SEEPAGE AND SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LABU EMBANKEMENT DAM

UNDER STATIC CONDITION, ETHIOPIA

BY

LEMMA TILAHUN MAMO

MSc. THESIS PROPOSAL

A THESIS PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF HYDRAULIC AND

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Adviser; Kedir Mohammed (PhD)

April 2019
Arba Minch, Ethiopia

i
 EXAMINER’S PROPOSAL APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis proposal entitled “SEEPAGE AND SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF

LABU EMBANKEMENT DAM UNDER STATIC CONDITION, ETHIOPIA’’ has been
approved by the following examiners, Department head and SGS coordinate in partial
fulfillment for the masters of science degree in Hydraulic Engineering.

Lemma Tilahun Mamo ______________ _______________

Submitted by Signature Date

_________________ ______________ _______________

Name of Principal Advisor Signature Date

_________________ ______________ _______________

Name of Examiner Signature Date

_________________ ______________ _______________

Name of Chairperson Signature Date

_________________ ______________ _______________

Faculty Dean Approval Signature Date

_________________ ______________ _______________

PG Coordinator Approval Signature Date

ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. iii

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................v

1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................1

1.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Statement of the problem ........................................................................................... 2

1.3 Objectives of study ..................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1 General objective ................................................................................................ 2

1.3.2 Specific objective ................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Significant of the study .............................................................................................. 3

1.5 Scope of the study ...................................................................................................... 3

1.6 Research Question ...................................................................................................... 3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................4

2.1 General Earth Fills Dam ............................................................................................. 4

2.1.1 Embankment Dam Failure .................................................................................. 4

2.1.2 Loading Conditions for Embankment Dams ...................................................... 5

2.2 Slope Stability Analysis ............................................................................................. 5

2.2.1 Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) ...................................................................... 5

2.2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM)............................................................................ 6

2.2.3 Review of Embankment Dam ............................................................................. 7

2.2.4 Plaxis Finite Element Program ........................................................................... 7

2.3 Seepage Analysis........................................................................................................ 8

2.3.1 Seepage Analysis of Embankment Dam ............................................................. 8

i
 2.3.2 Purpose of Seepage in Earthen Dam ................................................................... 8

2.4 Mohr Coulomb Model................................................................................................ 9

3. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................10

3.1 General Background of the Study Area ................................................................... 10

3.1.1 Location, Geography and Access ..................................................................... 10

3.1.2 Climate .............................................................................................................. 11

3.1.3 Geology ............................................................................................................. 11

3.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 11

3.2.1 Materials/Tools and equipment required .......................................................... 11

3.2.2 Data Input Parameters ....................................................................................... 12

3.2.3 Primary Data Collection ................................................................................... 13

3.2.4 Secondary Data ................................................................................................. 13

3.2.5 Modelling approach .......................................................................................... 13

3.2.6 Model Selection and setup ................................................................................ 14

3.3 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................ 15

3.4 Expected out Puts ..................................................................................................... 16

4. WORK PLAN...................................................................................................................17

5. FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS .....................................................................................18

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................19

ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Location of Study area .......................................................................................................... 10

Figure 2 Conceptual Frame Work of study .......................................................................................... 15

iii
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Description of LEM and FEM ..................................................................................... 6

Table 2 work plan ................................................................................................................... 17
Table 3 Financial Requirements ............................................................................................. 18

iv
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FEM Finite Element Method

LEM Limit Equilibrium Method

GPS Geographical Position System

USBR United States Army Corps of Engineers

DEM Digital Elevation Method

2D Two Dimensional

3D Three Dimensional

FE Finite Element

USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers

E Young’s Modulus

v
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Construction of dams is highly essential in developing countries. Nowadays there are more
than 800,000 dams constructed around the world for different purposes i.e. flood control
irrigation, electricity generation, water supply, recreation, etc. (Zagonjolli, 2007). There are
two types of modern dam namely embankment dam and concrete dam. Stability of slopes
has a great strategic importance due to the fact that failure of slope may cause human,
economic and environmental disasters, especially in large infrastructure projects. This case
is clear for earth dams, riverbanks, building on or beside slopes, and many other fields.
Therefore, the slopes should be carefully investigated to minimize the chance of failure and
to provide an adequate safety against failure (Abramson et al., 2002).

