LABORATORY MANUAL

(CIV 210)

ENGINEERING SURVEYING (2018-19)

(For private circulation only)

Name of the Student………………………………………………..

Registration Number/Roll No……………………………………….

Section and Group……………………………………………………..

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Session-term: 2018-19 (Spring term)

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No Title of the Experiment Page No

a) To determine the horizontal Distance between two points by doing 1-9

1
Ranging and chaining and b) To find perpendicular offsets

To determine the R.L of different points on ground by Height of 10-18

2
Instrument (H.I.) method & by Rise and Fall method

To do the plane table survey with different methods like intersection, 19-25
3
Traversing and radial method.

4 To solve two point problem by plane table survey. 26-29

To do the traversing with the help of compass using F.B and B.B and 30-36
5
Local error correction.

To determine the horizontal angle of an object by repetition method and 37-45

6 vertical angle of an object and To determine the elevation of the object by
trigonometric levelling

7 Setting out of simple curves by offset from long chord method. 46-49

8 Setting out of compound curve by offset from long chord method 50-53

To determine the tachometry constant using known distances, To

9 determine distance between station and a target point with the help of 54-64
tacheometric constants
a) To determine horizontal, sloping and vertical distance between any two 65-73
10
points by using Total Station
b) To determine the area of a closed traverse using Total Station
 Guidelines for students

Some important guidelines and rules for students:

➢
Before coming to lab students must carry their own lab manuals.
➢
It is compulsory for all students to wear shoes and lab court in the lab.
➢
Instrument should be handling with care. If there is any destruction
then they have to pay fine for it.
➢
Viva should be conducted within field while performing the respective
lab experiment.
➢
Students groups must be greater than 2 if number of students is
more than20.
➢
Students are not allowed to use the instruments in the absence
of instructor.

➢ It is compulsory for all students to complete their lab manual

within schedule time.
 EXPERIMENT NO-1

a) AIM: To determine the horizontal Distance between two points by doing ranging
and chaining.

EQUIPMENT- : Chain, Arrows, Ranging Rods and pegs.

Fig 1.1 Details of metric chain

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: To learn how to measure the linear distances accurately

with chain and/or tape in the field.

THEORY : By the various methods of determining distance the most accurate and common
method is the method of measuring distance with a chain or tape is called Chaining. For work
of ordinary precision a chain issued. But where great accuracy is required a steel tape is
invariably used. The term chaining was originally applied to measure Distance with a chain.
The term chaining is used to denote measuring distance with either chain or tape, In the
process of chaining, The survey party consists of a leader (the surveyor at the forward end of
the chain) a follower (the surveyor at the rare end of the chain and an assistant to establish
intermediate points) . The accuracy to which measurement can be made with chain and tape
varies with the methods used and precautions exercised. The precision of chaining, for
ordinary work, ranges from 1/1000 to 1/30,000 and precise measurement such as Baseline
may be of the order of 1000000.

1
The chain is composed of 100 or150 pieces of galvanized mild steel were 4mm in diameter
called links. The end of each link is bent into a loop and connected together by means of three
oval rings which afford flexibility To the chain and make it less liable to become kinked. The
ends of chain are provided with brass handles for dragging the chain on the ground, each with
a swivel Joints so that the chain can be turned round without twisting. The length of the A link
is the distance between the centres of the two consecutive middle rings. The end links include
the handles metallic rings indicators of distinctive points of the Chain to facilitate quick
reading of fractions of chain in surveying measurements.

RANGING RODS- Ranging rods are used for marking the positions of Stations
conspicuously and for ranging the lines. Io order to make these visible at a distance, they are
painted alternately black and white, or red and white or red White and black successively. The
adjustment of the chain should as far as possible be affected symmetrically on either side of
the middle so as that the position of central tag remains unaltered. In measuring the length of
survey line also called as chain line. It is necessary that the chain should be laid out on the
ground in a straight line between the end stations.

Fig 1.2: ranging rod

PROCEDURE OUTLINE: Two men are required for chaining operation; the chain man at
the forward end of chain is called the leader while the other man at the rear end is known as
the follower. Duties of leader &follower

Leader: - 1) To put the chain forward

1. To fix arrows at the end of chain

3) To follow the instruction of the followers.

Follower: - 1) To direct the leader to the line with the ranging rod.

2) To carry the rear end of the chain.

3) To pick up the arrows inserted by the leader.

2
Chaining: -

1) The follower holds the zero handle of the chain against the peg &directs the Leader to be
in line of the ranging rod.
2) The leader usually with to arrows drags the chain alone the line.

3) Using code of signals the follower directs the leader as required to the exactly in the line.

4) The leader then fixes the arrows at the end of chain the process is repeated.

2) Stand about 2m behind the ranging rod at the beginning of the line.

3) Direct the person to move the rod to right or left until the three ranging rods appear exactly
in the straight line.
4) Sight only the lower portion of rod in order to avoid error in non-vertically.

5) After ascertaining that three rods are in a straight line, ask the person to fix up the rod.

RESULT: By Chaining and ranging the total distance is found to be______________

3
 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration Number:

Aim:

Observation Tables:

Station points Line Distance (m)

Calculations:

RESULT: By Chaining and ranging the total distance is found to be

________________

Result and Discussion:

4
Error Analysis

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt): (to be written by the students in 50-70 words)

To be filled in by Faculty

S.No Parameter (Scale from 1-10, 1 for very poor and Marks Max
10 excellent) obtained marks
1 Understanding of the student about the 20
procedure/apparatus
2 Observations and analysis including learning 20
Outcomes
3 Completion* of experiment, Discipline and 10
Cleanliness
Signature of faculty Total
marks

5
 EXPERIMENT NO-1

b) AIM: To determine the perpendicular offset and objects from a reference line.

APPARATUS: Chain, Ranging rod, Arrows, Cross-staff, Metallic Survey (Tape)

Fig 2.1 Cross staff

THEORY: Cross-Staff is the simplest instrument used for setting out perpendicular i.e taking
offsets from a chain line. It is easier and quicker method, but not very accurate. If great
accuracy is desired, the work should be carried out by the theodolite.

Open cross staff:- The simplest Type consists two parts 1) the head 2) the leg .the head is
made of wooden block octagonal or round in shape about 15cm side or diameter an 4cm deep
. on it are scribed two lines at right angles to another .At the end of these two lines are fixed
two points of metallic strip having slits made in them .These slits two lines of sight which are
at right angles to one another .The head is fixed on a wooden staff or pole about
3cm in diameter and 1.2 to 1.5m length .The pole is provided conical metal shoe so that it can
be driven into the ground.

Procedure – 1) To find the foot of the perpendicular from the object the cross staff is held
approximately in position and one pair of slits is directed in the direction of the ranging
rod fixed at the forward and the chain line . The observer then looks through the other pair of
slits and sees whether the particular object is bisected or not. if not the cross staff is moved to
and from till the necessary bisection is obtained. Before noting down the chainage of the foot
of the perpendicular care must be taken to see that one pair of slit is the direction of chain or
not. While shifting the position of the cross-staff it may get twisted and hence precaution is
necessary.

