Makalah Learning Theory
Makalah Learning Theory
Makalah Learning Theory
LEARNING THEORY
Group 1:
2020
Learning Theory
Maslow
He collected biographies of famous people from various fields. All normal
people have the potential to become great people.
Humans as a whole personality of the human soul there are three aspects,
including: Affection, Cognitive, psychomotor.
J.J. Rousseau and Pestalozzi
The child at birth is good, if the child becomes damaged it is due to the
influence of the environment around the child. Because at that time human
morale at the level of decline.
Learn: Let the child grow naturally, don't do anything, freedom to learn:
let the child learn freely because people can actualize themselves if the person
is not disturbed.
Apperception theory and Tabularasa / Empirism theory
The human brain is like a container that is ready to copy (filled) with
anything and the knowledge that has been entered is called Apperception
Tabularasa / Empiricism Theory by Jhon Lock "Children are like blank
paper that is ready to be written by educators and the environment that has an
influence on the child later".
M. David Merril (Cognitive)
The lessons are classified into 4, including:
1) Facts
2) Concepts
3) Procedure
4) Principle
The highest level is finding principles. The lowest level is remembering
the facts.
Finding concepts: Give a new name to the items found.
Remember the procedure: Steps to do something, for example:
how to boil instant noodles.
Using procedures: Carry out commands in remembering
procedures.
Bearing in mind the principle: Writing again what has been
obtained, for example: writing Gosen law, Convergence theory.
Using principles: Using law, formulas, propositions to solve
problems.
Inventor principle: Scientists who succeeded in finding the
proposition that arrived at the results of generalizations to the
public.
2. Modern Learning Theory
a. Behaviorism Learning Theory
Behaviorism is a school of psychology that views individuals only in
terms of physical phenomena, and ignores mental aspects. In other words,
behaviorism does not recognize the intelligence, talents, interests and feelings of
individuals in a study. Learning events merely train reflexes in such a way that
they become habits that are mastered by individuals.
Some learning laws resulting from this behaviorism approach include:
1) Connectionism (S-R Bond) according to Thorndike.
From experiments conducted by Thorndike on cats produce
learning laws, including:
Law of Effect; it means that if a response produces a satisfying
effect, the Stimulus - Response relationship will be stronger.
Conversely, the more unsatisfactory the effect achieved by the
response, the weaker the relationship that occurs between the
Stimulus-Response.
a) Law of Readiness; it means that readiness refers to the
assumption that organism's satisfaction comes from the use of
conduction units, where these units give rise to tendencies that
encourage organisms to do or not do something.
b) Law of Exercise; it means that the relationship between the
stimulus with the response will be increasingly tightened, if
often trained and will be increasingly reduced if rarely or not
trained.
2) Classical Conditioning according to Ivan Pavlov
From the experiments conducted by Pavlov on a dog, he produced
learning laws, including:
a) Law of Respondent Conditioning, namely the customary law
that is demanded. If two types of stimulus are presented
simultaneously (one of which functions as a reinforcer), then
the reflex and the other stimulus will increase.
b) Law of Respondent Extinction, namely the law of
extermination that was demanded. If the reflexes that have
been strengthened through Respondent conditioning are
brought back without the presence of a reinforcer, the strength
will decrease.
3) Operant Conditioning according to B.F. Skinner
From experiments conducted by B.F. Skinner to mice and then to
pigeons produces learning laws, including:
a) Law of operant conditioning, ie if the onset of behavior is
accompanied by a reinforcing stimulus, the strength of the
behavior will increase.
b) Law of operant extinction is that if the emergence of operant
behavior has been strengthened through the conditioning
process that is not accompanied by a booster stimulus, the
strength of the behavior will decrease and even be destroyed.
There are four assumptions that underlie the Gestalt view, namely: