Critical Load On Strut

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PULAU PINANG LABORATORY REPORT
TITLE: INSTABILITY OF STRUT
1.0) INTRODUCTION
If compressive load is applied on a column, the member may fail either by crushing
or by buckling depending on its material, cross section and length. If member is
considerably long in comparison to its lateral dimensions it will fail by buckling. If a
member shows signs of buckling the member leads to failure with small increase in
load. The load at which the member just buckles is called as crushing load. The
buckling load, as given by Euler, can be found by using following expression:
Where Le = αL
The coefficient, α is depend on the following boundary condition:

Pined-Pined –1.0
Pined-Fixed – 0.7
Fixed –Fixed – 0.5
2.0) OBJECTIVE
To determine the buckling load for a strut.
3.0) PROCEDURE
1) A specimen was chosen and the length, width and thickness were recorded at
three places.
2) The knife-edge support was placed into the slot of the attachment for the end
conditions.
3) The top platen was moved to bring the distance between the two knife edges
closer to the length of the strut.
4) The reading on the digital indicator adjusted at 0.
5) The specimen was placed on the lower knife edges.
6) The jack was adjusted so that the upper knife edge just rests in the groove at the
other end of the sample. If the distance between the two knife edges were
slightly less than the length of the strut, turn the screw jack handle counter
clockwise. If the distance between the two knife edges were slightly greater than
the length of the strut, turn the screw jack handle clockwise.
7) The reading on the digital indicator was recorded.
8) The position of the dial gauge was checked to ensure that it is at the mid-length
of the specimen. Set the dial gauge reading to zero.
9) The reading on the digital indicator adjusted at 0.
10) The specimen was loaded at suitable increments by turning the screw jack
handle slowly in the clockwise direction.
11) The load was increased and for each load increment was recorded and the
corresponding mid-span deflection.
12) The specimen was unloaded by turning the jack handle in the counter clockwise
direction.
13) The experiment for pinned-pinned, pinned-fixed and fixed-fixed boundary
condition were carried out.
4.0) RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Experimental Result
a) Fixed-pinned end condition
Load, P Mid-span Deflection, d (mm) d/P

(N) (mm/N)
Test 1 Test 2 Average
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000
20 0.065 0.185 0.125 0.0063
40 0.385 0.510 0.448 0.0112
60 0.900 1.080 0.990 0.0165
80 1.430 1.960 1.695 0.021
Table 1
b) Fixed-fixed end condition

(N) (mm/N)
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000
20 0.090 0.095 0.093 0.0047
40 0.180 0.185 0.183 0.0046
60 0.250 0.270 0.260 0.0043
80 0.320 0.330 0.325 0.0041
Table 2
c) Pinned-pinned end condition

(N) (mm/N)
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.0000
20 0.080 0.120 0.100 0.0050
40 0.200 0.210 0.205 0.0051
60 0.350 0.320 0.335 0.0056
80 0.500 0.450 0.475 0.0059
Table 3
From the graph: The gradient of the plotted graph is the value of the buckling load
(N).
a) Fixed-pinned end condition = 80 N
b) Fixed-fixed end condition = 375 N
c) Pinned-pinned end condition = 250 N
Theoretical Result
Material of member = Aluminium
Length of member, L = 605 mm
Width of member, b = 25 mm
Thickness of member, h = 3.05 mm
Young Modulus for Aluminium = 70 GPa
b h3
Moment of inertia of member =
12
( 0.025 ) (0.00305)3
=
12
= 5.9 x 10-11 m4
a) Buckling Load (N) for Fixed-pinned end condition
2 π 2 EI
Pcr =
L2
2 π 2 ( 70G ) (5.9 x 10−11 )
=
0.6052
= 222.72 N
b) Buckling Load (N) for Fixed-fixed end condition
4 π 2 EI
Pcr =
L2
4 π 2 ( 70G ) (5.9 x 10−11 )
=
0.6052
= 445.45 N
c) Buckling Load (N) for Pinned-pinned end condition
π 2 EI
Pcr =
L2
π 2 ( 70 G ) (5.9 x 10−11 )
=
0.6052
= 111.36 N
Percentage error between experimental and theoretical result:
% error=¿ theoretical−experimental∨ ¿ ¿
theoretical
Condition Result (N) Percentage error

Experimental Theoretical
(%)
Fixed-pinned end 80 222.72 64.00
Fixed-fixed end 375 445.45 15.81
Pinned-pinned end 250 111.36 124.50
5.0) DISCUSSION
The experiment is successfully done. The procedure is followed accordingly

without any skip. The experiment is to determine the different deflection of strut
based on the type of support and the type of material used. This team has fixed the
type of material use that is Aluminium strut. The standard aluminium Young’s
modulus is 70GPa, so the value has been taken as fixed value. Other material used is
copper and iron. Both of the material is used by other team in conducting the
experiment. The type of support use is pinned-pinned, fixed-fixed and pinned-fixed.
The reason of using all the types of support is to fulfil the objective of the
experiment that stated. The load has been applied for is 0N at rest and increase the
load by 20N interval until 80N. The precaution of avoiding the load is exceeding 80%
of buckling load is done carefully so the strut does not reach the plastic limit. The
result is inappropriate and percentage of different between theoretical and lab
result are quiet far especially for pinned-pinned end condition. The reason can be
assumed for the different is machine error. The machine does not been maintain in a
long time, the coefficient will reduce due to reading of digital force applied and the
approximate of force applied and the deflection. The other reason that may can
consider is maybe unpleasant mistake done by us such as not screw the strut
properly, misread the deflection meter and others.
6.0) CONCLUSION
1. Comments on your findings in the experiment.

From the experiment of buckling of strut, we can conclude that fixed end is much
stiffer as support than the pinned end and more force should be applied on the
member of the joint fixed-fixed end connection, but in other criteria the usage in
fixed end connection usually apply for concrete beam or column connection.
2. In your opinion, after went through the experiment, what is the important to
determine the buckling load in column design?
From our opinion the buckling load in column design are important in choosing
material used as reinforced bar for reinforced concrete, nether its suitable or not
for the usage based on what the axial force will applied and economical factor for
the project.

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FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

The coefficient, α is depend on the following boundary condition:

4.0) RESULT AND ANALYSIS

a) Fixed-pinned end condition

Load, P Mid-span Deflection, d (mm) d/P

b) Fixed-fixed end condition

Load, P Mid-span Deflection, d (mm) d/P

c) Pinned-pinned end condition

Load, P Mid-span Deflection, d (mm) d/P

b) Buckling Load (N) for Fixed-fixed end condition

c) Buckling Load (N) for Pinned-pinned end condition

Condition Result (N) Percentage error

The experiment is successfully done. The procedure is followed accordingly

1. Comments on your findings in the experiment.

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