2) To set a perpendicular to the chain line at a given point one pair of slits is oriented in the
direction of chain line by looking at the ranging rod fixed at the forward and by looking

6
through the other pair of slits ranging rods fixed in the direction of the line of sight provided
by this pair.

RESULT: Various perpendicular offsets or object location will be identified from

reference line.

7
 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration Number:

Aim:

Observation Table:

Station points Offset points and objects Offset distance from

reference line

Calculations:

RESULT: Various perpendicular to the chain line object are created using cross-staff
Survey are:

8
Result and Discussion:

Error Analysis

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt): (to be written by the students in 50-70 words)

To be filled by faculty:-

S.No Parameter (Scale from 1-10, 1 for very poor and Marks Max
10 excellent) obtained marks
1 Understanding of the student about the 20
procedure/apparatus
2 Observations and analysis including learning 20
Outcomes
3 Completion* of experiment, Discipline and 10
Cleanliness
Signature of faculty Total
marks

9
 EXPERIMENT NO-2

AIM: To determine the R.L of different points on ground with Height of instrument (H.I.) and
Rise and Fall method

APPARATUS: Dumpy level, levelling staff and plumb bob etc.

Fig 3.1 Dumpy level

Levelling: The art of determining and representing the relative height or elevation of different
object/points on the surface of earth is called levelling. It deals with measurement in vertical
plane. By levelling operation, the relative position of two points is known whether the points
are near or far off. Similarly, the point at different elevation with respect to a given datum can
be established by levelling.
Levelling instruments: - The instrument which are directly used for levelling operation are:-
Level, Levelling staff.

Level: - An instrument which is used for observing staff reading on levelling staff kept over
different points after creating a line of sight is called a level. The difference in elevation
between the point then can worked out. A level essentially consists of the following points:

1) Levelling Heads

2) Limb plate

3) Telescope

10
Telescope consists of two tubes, one slide into the other and fitted with lens and diaphragm
having cross hairs. It creates a line of sight by which the reading on the staff is taken

The essential parts of a telescope are

1) body 2) object glass 3)Eye-piece 4) Diaphragm 5) Ray shade 6) Focusing screw

7) Diaphragm screw 8) Bubble tube

Dumpy level: The dumpy level is simple, compact and stable instrument. The telescope is
rigidly fixed to its supports. Hence it cannot be rotated about its longitudinal axis or cannot be
removed from its support. The name dumpy is because of its compact and stable construction.
The axis of telescope is perpendicular to the vertical axis of the level. The level tube is
permanently placed so that its axis lies in the same vertical plane of the telescope but it is
adjustable by means of captain head not at one end. The ray shade is provided to protect the
object glass. A clamp and slow motion screw are provided in modern level to control the
movement of spindle, about the vertical axis. The telescope has magnifying power of about
thirty diameters. The level tube is graduated to 2mm divisions and it has normally a
sensitiveness of 20 seconds of are per graduation. The telescope may be internally focusing or
external Focusing type.

Adjustment of the level

The level needs two type of adjustment

1) Temporary adjustment and

2) Permanent adjustment

Temporary adjustments of dumpy level

These adjustments are performed at each set-up the level before taking any observation.

A) Setting up the level: - this includes

1) Fixing the instrument in the tripod: - the tripod legs are well spread on the ground with
tripod head nearly level and at convenient height. Fix up the level on the tripod.

2) Leg adjustment: - Bring all the foot screws of the level in the centre of their run .Fix any
two legs firmly into the ground by pressing them with hand and move the third leg to leg to
right or left until the main bubble is roughly in the centre. Finally the legs are fixed after
centring approximately both bubbles. This operation will save the time required for levelling.

B) Levelling: -Levelling is done with the help of foot screws and bubbles. The purpose of
levelling is to make the vertical axis truly vertical. The method of levelling the instrument
depends upon whether there are three foot screws or four foot screws. In all modern
instruments three foot screws are provided and this method only is described.

11
 Fig 3.2 Levelling screws

1) Place the telescope parallel to pair of foot screws.

2) Hold these two foot screw between the thumb and first finger of each hand and turn them
uniformly so that the thumbs move either toward each other until the bubble is in centre.

3) Turn the telescope through 90°so that it lies over the third foot screw.

4) Turn this foot screw only until the bubble is centred.

5) Bring the telescope back to its original position without reversing the eye piece and
object glass ends.

6) Again bring the bubble to the centre of its run and repeat these operation until the bubble
remains in the centre of its run in both position which are at right angle to each other.

7) Now rotate the instrument through 180°, the bubble should remain in centre provided the
instrument is in adjustment: if not, it needs permanent adjustment.

C) Focusing the eye piece:- To focus the eye piece, hold a white paper in front of the
object glass ,and move the eye piece in or out till the cross hairs are distinctly seen
Care should be taken that the eye piece is not wholly taken out ,sometimes graduation
are provided at the eye piece and that one can always remember the particular
graduation position to suit his eyes, This will save much time of focusing the eye piece.
D) Focusing the Object glass :- Direct the telescope to the leveling staff and on looking
through the telescope, turn the focusing screw until the image appears clears and sharp.
The image is thus formed inside the plane of cross hairs, Parallax, if any is removed by
exact focusing. It may be noted that parallax is completely eliminated when there is no
change in staff reading after moving the eye up and down.

12
Reduced Levels

The system of working out the reduced level of the points from staff reading taken in the field
is called as reduced level (R.L) of a points are the elevation of the point with reference to the
same datum.

There are two systems of reduced levels;

1) The plane of collimation system (H.I. method)

2) The Rise and fall system

The plane of collimation system (H.I. method)

In this system, the R.L. of plane of collimation (H.I) is found out for every set-up of the level
and then the reduced levels of the points are worked out with the respective plane of
collimation as described below.

1) Determine the R.L. of plane of collimation for the first set up of the level by adding B.S. to
the R.L. of B.M. i.e ( R.L of plane of collimation= R.L. of B.M.+B.S.)
2) Obtained the R.L. Of the intermediate points and first change point by subtracting the staff
readings (I.S. and F.S. from the R.L. of plane of collimation (H.I). (R.L. of a point=R.L of
plane of collimation (H.I).-I.S or F.S).
3) When the instrument is shifted and set up at new position a new plane of collimation is
determined by addition of B.S. to the R.L of change point. Thus the levels from two set-ups of
the instruments can be correlated by means of B.S. and F.S. taken on C.P.
4) Find out the R.L.s of the successive points and the second C.P. by subtracting their staff
readings from this plane of collimation R.L.
5) Repeat the procedure until all the R.Ls is worked out.

