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    Review of Related Literature: Prepared by

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    cimpstaz
    The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, its importance, and major components. It discusses identifying gaps in previous research and how to cite references properly. Guidelines are provided on organizing the literature review, including introducing the topic, discussing related theories and projects, and summarizing current knowledge and gaps. The document emphasizes selecting relevant sources, maintaining objectivity, and varying citation styles.

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    Review of Related Literature: Prepared by

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    cimpstaz
    36 views31 pages
    The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, its importance, and major components. It discusses identifying gaps in previous research and how to cite references properly. Guidelines are provided on organizing the literature review, including introducing the topic, discussing related theories and projects, and summarizing current knowledge and gaps. The document emphasizes selecting relevant sources, maintaining objectivity, and varying citation styles.

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    The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, its importance, and major components. It discusses identifying gaps in previous research and how to cite references properly. Guidelines are provided on organizing the literature review, including introducing the topic, discussing related theories and projects, and summarizing current knowledge and gaps. The document emphasizes selecting relevant sources, maintaining objectivity, and varying citation styles.

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    36 views31 pages

    Review of Related Literature: Prepared by

    Uploaded by

    cimpstaz
    The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, its importance, and major components. It discusses identifying gaps in previous research and how to cite references properly. Guidelines are provided on organizing the literature review, including introducing the topic, discussing related theories and projects, and summarizing current knowledge and gaps. The document emphasizes selecting relevant sources, maintaining objectivity, and varying citation styles.

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    of 31

    Review of Related Literature

    Prepared by:

    Kenny B. Cantila
    MSCE, ME, RMP, EnP

    Assistant Professor IV
    What is a Literature Review?

    „…a systematic…method for identifying, evaluating and interpreting


    the…work produced by researchers, scholars and practitioners.‟

    • Provides information on what knowledge has been established on the


    previous researches and how the existing knowledge to the current
    research undertaking

    • Literature is about telling a story…kind of a chain story where each writer


    starts with a partial story created previously by others and expand on
    it…the existing literature is the story so far…

    • Literature review is… „an interpretation and synthesis of published work‟


    - Merriam (1988:6)
    Importance Related Literature and Studies

    • They help and guide the researcher in locating more sources of related
    information.

    • They help the researcher in making his research design.

    • They help and guide the researcher in making comparison between his findings
    with the findings of other researchers on similar studies with the end in view of
    formulating generalizations or principles which are the contributions of the
    study to the fund of knowledge.
    Review of Related Literature: Major Components

    1. Related Theories

    • Outline first, starting off with an anchor theory


    • Supporting theories help elaborate the anchor theory
    • Endnoting and footnoting is important which follows correct bibliography
    entry
    • Fluidity and continuity should be observed

    2. Related Projects

    • Overview of the current system/project


    • Inventory of every related and existing projects/systems
    • Fluidity and continuity should be observed
    • Comparative matrix may be more appropriate
    • Screen shots help make the presentation believable
    • May consider 3 to 6 related studies/projects
    Review of Related Literature: Other Components

     Background information
    • Introduce topic
    • Describe scope & organization
    • Review past & present literature
    • Clarify purpose

     Theory
    • All research has a precedent.
    • Integrate key points & make appropriate inferences.
    • Be aware of relationship to your topic.

     Critical appraisal/synthesis
    • Not just a list of the work of others.
    • Identify issues highlighted.
    • Highlight differences & similarities.
    • Identify consensus.
    I. Identifying the Gap in the Literature Review

    What is a Review?

    • A critical analysis of previous studies.


    • A synthesis of what is and what is not known on the topic.
    • It is NOT a summary of the literature available.

    What is Gap?

    • The unknown or missing piece of information


    • Conflict in the literature
    • Weakness in the unknown

    The filling in the gap is the contribution of the student‟s research to the field.
    II. Citing References

    Sources of Related Literature and Studies

    • Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar references


    • Articles published in journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and other
    publications.
    • Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters, and diaries
    • Unpublished theses and dissertations
    • The Constitution, and laws and statues of the land
    • Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from government offices and
    departments, especially from the Office of the President of the Philippines
    and the Department of Education
    • Records of schools, public and private, especially reports of their activities
    • Official reports of all kinds, educational, social, economic, scientific,
    technological, political, etc. from the government and other entities
    • Articles from the Internet
    II. Citing References (cont‟d)
    II. Citing References (cont‟d)

    Where to locate related literature and studies?

    • Libraries, either government, school or private libraries


    • Government and private offices
    • The National Library
    • The Library of Education
    • The Internet
    II. Citing References (cont‟d)

    Where to locate related literature and studies?


    II. Citing References (cont‟d)

    Characteristics of Related Literature and Studies

    • The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible.

    • Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased.

    • Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study.

    • Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true
    facts or data to make them valid and reliable.

    • Reviewed materials must not be too few or too many.


    II. Citing References (cont‟d)

    • Assess references before doing the literature review.

    • A review will cover the last 5 years, but may date back to the publication of
    landmark studies or those with significant contribution in shaping the direction
    of the specific research interest.

    • If the phrases or sentences from a reference are quoted verbatim the student
    cites the page where the exact words of the author(s) are found.

    • Direct quotes are used sparingly, such as when the key meaning would be lost
    in translation if paraphrased, or when the exact words add special emphasis to
    a point made.

    Ambe , A. M. et. al (2016). Research Quick Guide. School of Graduae Studies, MSU-Iligan
    Institute of Technology. 2016 Ed.
    II. Citing References (cont‟d)

    It is sophomoric to see every paragraph beginning with the names(s) of the


    authors(s):

    Examples:

    Arumpac (2015) found out….

    Balt (2016) and Cambongga (2017) said that…

    Duller (2018) revealed that…


    II. Citing References (cont‟d)

    Similarly it is NOT good to use the same beginning phrase as “according to”,
    and “it was found out by”.

    Vary the style appropriately.

    For similar findings, use the following connectors:

    “in addition”, “moreover”, and “furthermore”

    For contradicting results , use the following connectors:

    “however”, “in contrast”


    II. Citing References (cont‟d)

    Scope and Length of Literature Review

    • Be selective
    • State the current state of the theory
    • How far back? (Master‟s ~10 years; PhD – further back)
    • Avoid verbosity
    • Demonstrate ability to synthesize the body of literature–brief but focused.
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature

    Techniques in Making Review of Related Literature

    Step 1 – Organize your note cards on how you would want them to
    appear in the chapter.

    Step 2 – Begin writing the chapter while including the surnames of


    authors who provided sources for your study and the
    publication date of their work in parentheses.

    Step 3 – Edit. Rewrite.


    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    INTRODUCTION

    BODY

    SUMMARY
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Introduction

    • Presents the categories of articles according to themes and discusses the


    context of research and the problems being investigated. It informs the readers
    about the specific topics covered and how the review is organized.

    Body

    • Traces the historical development of knowledge relevant to the study.


    • Starts from broad to narrow.
    • Compares and contrasts similar studies in terms of parameters used, hypothesis,
    methods, findings, and conclusions.
    Summary

    • Describes the current state of the research study by stating major problems,
    including major agreements and disagreements while at the same time
    maintaining the focused established in the introduction of the literature review.

    • It identifies the gap and how he will fill that gap or builds on existing research.
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Skills for “digesting” the literature

    Select, differentiate,
    ANALYSIS Dissecting into their constituent part.
    break up

    Integrate, combine, Rearranging the elements derived


    SYTHESIS
    formulate, organize from analysis to identify relationship.

    Interpreting & distinguishing


    Understand, between different types of data,
    COMPREHENSION
    distinguish, explain theory & argument to describe the
    substance of an idea

    Define, classify, Describing the principles, uses, &


    KNOWLEDGE describe function of rules, method, etc.

    Adapted from Hart 1998


    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Knowledge and Comprehension: Types of Concrete Slabs

    Solid Flat Slab Solid Flat Slab Coffered Flat Slab


    with Drop Panel w/o Drop Panel
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Knowledge and Comprehension: Analysis of Structures (Beams, Truss, and Frames)

    Method Tools Used Advantages Disadvantages


    • Check every detail • Tedious process
    A Manual

    • Manual drawing is required


    • Changes the property values
    B Excel • Obtaining the parameters
    directly.
    are indirect.
    • Limited to 6 members only
    • Changes the property values
    • Manual computation of the
    directly.
    C GRASP influence lines
    • Computes reactions, shear,
    • 2D Only
    moment, deflection, slopes
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Knowledge and Comprehension: Selecting the Best Type of Wall System