For the free board the settlement of dam particular attention should be given to stress-strain
response of cohesive embankment and foundation soils. Zoning of the dam must guarantee
the dam’s safety with respect to stability, seepage and cracking and selection is made with
regard to the availability of materials and their most economic handling. The dam shell and
core material has to exhibit sufficient strength, minimum reduction of strength parameters
as strain progress, quantified settlement and sufficient effective stress to prevent hydraulic
fracturing (nayebzadeh & mohammad, 2011).

(USACE, 2004) ensuring the stability of the dam against slope failure, seepage and stress
deformation is an essential component for the design. Besides stability, the dam also must
be able to exhibit satisfactory serviceability where the dam should be able to perform the
intended function throughout the service life. However, the safety and performance of
embankment dams must be controlled during the construction, during the first
impoundment and during long-term operation.

Labu embankment dam constructed by Commission for Sustainable Agricultural and

Environmental Rehabilitation in Oromia Region. To alleviate the food shortage problems
of the drought affected area of the Yabalo woreda Dida kebele and throughout using
irrigation project, to promote and encourage sustainable agricultural crop production. The
dam was built for irrigating 250 ha of command area. In order to have sustainable utilization
of the dam it’s important to assess the stability of dam against slope and seepage failure are
essential components for the design of earth fill dam in order to perform the intended

1
function throughout the service life. Therefore, this study aims to assess the seepage &
slope stability analysis of the labu dam using FEM based plaxis 2D software. To identify
the existed water leakage problem and to give insights of dam instability issues and
ultimately to propose helpful reclamation measures.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Labu Embankment dam is an earth fill dam that was constructed for irrigation purpose but
during the first reservoir fill of the dam, there exists significant quantity of water flow at
the downstream of the dam, and thus causes decrease of the water stored in the reservoir
before it is utilized as it is designed to serve for the intended purpose. The problem was,
probably happened due to the pressure caused by the pool of water behind the dam, escape
water from upstream of the dam to the downstream of the dam through body of the dam,
its foundation and abutments. If this quantum of seepage is not prevented and safely
drained, it may lead to failure or heavy damage to the embankment. Therefore, seepage
and safety evaluations are very important to determine the status of a dam relative to its
structural and operational safety.

Due to material selection and compaction problem the upstream slope of the dam makes a
crack (shearing) and structural (sliding) failure occur. Therefore, a study must be done for
a clear understanding about the seepage problem as well as the stability problem of slopes
in the study area.

1.3 Objectives of study

1.3.1 General objective

The main objective of this research is to study & analyze the seepage and to check the
overall stability of the Labu earthen dam by finite element method using Plaxis-2D
software.

1.3.2 Specific objective

To evaluate the current performance of the dam.

To study the stress and deformation condition of the dam.
To quantify seepage through the main body of the dam and foundation.

2
 1.4 Significant of the study

The study and finding proposed research work will be to test and examine the
performance of (seepage and slope stability) of the labu embankment dam.
Appropriate assessment of the seepage and slope stability analysis based finite
element method is essential for design, planning, and management of projects.
Furthermore, the final result of this thesis will be as a guide in planning, designing
new similar projects and redesign and maintenance of failed and existing projects,
it is also helpful for research development as guide lines for other dams that have
similar causes of failure.

1.5 Scope of the study

The scope of this research will focus on the evaluation of seepage & slope stability of Labu
earthen Dam by using PLAXIS-2D Software. This study will not cover the dynamic
stability, gate failure and over topping instabilities.

1.6 Research Question

The following questions can be raised to initiate this study

What is the main cause of seepage of Labu embankment dam?

What are the main sources and effects of leakage on the embankment dam?
At what phase and in which zone (body of the dam, foundation, right or
left abutment) the dam shows leakage first and which part is most vulnerable to
leakage?
Will the slope stability of the structure remain within tolerable limits for the
operation and loading function of the structure?

3
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General Earth Fills Dam

Embankment dams are made of natural materials excavated or obtained in the surrounding
area. They can be homogeneous, but the most usual structures consist of distinct zones of
materials with different characteristics. There are two main types of embankment dams i.e.
earth fill and rock fill dams depending on the materials used on the embankment (Antonia,
2013).