13
Arithmetical check: The difference between the sum of the back sights and the sum of the
fore sights should be equal to the difference between the last and first reduced levels.

i.e ∑B.S - ∑ F.S. = LAST R.L –FIRST R.L

The Rise and fall system

In this system, there is no need to determine R.L. of plane of collimation .The difference of
level between consecutive points is obtained as described below.
1) Determine the difference in staff readings between the consecutive point
Comparing each point after the first with that immediately preceding it.
2) Obtained the rise or fall from the difference of their staff reading
accordingly to the staff reading at the point is smaller or greater than that of
proceeding point.
3) Find out the reduced level of each point by adding the rise to or subtracting fall
from the R.L. of a proceeding point.

14
Arithmetic check:-The difference between the sum of back sight and the sum of fore sight=
difference between the sum of rise and the sum of fall = the difference between the last R.L.
and the first R.L.

∑B.S-∑F.S =∑Rise -∑Fall =Last RL- First RL

RESULT:

The various reduced levels are calculated by using rise and fall and by using height or plane
of collimation method and are shown in observation table.

15
 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration Number:

Aim:

Observation Table:

Station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks

Calculations:

Result and Discussion:

Error Analysis

16
Observation Table:

Station B.S I.S F.S Rise Fall R.L. Remarks

Calculations:

Result and Discussion:

Error Analysis

17
Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt): (to be written by the students in 50-70 words)

To be filled by faculty:-

S.No Parameter (Scale from 1-10, 1 for very poor and Marks Max
10 excellent) obtained marks
1 Understanding of the student about the 20
procedure/apparatus
2 Observations and analysis including learning 20
outcomes
3 Completion* of experiment, Discipline and 10
Cleanliness
Signature of faculty Total
marks

18
 EXPERIMENT NO: 3

AIM: To do the plane table survey with different methods like intersection, traversing and
radial method.

APPARATUS: The Plane table with tripod, Alidade, Trough compass, Sprit level, Plumbing
fork or U-frame, Plumb bob, Tape ,chain, pegs, ranging rods, wooden mallet etc.

THEORY: Plane table surveying: the system of surveying in which field observation and
plotting work i.e. both are done simultaneously is called plane table surveying. The plane
Table:- The drawing board made of well-seasoned wood such as teak or pine which is used
for the purpose of plotting is called plane table. It is available in sizes
500x400x15mm,600x5000x15mm and 750x600x20mm.The top surface of board is perfectly
plane and to the underneath it is fitted with a levelling head or ball and socket arrangement.
The table is mounted on a tripod by means of a central screw with a wing nut or in such a
manner so that the board can be revolve, levelled and clamped in any position.

Fig 5.1 Plane table apparatus

Alidade: The tool or instrument which consists of metal (usually of brass) or wooden (well
seasoned) rule 40cm to 60cm long, 3cmto5cm wide and fitted with two vanes at the ends is
called an alidade. The bevelled graduated edge is known as the fiducial edge. Such an
alidade is known as plain alidade.

19
 Fig 5.2 Alidade

Trough Compass:

The compass which is used to mark the direction of the magnetic meridian on the plane table
is called trough compass. It consist of a long narrow rectangular non magnetic metallic box
8cm to 15cm long,3cm to 5cm wide and 2cm to 3cm high on the covered with a glass cover. it
the centre of the box is provided a magnetic needle with a agate stone mounted on the sharp
steel pivot. At the end the through compass graduated scales are with zero degree at the centre
and up to 5° on either side of the zero line. A counter weight is also used for North end of the
needle to represent north and is also used for balancing the dip of the needle.

Fig 5.3 Trough compass

Sprit Level: - A small sprit level circular or rectangular is required for seeing if the table is
properly level. The level must have flat base so that it can be placed on the table.

Plumbing fork or U-frame: - The plumbing fork to which is attached a plumb bob, used for
centring the plane table over the station occupied by the plane table. it is also meant for
transforming the ground point on to sheet so that both the points should be in the same
vertical line It consists of two light metal arms as shown in fig. Approximate of equal lengths.
A hook for suspending a plumb bob is provided at the lower arm immediately below the end
point of the upper arm. The upper arm is placed on the plane table while the lower arm with a
plumb bob is moved below the table for centring over the ground station mark, thus in the
exact position the pointed end of the upper arm will give the corresponding position on the
paper.

20
 Fig 5.4 Plumbing fork or U-frame

Radiation Method:-When from a single set of plane table on instrument station different
details are located on the sheet, the method is known as radiation method In this method the
rays are drawn from the instrument station to the point to be located, then the distances are
measured from the instruments station to the point and the position of the each point is plotted
on the sheet using a suitable scale. The method is most suited for surveying small areas which
can be controlled by single setting. It can also be used in combination with other method. This
method can be applied for locating distant points if the distances are obtained
tacheometrically with the help of the telescope alidade.

Fig 5.5 Radiation method

Procedure: - 1) Select the position of the table where it is be set so that all the points to be
located are visible from it. Let ’O’ be the position of such a point on the ground.

2) Set the plane table over this point and level it. Draw the North line in the top corner of
sheet by means of trough compass at the table.

3) Now transfer the position of the point ‘O’ on the ground to the sheet by means of the
plumbing fork. The point ‘O’ will represent point ‘o’ will represent point ‘O’ on the ground.

4) With the alidade touching the point ‘o’ (may be represented by fixing a pin), sight the point

21
A in the field. Draw the ray along the fiducial edge. Measure the distance of this point from
the instrument station by means of tape and plot the point ‘a’ corresponding to point ‘A’ in the
field to scale in the sheet.
5) Similarly sight other points such as B, C,D,E etc. and measure their distances from the
instrument station. Plot them to scale to get their position on the sheet such as b, c and d etc.
on the sheet.
Intersection method:-

When the location of an object is obtained on the sheet of paper by the intersection of the rays
drawn after sighting at the object from two plane table stations (previously plotted), it is called
intersection method. The method is suitable when the distance between the point and the
instrument station is either too large or cannot be measured accurately due to some field
conditions as in case of mountainous country. It is also employed for filling up details,
locating distant and inaccessible object, locating the broken boundaries as in the case of rivers
etc. The method can also be used for checking of plotted points. The line joining the two
instrument stations is known as the base line. No linear measurement other than the base line
is made.

Fig 5.6 Intersection method

22
Procedure:-

1) Select two points X and Y in such a way so that all the points to be plotted are visible from
them. Now set the table at station, point X in such a position so that the sheet should cover all
the points. Level the table and clamp it.

2) Draw the north line in the top corner of sheet by means of trough compass. Now transfer
the position of station point x on the sheet as ‘l’ with the help of plumbing fork so that it is
vertically above the instrument station.

3) With the alidade pivoted about ‘l’ sight the ranging rod fixed at station point Y and draw
the line in the direction of Y. Now measure the distance XY by means of the tape and cut off

XY to some suitable scale along the ray drawn toward Y; thus fixing the position of ‘Y’ on
the sheet corresponding to station point Y on the ground. The line XY is called the base line.

