MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

UNIT 2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANT

CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Definition
3.2 Square Matrix
3.3 Types of Matrix
3.4 Equality of Matrix
3.5 Algebra of Matrices
3.6 Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
3.6.1 Multiplication of Matrix
3.7 Determinant of A Matrix
3.7.1 Singularity in Matrix
3.7.2 Application of Determinant
3.7.3 Matrix Inversion
3.8 Theorem
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7.0 References/Further Readings

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Matrix algebra is a mathematical model which allows the enumeration,

display, manipulation and processing of both small and large volumes of
vectors (numbers in this context) easily; in order to achieve a desired
result.

2.0 OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit, you should be able to solve physical problem via
matrix algebra as a mathematical model.

3.0 MAIN CONTENT

3.1 Definition

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 MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers with reference to specific

rules governing the array. The rule can be mathematically expressed.

Thus, let the entries or numbers be denoted by a ij Where i infers row

arrangement i.e.  and j infers column arrangement i.e. .

Example 1

a 1 1 a12 a 1 3  row 1
= a 2 1 
a ij 
a 22 a 2 3  row 2
a 3 1 a 32 a 33 row 3

Column 1, 2, 3

i represent elements in the row while j represent elements in the column

for better understanding of the row-column concept, let the elements of
the

ith row and jth column of matrix be A be a i.e.

ij
a11 means row 1, column 1;

a12 means row 1, column 2;

a13 means row 1, column 3;

a21 means row 2, column 1;

a22 means row 2, column 2;

a23 means row 2, column 3;

a31 means row 3, column 1;

a32 means row 3, column 2; and

a33 means row 3, column 3;

By now, the row-column concept should be clearer.

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The dimension of a matrix is the size of the matrix, which is denoted by,
(m x n) called m by n matrix, where m is the number of rows and n is the
number of columns.

Example 2

1 2 5 
4 6
1. 3 , This is a 2 by 3 matrix i.e. 2 rows, and 3 columns

1 2 
2. 3 4  , This is a 3 by 2 matrix i.e. 3 rows, and 2 columns
 
5 6

3.2 Square Matrix

Any matrix, which has the same number of rows and columns, is called
“a square matrix”.

Example 3

 2 3 4 
5 6 7 , The dimension of this matrix is 3 by 3 or (3 x 3) i.e. 3
 
8 9 10
rows, and 3 columns

3.3 Types of Matrix

i. Zero /Null / Void Matrix: Any matrix of dimension (m x n) with

all its elements equal to zero.

0 0 
E.g. 
0
is a (2 x 2) Null Matrix.
0

ii. Identify Matrix: this is a matrix in which all its diagonal
elements are one (1), where all other elements are zero.

1 0 0
1 0 
E.g.   is a (2 x 2) Identity Matrix, 0 1 0  is a (3 x 3)
0 1
0 0 1
Identity Matrix.

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iii. Diagonal Matrix: This is a matrix that has elements only on its
diagonal.

5 0 0 
1 0   0 2 0 is a (3 x
2
E.g. 0 is a (2 x 2) diagonal matrix, 
 
 0 3
0
3) diagonal matrix.

iv. Transpose of a Matrix: The transpose of a matrix is the inter-

changing of its row with the column.
Let matrix A be (m x n), then matrix AT is (n x m) called “the transpose

1 2  T 1 3 
of A”. E.g. A =  
3
, A = 
4 2 4 

row 1 of A = column 1 of AT .

row 2 of A = column 2 of AT.

v. Symmetric Matrix: This is a matrix in which its transpose is

equal to itself.

2 3 T 2 3
i.e. if A = AT e.g = A =  , A =  
3 2 3 2 

vi. Idempotent Matrix: Let A be a matrix, A is said to be
Idempotent if A = A 2 e.g. Identify Matrix.

vii. Upper Triangular Matrix: Let A be a square matrix where the

element a = 0. For i > j, then A is called “An Upper
ij
1 2 3
Triangular Matrix” e.g. 0 4 5 
 i j = 0, For i > j.
a

0 0 6
a21 = a31 = a32 = 0 i.e.
2 > 1, 3 > 1 and 3 > 2.

3.4 Equality of Matrix

Two matrices are said to be equal if their corresponding elements are the
same.

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a b   e f 
A=  
e.g.  , B =  g h
 c d   

A = B. If and only if a = e, b = f, c = g, d = h, corresponding elements.

Example 4

0 a  b 3
Find the value of 2a + 3b if  = 
 5 5
 4   4 
 



Solution

Comparing the two matrices to be equal.

It means that a = 3, b = 0;

Corresponding elements.

