of the concrete strain at the column critical section for Specimens M1, M3 and M6 are
shown in Figure 9. The depth of the concrete compressive region was approximately equal to column full
depth. The distribution of the compressive stress at column critical section would also form a triangle due
to the same reason as the case of a beam.
Concrete strain,
Concrete strain,
0 0
-1000 -1000
-2000 -2000
-3000 c -3000 c
-4000 Specimen M 1 -4000 Specimen M 3
-5000 -5000
0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300
Location of strain gauges, mm Location of strain gauges, mm
=0.25% =0.5% 2000
=1% =2% (c)
=3% =4% 1000
Concrete strain,
0
-1000
-2000
-3000 c
column
25 60 60 60 60 60 25 -4000 Specimen M 6
-5000
0 100 200 300
35
Vc
0.85 B 0.5
Ccw
0.4 Specimen M1
Coefficient b
Tet
x
Twt 0.3
CL Vjh 0.2
Db
b=1/4at x =0
East 0.1
West
T eb 0
x
,kN
Improved bond
5 Control specimen 5
2
jh , N/mm
-15 -15
15 (c) 15
(d)
,radian ,radian
10 10
,kN
5 5
2
jh , N/mm
0 0
Specimen M3 Specimen M 4
-5 Improved bond -5 Improved bond
-10 along beam bars -10 along beam bars
Monotonic load Heavily reinforced joint
-15 -15
15 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
(e)
Joint shear distortion angle , % Joint shear distortion angle , %
10 Specimen M6
Improved bond
5 Story drift
2
jh , N/mm
force develops mathematically on the vertical center section in a joint panel. The vertical joint shear force
is obtained by following equation.
V jv = Tet1 + Tte 2 + c Ccb Tbe1 Tbe 2 c Cct Vbe (6)
where coefficient c is the ratio of concrete compressive force acting on the east side of center axis to
resultant force Ccb on bottom column critical section, and coefficient c is the ratio of concrete
compressive force acting on the east side of center axis to resultant force Cct on top column critical
section. The sum of coefficients c and c becomes unity. The following equations can be obtained from
the equilibrium of forces at column critical section.
Cct = Tte1 + Tte 2 + Ttm + Ttw 2 + Ttw1 (7)
Ccb = Tbe1 + Tbe 2 + Tbm + Tbw2 + Tbw1 (8)
The following equation is obtained by substituting Eqs.(7) and (8) into Eq.(6).
V jv = Tte1 + Tte 2 + c (Tbe1 + Tbe 2 + Tbm + Tbw2 + Tbw1 ) c (Tte1 + Tte 2 + Ttm + Ttw 2 + Ttw1 ) Vbe
= Tte1 + Tte 2 + (1 c ) (Tbe1 + Tbe 2 + Tbm + Tbw2 + Tbw1 ) c (Tte1 + Tte 2 + Ttm + Ttw 2 + Ttw1 ) Vbe
= Tte1 + Tte 2 + Tbm + Tbw 2 + Tbw1 Vbe c (Tbe1 + Tbe 2 + Tbm + Tbw2 + Tbw1 + Tte1 + Tte 2 + Ttm + Ttw 2 + Ttw1 ) (9)
The coefficient c is obtained by following equations.
Dc
2
D
for 0 x < c
4( Dc 2 x 2 ) 2
c = (10)
x Dc
for x < Dc
x + Dc 2
The coefficient c the depth of crushed compression zone x relationships are shown in Figure 14. The
coefficient c for Specimen M1 was plotted in Figure 14. The vertical joint shear stresses joint shear
distortion angle relationships are shown in Figure 15. The joint shear stresses were computed by dividing
the joint shear force by the effective sectional area of the joint panel defined as the product of the column
width and the beam depth. The depth of crushed compression zone x and column bar force were decided
by the same manner as beam section. Average joint shear strength computed according to the provisions
by Architectural Institute of Japan [9] are drawn by dashed line in Figure 15. The vertical joint shear
stresses obtained by Eq.(9) for Specimens M1, M2, M3 and M4 with deteriorating column bar bond were
by 7.5 to 19% smaller than the average joint shear strength computed according to the provisions by
Architectural Institute of Japan [9]. The joint shear strengths obtained by Eq.(9) for Specimens M1, M2,
M3 and M4 were approximately equal to the lower limit of the joint shear strength computed by
multiplying the average joint shear strength by 0.85. On the contrary, the joint shear stress obtained by
Eq.(9) for Specimen M6 with improved column bar bond increased to the end of the test. Therefore, the
behavior of column bar bond had great influence on the vertical joint shear force.
C
L
Tte1 x
C ct
B
Tte2 Ttm
Ttw2 Ttw1
0.85
0.5
0.4 Specimen M1
Coefficient c
0.3
0.2
V be Vjv Vbw
East West 0.1 c=1/4at x =0
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
B
T be1 Tbe2
Tbm Tbw2
C cb x Tbw1
Dc Figure 14: Coefficient c depth of crushed
Figure 13: Stress condition at column critical section compression zone x relationships
,kN
Improved bond
5 Control specimen
5
2
jv , N/mm
-15 -15
15 (c) 15
(d) at maximum story shear force
10 ,radian 10 ,radian
,kN
5 5
2
jv , N/mm
0 0
Specimen M3 at maximum story Specimen M 4
-5 Improved bond shear force -5 Improved bond
along beam bars along beam bars
-10 -10
Monotonic load Heavily reinforced joint
-15 -15
15 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
(e)
Joint shear distortion angle , % Joint shear distortion angle , %
10 Specimen M6
Improved bond
5 along column bars Story drift
2
jv , N/mm
:1/200 radian
0
:1/100 radian
-5 :1/50 radian
:1/33 radian
-10 :1/25 radian
-15
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Joint shear distortion angle , %
Figure 15: Vertical joint shear stress joint shear distortion relationships
decrease in either horizontal or vertical joint shear force caused the degradation of story shear force as in
the case of Specimen M6 or Specimens M2, M3 and M4.
The joint shear capacity was decided by accepting horizontal or vertical maximum joint shear forces
whichever is smaller. The joint shear capacities and the lower limit of the joint shear strength computed
Table 4: Joint shear capacities
2 2
Joint shear capacity Lower limit of joint shear
Specimen jh, N/mm jv, N/mm 2 2 j / ul
j, N/mm strenth[9] ul, N/mm
M1 4.77 5.58 4.77 5.13 0.93
M2 5.66 5.66 5.36 1.06
M3 6.13 6.13 5.48 1.12
M4 5.59 5.59 5.86 0.95
M6 4.72 4.72 5.60 0.84
according to the provisions by Architectural Institute of Japan [9] for all specimens are listed in Table 4. If
the skeleton curve of joint shear force did not have local maxima, notation was described in Table 4.
The joint shear capacity could be evaluated appropriately by using the lower limit of the joint shear
strength for all specimens.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
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Japanese).
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