4)With the alidade touching the point ’l’ sight the objects in the field such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 etc.
as shown in figure and draw the rays towards them. The direction of each line is marked with
an arrow and a letter 1,2,3,4.5 etc. corresponding to above details.

5)Now shift the table to the station point Y and approximately set it in the line with YX. Set it
up so that the point ‘y’ is vertically above the station point ‘Y’ and level it.

6) Orient the table roughly by compass, then finally by placing the alidade along ml and
bisecting the ranging rod fixed at station point ‘X’ i.e. by back sighting ‘X’. Clamp the table
in this position.

7) With the alidade centred at y sight the same objecting the field such as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 etc;
and draw rays. The intersection of these rays with the respective rays from X locate the object
1,2,3,4,5 etc; as 1 ,2,3,4,5 etc; on the sheet.

RESULT: Drawing sheet will contain all the details and points and object location

23
 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration Number:

Aim:

Apparatus used:

Sheet attached:

Result and Discussion:

Error Analysis

24
Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt): (to be written by the students in 50-70 words)

To be filled by faculty:-

S.No Parameter (Scale from 1-10, 1 for very poor and Marks Max
10 excellent) obtained marks
1 Understanding of the student about the 20
procedure/apparatus
2 Observations and analysis including learning 20
outcomes
3 Completion* of experiment, Discipline and 10
Cleanliness
Signature of faculty Total
marks

25
 EXPERIMENT NO: 4

Aim: To solve two point problem by plane table survey.

Equipment- : plane table, alidade, plumb-bob, trough compass and spirit level.

Material required- chart paper, pencil, paper pins etc.

Learning Objective: To fix and orient the plane table with reference to two already
plotted points on sheet during plane table survey.

Fig 6.1 Two point problem

Outline of the Procedure:

Let A and B be two well defined points like lightening conductor or spire of church,
whose plotted positions a & b already known. Now the problem is to orient the table at P
so that by resection its plotted position p can be obtained. The following steps may be
followed to solve these problems:

(i) Select a suitable point Q near P such that the angles PAQ and PBQ are not acute.

(ii)Roughly orient the table at Q and draw the resectors Aa and Bb to get the point ‘q’.

(iii) Draw the ray qp and locate p1 with estimated distance QP.

(iv) Shift the plane table to P and orient the table by back sighting to Q.

26
(v) Draw the resectors Aa to get ‘p’.

(vi) Draw the ray pB. Let it intersect line bq at b1.

(vii) The points b and b1 are not coinciding due to the angular error in the orientation of
table. The angle bab, is the angular error in orientation. To correct it, * Fix a ranging rod at R
along ab, * Unclamp the table and rotate it till line ab sights ranging rod at R. Then clamp the
table. This gives the correct orientation of the table which was used in plotting the points A
and B.

(viii) The resectors Aa and Bb are drawn to get the correct plotted position ‘p’ of the station
P.

27
 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration

Number:

Aim:

Equipment required

Attach sheet

Calculation

Error Analysis

28
Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt): (to be written by the students in 50-70 words)

To be filled by faculty:-

S.No Parameter (Scale from 1-10, 1 for very poor and Marks Max
10 excellent) obtained marks
1 Understanding of the student about the 20
procedure/apparatus
2 Observations and analysis including learning 20
Outcomes
3 Completion* of experiment, Discipline and 10
Cleanliness
Signature of faculty Total
marks

29
 EXPERIMENT NO- 5

Aim: To do the traversing with the help of compass using F.B and B.B and local
error correction.

Apparatus: Prismatic compass, ranging rod, chain, tape, peg Tripod stand, small pieces
of stones.

Fig 5.1 Prismatic compass

THEORY: The important parts of compass are:-

1) A box with graduated circle.

2) A magnetic needle

3) A line of sight

When the line of sight is pointed to point, the magnetic needle of compass points towards
north (Magnetic meridian). The angle which this line of sight makes with the magnetic
meridian is read on graduated circle. It is known as magnetic bearing of the line.

There are two types of compasses:-

1) Prismatic compass

2) Surveyor’s compass.

Prismatic Compass:- Prismatic compass is very valuable instrument. It is usually used for
rough survey for measuring bearing and survey lines. The least count of prismatic compass is
30 min. It consists of circular box of 10cm-12 cm dia. of non-magnetic material. Pivot is
fixed at the centre of box and is made up of hard steel with a Sharp pivot. Graduated
aluminium is attached to the needle. It is graduated in clockwise direction from 00 to 3600.the

30
figures are written in inverted. Zero is written at south end and 180 at north end and 270 at
the east. Diametrically opposite are fixed to the box. The sighting vane consists of a hinged
metal frame in the centre of which is stretched a vertical Horse hair fine silk thread of which
is stretched a vertical hair. it presses against a lifting pin which lift the needle of the pivot and
holds it against the glass lid. Thus preventing the wear of the pivot point to damp the
oscillations of the needle when about to take reading and to bring to rest quickly, a light
spring is brought lifted inside the box. The face of the prism can be folded out the edge of the
box when North end is used Sometime the sighting vanes is provided with a hinge mirror
Which can be placed upward or downwards on the frame and can be also Slided along it is
required. The mirror can be made inclined at any angle so that Objects which are too high or
Too low can be sighted directly by reflecting.
BEARING OF LINES: A bearing of a line is a horizontal angle made by the survey line
with some reference direction or meridian. Meridian may be
1) A true meridian

2) A magnetic meridian

3) An arbitrary or assumed meridian

True meridian: The true geographical meridian passing through a point is a line of
intersection of earth’s surface by a plane containing north south pole and given point. They
are not parallel to each other at different places.
Magnetic meridian:-the direction indicate by a free suspended and a properly balanced
magnetic needle Free from all other attractive forces. The direction of magnetic meridian can
be established with the help of Magnetic compass.
Arbitrary meridian: Any direction is assumed to be the Reference meridian to Carry out
small survey.
Whole Circle Bearing: In whole circle bearing system, the bearing of a line is always
measured clockwise from the north point of the reference meridian towards the line right
round the circle. The angle thus measured between the reference meridian and the line is
called Whole circle bearing of the line. Angles measured will have value between 0 to 360
degrees.

31
Conversion of W.C.B. in R.B:-

.
Reduced bearing (R.B): In this system of bearing of a line is measured clockwise or
anticlockwise from north or south direction whichever is nearer to the line towards east or
west. The concept of reduced bearing facilitates computations in traverse surveying.

Conversion of R.B in W.C.B:-

Adjustment of the Prismatic Compass

The compass may be held in hand but for better results it should be fitted at the top of tripod
having ball and socket arrangement. The adjustment of a compass is done in the following
are three steps.
1) Centring: - The compass fitted over the tripod Is lifted bodily and placed approximately
on the station peg by spreading the leg of a tripod equally, The centre of the compass is
checked by dropping a small piece of stone from the centre of the bottom of the compass
so that it falls on the top of the station peg. A plumb bob may be used to judge the

32
centering either bt attaching it with a hook providing at the bottom or otherwise by holding
it by hand.
2) Levelling:-After the compass is centred, it is levelled by means of ball and socket
arrangement so that the graduated circle may swing freely. It can be checked roughly
by placing a round pencil on the top of the compass, when the pencil does not move,
that is roughly the horizontal position.