    Method Material Advantages Disadvantages


    • Heavy
    • High compressive strength
    A Concrete • Requires much time
    • Fire resistant

    • Not fire resistant


    • High flexural strength
    B Bamboo • Prone to swelling and
    • Insulator
    shrinkage
    Laminated • Recyclable • Expensive
    C
    Glass • Transparency • Breakable
    • Fire resistant
    • Materials are not locally
    • High compressive strength
    available
    D XXX • Shock absorber
    • No further studies
    • Soundproof
    • Insulator
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Effects of Fly Ash Replacement on the Properties of Concrete

    Number of Fly Ash Content Observation/


    Study
    Samples (by weight) Generalization
    40 samples 0%, 5%,10%, • ↓ Density with ↑ fly ash content.
    A
    (10 replicates) 15% • Optimum strength at 10%.
    12 samples 0%, 10%, 20%, • ↓ Density with ↑ fly ash content.
    B
    (3 replicates) 30% • Optimum strength at 10%.
    24 samples 0%, 4%, 8%, • ↓ Density with ↑ fly ash content.
    C
    (4 replicates) 12%, 16%, 20% • Optimum strength at 12%.
    12 samples • ↓ Density with ↑ fly ash content.
    D 0%, 5%,10%
    (4 replicates) • Optimum strength at 5%.
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Organization of Literature Review

    Chronological Order – organize the literature by the dates the research was
    published.

    Problem-Cause-Solution Order – Organize the review so that it moves from the


    problem to the solution.

    Common approaches to organizing the body of your paper include:

    • Topical
    • Distant to close
    • Debate
    • Chronological
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Organization of Literature Review (cont‟d)

    Topical Order

    Topical Order – organize by main topics or issues; emphasize the relationship


    of the issues to the main “problem”

    • Most common approach.


    • Breaks the field into a number of subfields, subject areas, or approaches.
    • Discusses each subsection individually, sometimes with critiques of each.
    • Most useful for organizing a large body of literature that does not have
    one or two studies that stand out as most important or a clear
    chronological development.
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Organization of Literature Review (cont‟d)

    Bamboo as Reinforcement in Precast Concrete Slab

    2.1 Bamboo Biology


    2.1.1 Bamboo Classification
    2.1.2 Bamboo Plant
    2.1.3 Bamboo Anatomy
    2.1.4 Bamboo Properties
    2.2 Geographical Distribution of Bamboo
    2.2.1 Distribution of Bamboo Worldwide
    2.2.2 Distribution of Bamboo in the Philippines
    2.3 Applications of Bamboo
    2.3.1 Bamboo houses
    2.3.2 Reinforcements in Structural Members
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Organization of Literature Review (cont‟d)

    Distant to close

    • A type of topical organization, with studies grouped by their relevance to


    current research.
    • Starts by describing studies with general similarities to current research and
    ends with studies most relevant to the specific topic.
    • Most useful for studies of methods or models.
    • Method/Model M (slightly similar to current research) addresses …
    • Drawing upon method/model N (more similar to current research) can help . . .
    • This study applies the procedure used in method/model O (most similar to
    current research) to . . .
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Organization of Literature Review (cont‟d)

    Debate

    • Another type of topical approach, with a chronological component.


    • Emphasizes various strands of research in which proponents of various models
    openly criticize one another.
    • Most useful when clear opposing positions are present in the literature.
    • There have been two (three, four, etc.) distinct approaches this problem.
    • The first model posits…
    • The second model argues that the first model is wrong for three reasons.
    Instead, the second model claims…
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Organization of Literature Review (cont‟d)

    Chronological
    III. Rewriting the Review of Related Literature (cont‟d)

    Organization of Literature Review (cont‟d)

    Chronological

    • List studies in terms of chronological development


    • Useful when the field displays clear development over a period of time
    • Linear progression
    • Paradigm shift
    • This subject was first studied by X, who argued/found…

    • In (date), Y modified/extended/contradicted X‟s work by…

    • Today, research by Z represents the current state of the field.


    References

    https://www.wikihow.com/Cite-Online-PDFs-in-APA-Style

    https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec194.pdf

    https://iglcstorage.blob.core.windows.net/papers/attachment-2505ad78-8b88-
    4f63-a947-b39696b8a6be.pdf

    http://www.duluth.umn.edu/~hrallis/guides/researching/litreview.html

    https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=310271&p=2071511

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