Earth fill dams are the most common type of dam, principally because their construction
involves the use of materials from required excavation and the use of locally available
natural materials requiring a minimum of processing. Using large quantities of required
excavation and locally available borrow are positive economic factors related to an earth
fill dam (stephenes, 2010).

2.1.1 Embankment Dam Failure

A number of factors have been identified as causes of dam failure (Punmia & Lal, 1992)
attributed 40% of failures to Hydraulic, 30% to seepage while structural failure carried
the remaining 30%.

Hydraulic Failures; Above 40% of embankment dam failures are hydraulic failures due
to the reason from the uncontrolled flow of water over and adjacent to the embankment
lead to the erosive action of water on the embankment slopes. Embankment dam are not
normally designed to be overtopped and therefore are particularly susceptible to erosion.

Seepage Failures; More than 30% of embankment dam failures are due to seepage.
Seepage always occur in earth dams. It does not harm for stability if it is with in the design
limits or controlled in velocity and quantity. Seepage occurs through the body of earthen
embankment and its foundation.

Structural Failures; About 25% to 30% of failure is attributed to structural failure, which
is mainly due to shear failure causing slide along the slopes. Structural failures involve the
separation (rupture) of the embankment materials and/or its foundation.

4
2.1.2 Loading Conditions for Embankment Dams

The stability of the upstream and downstream slopes of the dam embankment is analyzed
for the most critical or severe loading conditions that may occur during the life of the dam
(USACE, 2003).

End of Construction; in this stage, where excess pore water pressure is present because
the soil has not had time to drain since being loaded in compression and shear. Generally,
this represents un-drained conditions for low permeability embankment and/or foundation
soils.

Sudden Drawdown; When the water level at a dam drops, the stabilizing force due to the
weight of the water is removed. If the dam material has a low permeability and the water
level drops quickly, then excess pore pressures will be slow to dissipate that is causes
reduced stability in the slope.

Flood Loading; This case applies when the reservoir stage rises above normal storage
behind the dam. This load case can include the steady seepage condition when pore water
pressures from seepage fully develop and pore water pressures due to shear dissipate.

2.2 Slope Stability Analysis

2.2.1 Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM)

(Krahn, 2003)The main drawbacks of the LEM are; first, stress strain relationship of the
material is not considered, which should be satisfied for a valid solution. Second, the pre-
collapse deformation information could not be obtained. In addition, the factor of safety
calculated for a slope is not uniquely defined in limit equilibrium method but rather depend
on the assumptions made in the analysis including the slip surface itself as a closed form
solution. It is the absence of a stress–strain relationship in conventional limit equilibrium
analysis methods that is the fundamental piece of missing physics. The method is based
purely on the principles of statics and says nothing about displacement; therefore, it is not
always possible to obtain realistic stress distributions. The methods, in general, require the
soil mass to be divided into slices. The directions of the forces acting on each slice in the
slope are assumed. This assumption is a key element in distinguishing one limit equilibrium
method from other difficulties when considering complex problems Using a global
equilibrium condition, limit equilibrium approach is purely static as it neglects altogether
the plastic flow rule of the soil (i.e., constitutive relation).

5
2.2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM)

The finite element method is a tool to model non-linear stress-strain behavior of materials
and understand the stability based on deformations. Forces and stresses are calculated in
these nodal points according to specified material constitutive model. The assembly of all
the elements is usually called a "mesh" or a "grid". In finite element analyses, the type, and
size of elements play an important role in order to achieve accurate results.

Finite element analyses of slope stability problems, to obtain a factor of safety, “strength
reduction method” is commonly used. The main difference between FEM and LEM is that
LEM utilizes the statics of force and moment equilibrium, whereas FEM uses stress strain
relationship. LEM has been the primary method used in estimating the stability of slope for
decades. However, due to some of the shortcomings of LEM, the FEM is a great tool to
model nonlinear stress-strain behavior of materials and understand the stability based on
deformations (toromanovic et al, 2006).

The FEM is more versatile and lead good approximation in stability analysis than that of
most widely used LEM (Abdlah, 1999).

Table 1 Description of LEM and FEM

Slope analysis method Limit equilibrium method Finite element method

slice method, equilibrium FEM, maintain force

Analysis principle of force and moments & equilibrium condition and
simple theory. constitutive equations.