3) Focusing the prism: - The prism attached is moved up and down so that graduation on
the graduated circle should become sharp and clear.

Local attraction:

Sometimes .the magnetic needle does not point towards magnetic North or South. The reason
being that the needle may be under the influence of external attractive forces which are
produced due to magnetic substances Thus the deflection of the needle from its original
position, due to the presence of some magnetic substances is known as local attraction. To
detect local attraction at a particular place, fore and back bearing of each line are taken. Then
difference comes out to be 180° there is no local attraction at either station. On the other hand
of the difference is other than 180°,the bearing may be rechecked to find out the discrepancy
may not be due to the presence of iron substance near to the compass. If the difference still
remains the local attraction exists at on or both the stations.

Elimination of Local attraction:-

1st method: - In this method, the bearing of the other lines are corrected and calculated on
the basis of the a line which has the difference between its fore bearing and back bearing
equal to 180°. The magnetic of the error is formed due to local attraction by drawing a sketch
of observed and correct bearing of the line at each station. The error will be negative when
the observed bearing is less than the corrected one and the correction will be positive and
vice versa. If however, there is no such line in which the difference of fore bearing and back
bearing is equal to 180°, the correction should be made from the mean value of the bearing of
that line in which the difference between the fore and the back bearing is the least. If the
bearings are observed in quadrant system, the correction should be applied in proper
direction by drawing a neat sketch roughly.

33
2nd Method: - This method is more general as the bearing at a station locally affected may
be incorrect but include angles calculated from these bearing will be correct since the amount
of the error will be the same for all the bearing observed from that station. Thus starting from
the unaffected line and using these included angles the correct bearing of all other lines can
be calculated.
Note: - The sum of the internal included angles must be equal to (2n-4) right angles
Where n=number of sides of a closed traverse.
PROCEDURE:

1) Four ranging rods are fixed at different points i.e. A, B, C, D, E etc. such that it should be
mutually visible and may be measured easily.

2) Measure the distance between them. At point A the prismatic compass is set on the tripod
Stand, centring and levelling is then properly done.

3) The ranging rod at B is ranged through sighting slits and objective vane attached with
horse hair and reading on prismatic compass is noted down.

4) It is fore bearing of line AB. Then the prismatic compass is fixed at B and ranging rod at
C. AND A is sighted. And reading is taken as forbearing of BC and back bearing of AB.

4) Repeat the same procedure at the stations C, D etc.

SAMPLE CALCULATION:- Error = observed bearing –corrected bearing

0
Check= (2n-4) x90

RESULT: The prismatic compass is studied and bearing of lines of traverse are Observed,
the correction due to local attraction at affected station is done and corrected bearings are
written in tabular form.

34
 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration Number:

Aim:

Observation Tables:

Calculation:

Result and Discussion:

35
Error Analysis

Learning Outcomes (what I have learnt): (to be written by the students in 50-70 words)

To be filled by faculty:-

S.No Parameter (Scale from 1-10, 1 for very poor and Marks Max
10 excellent) obtained marks
1 Understanding of the student about the 20
procedure/apparatus
2 Observations and analysis including learning 20
Outcomes
3 Completion* of experiment, Discipline and 10
Cleanliness
Signature of faculty Total
marks

36
 EXPERIMENT NO- 6

Aim: To determine the horizontal and vertical angle with the help of repetition method.
Apparatus: Theodolite, Ranging rod, pegs etc

Fig 6.1 Transit theodolite

Theory:

Theodolite : The theodolite is the most intricate and accurate instrument used for
measurement of horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of telescope by means of which
distant objects can be sighted. The telescope has two distinct motions on in the horizontal
plane and the other in the vertical plane. The former being measured on a graduated
Horizontal vertical circle of two vernier. Theodolite are primarily classified as

1) Transit theodolite

2) Non-transit theodolite

A theodolite is called transit theodolite when its telescope can be resolved through a
complete revolution about its horizontal axis. In a vertical plane transit type is largely used.

37
Various parts of transit theodolite

1) Telescope: it is an integral part and is mounted on the spindle known as horizontal axis or
turn on axis. Telescope is either internal or external focusing type.

2) The levelling head: It may consists of circular plates called as upper and lower Parallel
plates. The lower parallel plate has a central aperture through which a plumb bob may be
suspended. The upper parallel plate or tri-branch is supported by means of four or three
levelling screws by which the instrument may be levelled.

3) To lower plate or screw plate: It carries horizontal circle at its levelled screw.

It carries a lower clamp screw and tangent screw with the help of which it can be fixed
accurately in any desired position.

4) The upper plate or vernier plate: - it is attached to inner axis and carries two vernier and
at two extremities diametrically opposite.

5) Compass: the compass box may be either of circular form or of a rough type. The former
is mounted on the vernier plate between the standards while the latter is attached to the
underside of the scale or lower plate or screwed to one of the standards. Modern theodolite is
fitted with a compass of the tubular type and it is screwed to one of the standards.

6) Vertical circle: the vertical circle is rigidly attached to the telescope and moves with it. It
is silvered and it is usually divided into four quadrants.

7) Index bar or T-frame: the index bar is T shaped and centered on horizontal axis of the
telescope in front of the vertical axis. It carries two vernier of the extremities of its horizontal
arms or limbs called the index arm. The vertical leg called the clip or clipping screws at its
lower extremity. The index arm and the clipping arm are together known as T-frame.

8) Plumb bob: To centre the instrument exactly over a station mark, a plumb bob is
suspended from the hook fitted to the bottom of the central vertical axis.

Repetition method of measuring Horizontal angles

When it is required to measure horizontal angles with great accuracy as in the case of
traverse, the method of repetition may be adopted. In this method the same angle is added
several times by keeping the vernier to remain clamped each time at the end of each
measurement instead of setting it back to zero when sighting at the previous station. The
corrected horizontal angle is then obtained by dividing the final reading by the number of
repetitions. Usually six reading, three with face left and three with face right, are taken The
average horizontal angle is then calculate.

Procedure:-

1) Let LOM is the horizontal angle to be measured. O is the station point fixed on the ground
by a peg. Set up the theodolite over the peg ‘o’ and level it accurately.

38
2) Set the horizontal graduated circle vernier A to read zero or 360° by upper clamp screw
and slow motion screw. Clamp the telescope to bisect the bottom shoe of the flag fixed at
point ‘L’ and tighten the lower clamp. Exactly intersect the centre of the bottom shoe by
means of lower slow motion screw. Check that the face of the theodolite should be left and
the telescope in normal position.

3) Check the reading of the vernier A to see that no slip has occurred .Also see that the plate
levels are in the centre of their run. Read the vernier B also.

4) Release the upper clamp screw and turn the theodolite clockwise. Bisect the flag bottom
shoe fixed at point M by a telescope. Tighten the upper clamp screw and bisect the shoe
exactly by means of upper slow motion screw.

5) Note the reading on both the vernier to get the approximate value of the angle LOM.

6) Release the lower clamp screw and rotate the theodolite anticlockwise at azimuth. Bisect
again the bottom shoe of the flag at ‘L’ and tighten the lower clamp screw. By means of slow
motion screw bisect exactly the centre of the shoe.

7) Release now the upper clamp screw and rotate the theodolite clockwise. Bisect the bottom
shoe of the flag fixed at M and tighten the upper clamp screw. By means of slow motion
screw bisect exactly the centre of the shoe. The vernier readings will be now twice of the
angles.

8) Repeat the process until the angle is repeated the required number of times (usually

3). Add 360° for every complete revaluation to the final reading and divided the total
angle by number of repetitions to get the value of angle LOM.

9) Change the face of the theodolite the telescope will now be inverted. Repeat the
whole process exactly in the above manner and obtain value of angle LOM.

10) The average horizontal angle is then obtained by taking the average of the two angles
obtained with face left and face right.

11) Usually three repetitions face left and three with face right should be taken and the mean
angle should be calculated.

39
Observation Table: - Repetition method of measuring horizontal angle

Measurement of vertical angle:

A vertical angle is the angle between the inclined line of sight to an object and the horizontal.
It may be an angle of elevation or on angle of depression according as the point is above or
below the horizontal plane passing through the turnnion axis of the instrument. To measure
angle of elevation or depression LOM shown in fig. proceed as follows:

1) Set up the theodolite at station point O and level it accurately with reference to the altitude
level.

2) Set vertical vernier C and D exactly to zero by using the vertical circle clamp and tangent
screw, while the altitude level should remain in the centre of its run. Also the face of the
theodolite should be left.

3) Release the vertical circle clamp screw and rotate the telescope in vertical plane so as to
bisect the object M. Tighten the vertical circle clamp and exactly bisect the object by slow
motion screw.

4) Read both vernier C and D. the mean of the tow readings gives the value of the required
angle.

5) Similar observation may be made with other face. The average of the tow values thus
obtained gives the value of the required angle which is free from instrumental errors. 6)

Similarly the angle of depression can be measured following the above steps.

40
 Fig 8.2 Angle of elevation and depression

To measure the vertical angle between two points L and M Sometimes it is required to
measure vertical angle between two points L and M. There can be three possibilities.

(a) One point is above the line of sight and the other is below the line of sight then angle
LOM as shown in fig will be equal to (<α +<β )

(b) Both the points are above the line of sight. Then the angle LOM= <α -<β (Refer Fig 2)

(c) Both the points are below the line of sight, then the angle LOM= <α -<β (refer fig 3)

To measure the angle between two points L and M proceed as follows

1) Set the theodolite at station point O and accurately level it.

2) Bisect the flag at L as explained already and take the reading on the vernier C and D.
Calculate the mean angle.
3) Bisect the flag at M as before and take the reading on the vernier C and D. Calculate
the mean angle.
4) The sum or difference of these angles will give the value of the vertical angle between
points L and M.

41
OBERVATION TABLE:-

Result:

1) Average horizontal angle by repetition method………………….

2) Average vertical angle by repetition method..................................

42
Aim: To determine the height of any object by trigonometric levelling
Apparatus: theodolite, arrow, pegs, plumb bob etc.

Theory:- Trigonometrically levelling is the process of determining the difference of elevation

of station from observed vertical angles and known distances, which are assumed to be either
horizontal or geodetic length at mean sea level. The vertical angles may be measured by
means of an accurate theodolite and the horizontal distances may either be measured ( in case
of plane surveying) or computed (in case of geodetic observation).

Base of the object accessible:-

Height and Distances

The horizontal distance between the instrument and the object can be measured accurately.
Let P= instrument station,
Q=Point to be observed
A=centre of the instrument

Q’ =projection of Q on horizontal plane through

A D= AQ’=horizontal distance between P&Q,
h’=height of the instrument at P h=QQ’,

S=Reading on staff kept at B.M, With line of sight horizontal.

α =angle of elevation from A to Q

From triangle AQQ’,

h= D*tanα.
R.L of Q=R.L of instrument axis +D*tanα
If the R.L. of P is known,
R.L. of Q=R.L of P + h’+D*tanα
If the reading on the staff kept at the B.M. is S with the line of sight horizontal.

R.L of Q=R.L. of B.M + S+D*tanα

43
 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration Number:

Aim:

Observation Tables: - Repetition method of measuring horizontal angle

Left face

Station point Target point Vernier A reading Vernier B reading

Right face

Station point Target point Vernier A reading Vernier B reading

Observation Tables: - Repetition method of measuring vertical angle-

Left face

Station point Target point Vernier C reading Vernier D reading

Right face

Station point Target point Vernier C reading Vernier D reading

44
 Horizontal
Reading on distance
Instrument R.L. at B.M. staff kept at Vertical between R.L. of the
Station B.M. Angle (a) instrument object
station and
object

Calculation-

Result analysis-

Learning outcome-

To be filled by faculty:-

S.No Parameter (Scale from 1-10, 1 for very poor and Marks Max
10 excellent) obtained marks
1 Understanding of the student about the 20
procedure/apparatus
2 Observations and analysis including learning 20
Outcomes
3 Completion* of experiment, Discipline and 10
Cleanliness
Signature of faculty Total
marks

45
 Experiment No-7

Aim: - Setting of simple curves by linear offset method.

Equipment: - Theodolite, arrow, pegs, chain or tape and ranging rods.

Learning objective: - Student will come to learn that how to set the curves in roadway and
railway.

Theory: - Assume that AV and VD are two straight portions of a proposed highway and that
the curve BC is to be used as a gradual change of direction between them. The curve has a
constant radius R and is called a simple circular curve. The curve starts at B and ends at D. ∴ ∡
0
AB0 = ∡ DCO = 90

Point V is referred to as the vertex or Point of Intersection (P.I.).

46
Procedure:-
1.
Choose two lines AB and BC on a ground which should be intersect at point B.

2.
Set the theodolite on point B of intersection, and find the deflection angle of line BC from
AB.

3.
Find the included angle with the help of defection angle ie (180-Δ)

4.
Find the radius of curve with the help of deflection angle ie R= 1719/D

5.
Find the tangent length with help of radius and deflection angle ie T= R*tan Δ/2

6.
Set that tangent on line AB and BC.

7.
Find out the length of chord with the help of L= 2RsinΔ

8.
Set that length of chord between two extreme points of tangent.

9.
Find out the midpoint of chord and find the vertex point and set that on the ground.

10.
Take a midpoint interval at suitable interval till it becomes zero.

11.
Meet the all points of ordinate, and we get a curve.

47
 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration Number:

Aim:

Apparatus:

Observation Tables:

Deflection Radius Tangent Chord Length Mid ordinate

angle length

Δ= R= T1= L= M0 =

T2= M1 =

M2 =

M3 =

M4 =

Calculation:

RESULT:

48
Error analysis:

Learning outcomes:

To be filled in by Faculty:

S.No. Parameter Marks Max. Marks

obtained

1 20
Understanding of the student about the
procedure/apparatus.