Data input Cohesion & friction angle Constitutive model data

Safety factor, no
displacement Deformed mesh, stress
Analysis result and stress, assumptions distribution, safety factor &
for displacement
failure surface

6
2.2.3 Review of Embankment Dam

Stability analysis of an earthen embankment dam has been done using manually and using
computer aided software. “There are a lot of methods and approaches to evaluate and
analysis the stability of slopes, among those methods; the most used are limit equilibrium
method (LEM) and finite element method (FEM). The finite element method is a very
effective and versatile numerical tool,” (Abdlah, 1999).

(Rahman, 2012) has study on slope stability analysis and road safety evaluation using
Slope/W limit equilibrium method and finite element method PLAXIS 2D software.
Finally, he concludes that “the limit equilibrium method overestimated the factor of safety
as compared to the finite element method”.

(Abramson et al, 2002) he studies that a finite element approach has advantages in the
analysis of slope stability problems over traditional LEM in the absence of assumptions for
shape or location of the failure surface, slice side forces, and their direction. Complex slope
configurations and soil deposits can be applied in FEM, to model virtually all types of
mechanisms in two or three dimensions.

They also concluded that FEM could not adequately reflect the significance when some
tension cracks were modeled at different locations. In conclusion, geotechnical analysis
using FEM has the benefit in presenting more detail information of slope stability regarding
the stress state in the soil. However, the uncertainties in slope stability need to be
emphasized to obtain valid analysis (Abramson et al, 2002).

2.2.4 Plaxis Finite Element Program

According to (burd, 1999) the initiation of the PLAXIS Finite Element Program was held
at Delft University of Technology Netherland by Pieter Vermeer in 1974. PLAXIS is
described as a finite element package for geotechnical analysis that can utilize both 2D and
3D analyses in determining the stability, deformation slopes & also different advantage;

Ability to study with excess pore-pressure phenomena.

Excess pore pressures are computed during plastic calculations in un drained soil.
Better insight into soil-structure interaction.
It can reproduce advanced constitutive soil models for simulation of non-linear
behavior.

7
 It uses more advanced material models; Mohr-Coulomb model, hardening-soil
model, jointed rock model and soft soil model.

2.3 Seepage Analysis

2.3.1 Seepage Analysis of Embankment Dam

One of the basic requirements for design of earth fill dams is to ensure safety against
internal erosion, piping, instability of the downstream slope and development of excessive
pore pressures in the dam (Corps of engineer, 2004).Excessive seepage in any type of a
dam is one of the root causes that destabilize the dam structure and thereby bring economic
disaster. The assumptions made in two-dimensional seepage analysis in a soil includes the
natural soil foundation of the earth dam are incompressible porous media, the seeping water
flows under a hydraulic gradient. Darcy’s law for flow through porous medium is valid,
there is no change in the degree of saturation in the zone of soil through which the water
seeps and the quantity flowing in to any element of volume is equal to quantity which flows
out in the same length of time(Steady flow),the hydraulic boundary conditions at entry and
exit are known. Therefore, using direct application of Darcy’s law, the seepage quantity is
expressed as (Arora , 1987).

𝑛𝑓
q=k∗H∗ …………………………………………………………...2.1
𝑛𝑑

Where: q is the volume of water (seepage) flow per unit of time, nf is number of flow lines,

nd is number of equipotential lines and k is permeability (Jansen R , 1998).

2.3.2 Purpose of Seepage in Earthen Dam

Dams must be designed and maintained to safely control seepage & Seepage analyses are
carried out for the following reason.

To estimate the amount of seepage flow that may pass through an embankment or
foundation.
To obtain the distribution of pore water pressure.
To ensure that the seepage line does not intersect the d/s face because, it causes the
softening or sloughing of the d/s slope.

Nowadays, various numerical analysis using computer programs are widely used to model
a variety of seepage flow conditions in embankment dams and groundwater movement.

8
Various software used in the analysis of embankment dams like PLAXIS, SEEP/W,
ANSYS, PDEase2D, SVFLUX & etc. (PS ,M.A,& Balan, T.A, 2014).

2.4 Mohr Coulomb Model

To simulate the behavior of soil, PLAXIS 2D software supports various models like Linear
elastic model, Mohr Coulomb model, jointed rock model, hardening soil model, soft soil
model and soft soil creep model. Mohr Coulomb is a well-known model used as a first
approximation of soil behavior. The model involves five parameters, those are Young’s
Modulus, E, Poisson’s Ratio, ʋ, cohesion, c, friction angle,, and the dilatancy angle,.In
addition to these parameters the horizontal and vertical coefficient of permeability,
saturated and unsaturated unit weights are also used as an important input parameter.

9
 3. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 General Background of the Study Area

3.1.1 Location, Geography and Access

The Labu Micro Earthen Dam irrigation project is administratively located in the Yaballo
Woreda, Borana zone of the Oromia Regional State. The proposed project area is located
about 540 km South of Addis Ababa and 27 km East of Yaballo town (the Zonal capital).
The proposed geographical position of the selected Dam axis is 600m, the catchment area
of 175 Km2 and the average altitude 1590m above mean see level. An area Potentially
Irrigated is 100 Ha and 250 Ha as gross Command. The area is free from any tectonic and
seismic activity or risk. The dam site is located in Yaballo woreda, Dida Yaballo Keble at
specific site name is Dambala Buluk and the geographic location of the dam site is
0418271m E and 1054028m N (UTM zone-37). Figure 1 below shows location of the study
area.

Figure 1 Location of Study area

10
3.1.2 Climate

Data based observation shows that the total annual rainfall ranges between 372.1 to 1111.2
mm and the mean total annual rainfall is 616.5 mm (23 years data). The main rainy season
(Ganna) that starts in early march, extends up to mid of June that accounts for 60% of the
total annual rainfall and Hagayya rainy season that starts in early September, extends up to
end of November that accounts for 40% of the total annual rainfall. The monthly mean
maximum temperature ranges between 22.0°c in July and 27.9°c in Feb. The monthly mean
minimum temperature ranges between 11.5°c December and 13.4°c in April. The mean
annual maximum and minimum temperature is 24.7°c and 12.3°c respectively (SEIFU,
2010).

3.1.3 Geology

According (Coppock, 1994) the geology of the whole system is basement complex and soils
developed on Precambrian basement complex. Rock formations bulk of Precambrian rock of
Southern Ethiopia is separated by repeatedly reactivated deformational zone into two
distinct terrains that contrasting logical formation. Geologically, the area comprises two
logic units these are basement rock and quaternary deposition. The basement rocks covered
around the project area includes gneiss, feldspathic gneiss, biotitic gneiss, granodiorite,
amphibolite and quartzite. The dominant rock around the project area is gneiss and
feldspathic gneiss.

3.2 Methodology

For any research, identifying clear and efficient methodology is essential for the
effectiveness of the study not only from time budget point of view, but also from the quality
of the research result. The methodology includes data collection from different institutions
such as Ministry of water resources. After collecting the necessary data for the research,
filling of missed data and checking the consistency of the data have been made. The
methodology of this study has aim to asses seepage analysis and slope stability regarding
to performance of labu earth fill dam by using the PLAXIS 2D Software.

3.2.1 Materials/Tools and equipment required

In this research serving instrument (total station), Digital camera, Residential Documents
(Such as design, construction, and operational), Geological and soil survey data etc. will be
used.

11
3.2.2 Data Input Parameters

Cohesion C [kPa]; Cohesion is the force that holds together molecules or like particles
within a soil. Cohesion, c, is usually determined in the laboratory from the direct Shear and
triaxial tests.
Friction Angle; Angle of internal friction for a given soil is the angle of the shear stress
and normal effective stresses plot at which shear failure occurs. Angle of internal friction,
ϕ, is determined in the laboratory by the direct shear or triaxial tests. The angle of friction
of a rock mass can be also found from the rock mass rating formula expressed as follows;

ϕ =0.5*RMR + 5………………………………………………3.1

where, RMR is rock mass rating

Poisson Ratio [ν]; The ratio of lateral or transverse strain to the longitudinal strain
Lateral strain
υ=- ……………………………….3.2
Axial strain
Young's Modulus (E, kPa); PLAXIS uses the young’s modulus as the basic stiffness
modulus in the elastic and the Mohr Coulomb model. Laboratory tests that used to estimate
the soil modulus are the triaxial unconsolidated undrained compression or triaxial
consolidated undrained compression tests. The most common field tests include standard
penetration test (SPT), the plate load test, cone penetration test and the pressure meter test.
σ
E = …………………………………………………. ……. 3.3
ε
Where: E is Young’s Modulus,  is the stress and ԑ is the strain.
Dilatancy (Ψ); Dilatancy is the volume change observed in granular materials when they
are subjected to shear deformations (VERRUIT, 2012) .For non-cohesive soils (sand and
gravel) with the angle of internal friction ϕ > 30° & the value of dilatancy angle is estimated
as;
ψ = φ – 30…………………………………………………………3.4