2 20
Observations and analysis including
learning outcomes

3 10
Completion* of experiment, Discipline and
Cleanliness

Signature of Faculty Total marks

obtained

49
 Experiment No-8

Aim:- Setting of compound curve by linear offset method.

Equipment: - Theodolite, arrow, pegs, chain or tape and ranging rods.

Learning objective: - Student will come to learn that how to set the curves in
roadway and railway.

Theory: - compound curve is a summation of two or more curves having different radius.
There is same procedure to set a simple curve and compound curve, difference is only that in
compound curve there is one common tangent.

Procedure:-
1)
Take two lines on ground intersecting with each other at point I such that deflection
angle should be less than 900 .

2) Take one common tangent AB between these two lines.

3) Set theodolite at point I and find the deflection angle θ.

4) Set theodolite at point A and B to find angles α and β.

5) With the help of α and β we can calculate radius and chord length and tangent length
same as for simple one curve for both deflection angle α and β.

50
6) Set the short tangent from point A on both lines and find the mid ordinate and other
ordinates with the help of offset method.

7) Set the long tangent from point B to both side and find the mid ordinate and other
ordinates with the help of offset method.

8) Join the points that fixed on ground with the help of string and set the small curve and
large curve which is joined at point TC.

9) Find the total tangent T1A+ AI and T2B + BI, therefore AI and BI can find with the
help of sine rule.

10) Find the chainage of different junction point.

Result: Chainage of point A, TC, I and B....................................

51
 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration Number:

Aim:

Apparatus:

Observation Tables:

Deflection Radius Tangent Chord Length Mid ordinate

angle length

α= RS= Ts= Ls= M0 =

Ts= M1 =

M2 =

M3 =

M4 =

Deflection Radius Tangent Chord Length Mid ordinate

angle length

β= RL= TL = LL= M0 =

TL = M1 =

M2 =

M3 =

M4 =

52
Calculation:

RESULT:

Learning outcomes:

To be filled in by Faculty:

S.No. Parameter Marks Max. Marks

obtained

1 20
Understanding of the student about the
procedure/apparatus.

2 20
Observations and analysis including
learning outcomes

3 10
Completion* of experiment, Discipline and
Cleanliness

Signature of Faculty Total marks

obtained

53
 EXPERIMENT NO 9

Aim: - To find the tachometry constant and verify the distance.

Apparatus: Tachometer, staff, tape, ranging rods and pegs.

Learning objective: Student will come to know that how to find the stadia constant.

Formulae:

When the line of sight is horizontal, then D = KS + c, Where D = Horizontal distance

between instrument station and staff station. K = Multiplying constant of a tacheometer S =
Staff intersect i.e. difference between top and bottom stadia hair reading. When line of sight
is inclined and staff vertical then:

2
D = KS cos θ+ c cosθ Where, D = Horizontal distance between instrument station and staff
station.

K = Multiplying constant of a tacheometer S = Staff intersect i.e. difference between top and
bottom stadia hair reading. θ= the inclination of the line of collimation to the horizontal. c =
the additive constant of the tacheometer.

Theory :

Stadia method : The stadia method follows the principle that in similar isosceles triangles the
ratio of the perpendicular to the base is constant. In fig. let two rays OA and OB be equally
inclined to the central ray OC. Let A2B2, A1B1 and AB be staff intercepts.

54
Horizontal Sight: - Considering fig in which o is the optical centre of the objective of an
external focusing telescope. Let A, C and B is the point cut by the three lines of sight
corresponding to the three wires. B,(Top, axial and bottom) hairs of the diaphragm.

ab= i= interval between the stadia hairs (stadia interval)

AB=s=Staff intercept.

55
f=focal length of the objective.

f1=Horizontal distance of the staff from the optical centre of the objective.

f2=Horizontal distance of the cross-wires from O.

d= Distance of the vertical axis of the instrument from O.

D= Horizontal distance of the staff from the vertical axis of the instrument.

M= Centre of the instrument, corresponding to the vertical axis. Since the rays Bob and AOa
pass through the optical centre they are straight so that ∆s AOB and aob are similar.

56
57
58
59
1) Tachometry: It is a branch of angular Surveying in which horizontal and vertical distance
of point is obtained by instrumental observation.

Tacheometer: It is a transit theodolite having a stadia telescope i.e. telescope fitted with
stadia diaphragm. A levelling staff can be used for sighting purpose up to 100m distance.

Procedure to find tacheometric constants:

1) Select an instrument station A on a fairly levelled ground and fix a peg.

2) Do the temporary adjustment over A.

0
3) With vertical circle to the left of the observer and reading 00 00’00” bisect staff held at
10m, 20m, and 30m from A along straight line.

4) Note down the staff reading against top and bottom stadia hair on staff held at 10m, 20m,
30m from A.

5) In case of inclined line of sight the same procedure as stated above is followed step by
0
step with a vertical angle of 05 00’00” in the vertical circle of the theodolite. In this case, the
0
vertical circle is held to the left of the observer and with the reading 05 00’00” in the circle
the staffs is bisected at 10m, 20m, and 30m from A along straight but inclination line of
collimation.

60
Result:

For horizontal line of collimation;

1) The additive constant ‘c’ for a given tacheometer is found out to be ---------

2) The multiplying constant ‘m’ for a given tacheometer is found to be ---------

Procedure to find unknown distances using Tacheometric constants:

1. Place a tachometer at station point and set it and levelled it properly.

2. Place a vertical staff at some distance from station point from where we have to find
the distance.

3. Use the distance equation D= KS+C

4. Put the value of constant K and C

5. Calculate intercept value S= (upper hair-lower hair)

6. By using these values we can calculate the distance between station point and target
point.

Take similar two or three points for which we have to calculate the distance.

Constant Station point Target point Distance

K=

C=

61
 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration Number:

Aim:

Apparatus:

Observation Tables:

Instrument Staff Distance Vertical Top Stadia Bottom Remark

angle reading
station station
center

Calculation:

62
 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration Number:

Aim:

Apparatus:

Observation Tables:

constant Station point Target point Distance

D=k*s + c

K=

C=

Calculation:

63
Error analysis:

Learning outcomes:

To be filled in by Faculty:

S.No. Parameter Marks Max. Marks

obtained

1 20
Understanding of the student about the
procedure/apparatus.

2 20
Observations and analysis including
learning outcomes

3 10
Completion* of experiment, Discipline and
Cleanliness

Signature of Faculty Total marks

obtained

64
 EXPERIMENT NO-10

a) AIM: - Determination of horizontal, vertical and slope distance between two

points with the help of total station.