The dilation angle is found from the above empirical questions or from the plot of
volumetric strain versus axial strain.

Permeability; Plaxis- 2D Software distinguishes between a horizontal permeability (Kx)

and a vertical permeability (Ky) because in some types of soil like peat, there can be a
significant difference between horizontal and vertical permeability.

12
 𝑄
K= ……………………………………………………3.5
𝐴𝑖

Where: Q is the volume of water flow through the soil per unit time, A is the cross-sectional
area of the soil, k coefficient of permeability (m/s) and i is the hydraulic gradient.

Unit Weight γ; Unit weight is determined in the laboratory by measuring the weight and
volume of a soil sample obtained from the field. Measuring unit weight of soil directly in
the field might be done by sand cone test.
ARC GIS; Geographic Information System “GIS” is a computer system for capturing,
managing, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying data which is spatially
referenced to the Earth. For this research ARC GIS is used describe and delineate the study
area.
AutoCAD; is a commercial software application for 2D and 3D computer-aided design
(CAD) and drafting-available since 1982. AutoCAD is one such program and it main claim
to fame is that it is relatively easy to use, it is very comprehensive in its ability to create 2D
and some 3D drawings, and it is very popular.

3.2.3 Primary Data Collection

Dam site visiting and visual inspection about the current condition of the dam.
Interviewing the beneficiaries and operator about the past condition of the dam.
Identify the main problem of the dam supporting with pictures using digital
camera.

3.2.4 Secondary Data

Manuals guidelines, standards for the design and analysis of embankment dam.
Essential input data for the Plaxis-2D Software such as; Geometrical design of the
dam, Geotechnical parameters of the embankment, foundation materials from
laboratory testing, Geological reports, maps of the dam site and reservoir interfaces.

3.2.5 Modelling approach

According to (Bahru M. , 2014) process of modeling leads to the journey of discovery a

way of learning something new about the complex behavior of our physical world. It is a
process that can help us understand highly complex, real physical process so that we can
exercise our engineering judgment with increased confidence.

13
3.2.6 Model Selection and setup

Nowadays numerous finite element method-based software is implemented to evaluate

performance of embankment dams, natural engineering slopes, groundwater flow. In order
to achieve the objectives of this study, finite element method based on Plaxis-2D software
will be employed. This model is selected up on its easiness of its application, ability to
solve complicated geometries, loadings, and material properties when compared with other
applications

14
 3.3 Conceptual Framework

The overall methodology of this study is summarized in a form of a flow chart as shown
in the Figure below;

Data Collection

Primary Data Secondary Data

Field study Reservoir Material Geometry

water level property

PLAXIS 2D Auto
Software CAD

Stress & Seepage Stability

Deformation Quantification Analysis

Performance evaluation
of dam

Conclusion &
Recommendation

Figure 2 Conceptual Frame Work of study

15
 3.4 Expected out Puts

The following out puts will be obtained from this research;

Identify the cause of seepage through the dam body and foundation.
Proposing remedial measures for the existing problems and future life service of the
dam.
Computing the amount of seepage which is useful in estimating the loss of water
from the reservoir and its effect.

16
 4. WORK PLAN

Table 2 work plan

Tim Schedule (2019)

S.No. Descriptive Activities Month

May June July Aug Sept Oct
1. Literature Review
2. Data Collection
a) Primary Data
b) Secondary Data

3. Data Organizing, Analysis and

Encoding
4. Model Development and Running
5. Data Analysis &Interpretation

6 Thesis Writing

17
 5. FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS

Table 3 Financial Requirements

No Description Unit Quanti Unit Price (Birr) Amount

. ty

I. Consumable Material
1. Stationery l.s 1 200 200
2. Flash disc 16 GB Pcs. 350 350
1
capacity
3. Compact disc, CD pack 1 200 200
4. External hard disc, 1TB Pcs. 1 2500 2500
5. Digital camera Pes. 1 5000 5000
Sub total 7,050
II. Services Cost
1. Internet Hrs. 41.67 12 500
2. Report writing and page 3x120 4 1440
printing
3. Photocopying set 3 90 270
4. Binding set 5 10 50
Sub total 2260
III Running Cost
. 1. Car rent (with fuel + days 4 3000 12000
driver)
2. Surveyor with instrument days 5 2000 10000
and assistants
3. Travel to Addis & trip 4 160
620
yaballo
Sub total 22,620
Total Sum 31,930
Contingency (10%) 3193
Grand Total 35,123

18
 REFERENCES

Abdlah, A. (1999). Numerical Assessment of Loaded and Reinforced Earth Slopes. 1-173.

Abramson, Lee W., Lee, Thomas S., Sharma, Sunhill, Boyce and Glenn M. (2002), “Slope
Stability and Stabilization Methods”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Antonia, M. (2013). Evaluation of the UBC3D-PLM constitutive model for prediction of

earthquake-induced. (MSc. Thesis). Delft University of technology.

Aryal, K. P. (2006). Slope Stability Evaluations by Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element
Methods. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.

Asawa, G. L. (2008). Irrigation and water resources engineering. New Delhi: New Age
International (P) Ltd

Babar, I. A. (2014). Finite Element Analysis of Seepage through an Earthen Dam by Using
Geo-Slope (Seep/W) Software. International Journal of Research (Ijr) Vol-1, Issue-8,
September 2014, 16.

Bahru, M. (2014). Design and Analysis of a High Dam under Construction Material
Constraint Condition (Case Study: Wolkayite High Dam), AAU.

Burd, H.J. (1999), Beyond 2000 in computational geotechnics: 10 years of PLAXIS

International, proceedings of the International Symposium beyond 2000 in Computational
Geotechnics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp 35-44.

Carlo, M. (2015). Stability assessment of the Farrokhi earth embankment dam using the
pseudo-static and deformation-based methods, 49 (2), 205–220.

Coppock, D.L. (1994). The Borana Plateau of Southern Ethiopia: Synthesis of Pastoral
Research Development and Change, 1980-1991. ILCA. Addis Ababa.

Corps of Engineers, U. A. (2004). General Design and Construction considerations for

Earth and Rock-Fill Dams. United States: US Army Corps of Engineering.

Houston, S.L., Houston, W.N. & Padilla, J.M. (1987). Microcomputer aided evaluation of
earthquake-induced permanent slope displacements. Microcomputer in civil
engineering, 207-222.

Jansen, R. (1998). Advanced Dam Engineering for Design, Construction and

Rehabilitation. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

19
Nayebzadeh, R. and M. Mohammadi (2011). "The Effect of Impervious Clay Core Shape
on the Stability of Embankment Dams." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering
29(4): 627-635.

PS, M. A., & Balan, T. A. (2014). Numerical Analysis of Seepage in Embankment Dams.
Methods.2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 712 p., 2001.

Punmia, B.C. and Lal, P.B.B. (1992), Irrigation and Water Power Engineering, 12th.Edn,
Standard Publishers, New Delhi.

R. Lasage, A. Seifu, M. Hoogland, A. de VriesReport on general characteristics of the

Borana zone, Ethiopia 2010.

Rao, S. (1999). The finite element method in engineering (3rd ed.). Boston: Butter worth
Heinemann.

Stephens, T. (2010). Manual on small earth dams: A guide to siting, design &
construction (FAO irrigation & drainage paper N 64). Original edition, Food, and
Agriculture Organization of United Nations.

Toromanovic, J., Mattsson, H., Knutsson, S., & Sipola, J. (2016). Effects on an earth and
rockfill dam undergoing dam safety measures.

USACE. (2004). "General Design and Construction Considerations for Earth and."
Engineering and Design Manual No. 111 0-2-2300. Department of the Army,
Washington, DC.

Verruijt, A. (2012). Soil Mechanics. Delft: Delft University of Technology.

Zagonjolli, M. (2007). Dam break Modelling, Risk Assessment and Uncertainty Analysis
for Flood.

20