Fig 10.1 various components of Total Station

Apparatus: - Total station, tripod stand and reflector.

Theory: - Total station instruments combine three basic components into one integral
unit:

-An electronic distance measurement (EDM),

-An electronic angle measuring component, and
-A computer or microprocessor.

Automatically observe
-Horizontal and vertical angles, and -
Slope distances from a single set up
Instantaneously compute

-Horizontal and vertical distance components,

-Elevations, and

-Coordinates of the point sighted.

65
Display the result on LCD

Store the data, either on board or in external data collectors Connected to their
communication ports. The other part of a total station, the electronic distance measuring
device or EDM, measures the distance from the instrument to its target. The EDM sends out
an infrared beam which is reflected back to the unit, and the unit uses timing measurements to
calculate the distance travelled by the beam. With few exceptions, the EDM requires that the
target be highly reflective, and a reflecting prism is normally used as the target. The reflecting
prism is a cylindrical device about the diameter of a soft-drink can and about 10 cm. in
height; at one end is a glass covering plate and at the other is a truncated cone with a threaded
extension. It is normally screwed into a target/bracket on the top of a pole; the pointed tip of
the pole is placed on the points to be surveyed.

Procedure:-

1) Begin setting up the yellow and orange tripod by spreading the legs and
extending/contracting the legs so that the height of the tripod will be suitable for observation
when the total station is placed on top of the tripod.

2) Remove the orange plastic protective cover from the tripod head by turning the red centre
screw counter-clockwise on the underside of the tripod head.

3) Position the tripod directly over the top of a control point, spreading the legs for enough to
insure stability. Make sure, by sighting downward through the centre screw on the tripod, that
the tripod is centered over the control point. Poistion the tripod shoes firmly on the ground,
keeping in mind the need to remain over the top of the control point and that tripod should
relatively level.

4) With the tripod in place, carefully remove the total station from its carrying case and place
it on the tripod head. Attach the total station to the tripod head loosely by turning the red
mounting screw clockwise.

5) With the total station still loosely attached to the tripod head, look through the eye piece
on the black optical plummet two -in-one knob located on the front side of the total station
(This eye piece provides a view with a centre mark that allows you to centre the total station
directly over the top of the control point). Rotate the optical plummet eye piece knob (the
smaller of the two-in-one knobs) until the centre mark can be seen clearly.

6) Rotate the focusing knob (the larger of the two-in-one optical plummet eye piece knobs)
until the control point on the ground is in focus.

7) Now, slide the total station around on top of the tripod while viewing the control point
through the eye piece of the optical plummet. Once the total station centred over the control

66
point tighten the red tripod mounting screw so that the total station is firmly attached to the
tripod.

8) With the tripod and total station now centered over the top of the control point, adjust the
tripod legs by extending/contracting them, to position the bubble of the circular vial located
on the tribrach of the total station to the centre.

9) With the tripod now level, release the black clamp screw (the smaller of a two-in-one knob
located on the back side of the total station to the right of the square red power supply switch)
by turning it counter-clockwise until the total station rotates freely.

10) Rotate the total station until the back of the unit is aligned with two of the levelling
screws located on the bottom plate of the total station (Let’s call this POSITION #1). Re-
tighten the clamp screw. Look for the plate vial (or levelling "bubble") located just above the
display panel on the back of the total station. The plate vial will be used to make fine
adjustments in levelling.

11) Begin levelling in Position 1 by turning the two level screws in opposite direction until
the bubble on the plate vial moves to the centre of glass level. With POSITION #1leveled,
loosen the clamp screw and rotate the total station until it aligns with another set of levelling
screws (Let’s call this POSITION) .

12) Repeat the levelling procedure by turning the clamp screws in POSITION #2 until the
plate vial bubble is once again centered. Loosen the clamp screw and rotate the total station
back to POSITION #1 and repeat the levelling procedure. This procedure should be repeated
from POSITION #1 to POSITION #2 until both positions remain centered without further
adjustments.

13) Turn on the total station by pressing the red power supply switch (the red square button)
once on the back of the total station. After the machine beeps, the display panel will display
the message: "TURN SCOPE". Loosen the black telescope clamp screw (the smaller of a
two-in-one knob located on the back of the total station directly above the power supply
switch) by turning the knob counter-clockwise. Pivot the objective lens assembly vertically at
0
least 90 until the "TURN SCOPE" message disappears. Now, re-tighten the telescope clamp
screw and remove the lens cover protecting the objective lens.

14) Suppose starting station point is A and target point is B. Total station is set at point A.
Erect the target (prism) on B. Sight the target.

15) Go to the main page of the total station’s display by pressing (Esc) key.

16) Press the F1 key which is correspond to (MEAS) on the display.

17) Press the (FUNC) key (Once or more) to see the second page of measurement display.
“ P2” will be displayed in the lower right corner of the screen.

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18) Press the (F1) key corresponding to the (DIST) on the display.

19) Read out and record in your field book the number to the right of letter H on display.
This number is the horizontal distance between the total station point A and target point B.

20) Repeat the same procedure by selecting another station points and measure the
horizontal distance between them.

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 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration Number:

Aim:

Apparatus:

Observation Tables

Station Line Horizontal Remark

distance

Calculation:-

Result and discussion:-

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 b) AIM: - To determine the area of a closed traverse using Total Station.

Apparatus: - Total station, tripod stand and reflector.

Theory :- A total station consists of a theodolite with a built-in distance meter (distancer),
and so it can measure angles and distances at the same time. The horizontal distance, the
height difference and the coordinates are calculated automatically and all measurements and
additional information can be recorded.

Fig10.2 Calculation of area using total station

Procedure :-

1. Set up the total station in the terrain so that it is within view of the entire area to
be surveyed.
2. Determine the boundary points of the area sequentially in the clockwise
direction.
3. Press the MENU key and P↓ [F4] to get to the PROGRAMS [F1] option.
4. Press P↓ [F4] to get to the AREA [F1] option .MEASUREMENT option will be
used , therefore press YES [F2]. We also will not be using the grid factor, so
press DON’T USE [F2].
5. Sight the prism on the first point and press the MEAS [F1] key.

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6. Move the prism to the next point and re-sight on the prism and press the MEAS
[F1] key again, continue sighting and measuring to all points.
7. When 3 or more points are measured, the area surrounded by the points is
calculated and the result will be shown. { Be sure you are in the units that you
want. This can be changed by pushing the UNITS key and selecting those you
want.}

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 Worksheet of the student

Date of Performance Registration Number:

Aim:

Apparatus:

Observation Tables

Station Line Readings Area

Calculation:-

Result and discussion:-

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Learning outcomes

To be filled by faculty:

S.No. Parameter Marks Max. Marks

obtained

1 20
Understanding of the student about the
procedure/apparatus.

2 20
Observations and analysis including
learning outcomes

3 10
Completion* of experiment, Discipline and
Cleanliness

Signature of Faculty Total marks

obtained

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