 2a + 3b = 2(3) + 3(0) = 6 + 0 = 6

3.5 Algebra of Matrices

Two or more matrices can be added or subtracted if they are of same

dimension.

a b   e f 
e.g. A =   , B =  g h 
c d   


a  g b  h 
A+B  
c  e d  f 

Similarly,

a  g b  h 
A-B  
c  d  f 
e

Example 5

4 5 6 1 0 6
Let A =   , B =  2 1 4 Find A + B and A – B.
7 8 9   
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

Solution

4  1 5  0 6  6 5 5 12 
A + B = 
9  4 
= 
7  2 8  1 9 9 13 


4  1 5  0 6  6 3 5 0
A – B =   =  5 7 5 
7  2 8  1 9  4  






3.6 Scalar Multiplication of Matrices

a b
Let k be a scalar quantity and A =  
c d 



 The product of k and A denoted by kA is:

a b  ka kb 
kA = k  = 
 c  kc kd 
 d  
 

Example 6

 2 4 7 8 1 1 1 1
Given that A =   , and B =  2 2 2 
1 0 2 3  
2

Find (i) 3A + 2B (ii) 4A – 7B

Solution

2 4 7 8 1 1 1 1

i. 3A + 2B = 3   + 2  2 2 2
1 0 2 3  
 2


16 12 21 24  2 2 2 2
=  +  
 3 0 6 9   4 4 4 4 


6  2 12  2 21  2 24  2
9  4
= 
3  4 0  4 6  4
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


8 14 23 26 
=  
7 4 10 13 

2 4 7 8 1 1 1 1

ii. 4A - 7B = 4   -7  2 2 2
1 0 2 3  
 2


8 16 28 32   7 7 7 7 
=   - 14 14 14 14 
 4 0 8 12   




8  7 16  7 28  7 32   7 
= 
4  14 0  14 8  14 12   14 


 1 9 21 25 
=  
  10  14  6  2 

3.6.1 Multiplication of Matrix

For Multiplication of two matrices to be possible, they must be

conformable i.e. matrices A and B are conformable if the column of A
has the same dimension as the row of B.

Note that AB  BA.

1 2 3
Let A =    (2 x 3) matrix.
 4 5 6 


1 2
B = 3 4    (3 x 2) matrix.

 
5 6

The column of A = 3, the row of B = 3

 Matrices A and B are said to be conformable and can be multiplied

by one another.

For better understanding of multiplication of two matrices:

x x 1 2   y1 1 y1 2 
Let A =  1 1  and B = y 
x 2 1 x 2 2   21 y 2 2 

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



Also, let AB = C another matrix;

 z1 1 z1 2 
C =  
z 2 1 z 2 2 

Since A and B are conformable,

x x 1 2   y1 1 y1 2   z1 1 z1 2 
 AB = C   1 1   z 
x 2 2  y 2 1 y 2 2  z 2 2 
=
x 2 1  21


 z11 = x11y11 + x12 y21

 z12 = x11y12 + x22 y22

 z21 = x21y11 + x22 y21

 z22 = x21y12 + x22 y22

We can say generally that: zij = xijyij + xi2 y2j + …… + xik ykj

Example 7

1 2 3
Given that A =    (2 x 3) matrix,
4 5 6 
1 2 
B = 3 4   (3 x 2) matrix.

5 6

Find (i) AB (ii) BA.


Solution 
1 2 
1 2 3  
i. AB =   3 4

4 5 6  
5 6
1 x 1  2 x 3  3 x 5 1 x 2  2 x 4  3 x 6
=  
4 x 1  5 x 3  6 x 5 4 x 2  5 x 4  6 x 6 

1  6  15   2  8  18   22 28 
=  = 49 64   (2 x 2) matrix.
4  15  30  8  20  36   

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



 1 2
1 2 3
ii. BA = 3 4  
  4 5 6 
 6  
5

a 1 1 a12 a 1 3 
Let BA = 
a 2 1
a 22 a 2 3 

a 3 1 a 32 a 33

a11= (1x1) + (1x4) = 1+4 = 5

a12= (1x2) + (2x5) = 2+10 = 12
a13= (1x3) + (2x6) = 3+12 = 15
a21= (3x1) + (4x4) = 3+16 = 19
a22= (3x2) + (4x5) = 6+20 = 26
a23= (3x3) + (4x6) = 9+24 = 31
a31= (5x1) + (6x4) = 5+24 = 29
a32= (5x2) + (6x5) = 10+30 = 40
a33= (5x3) + (6x6) = 15+6 = 51

5 12 15  
BA = 19 26 31   (3 x 3) matrix.
 
2 40 51 
9

3.7 Determinant of A Matrix

To find the determinant of a matrix, the matrix must be a square matrix.

1. Consider a (2x2) square matrix A, the determinant of A denoted

by det A.


a 1 1 a12

a b  a 
Let = 
c
Or A = a 22
c  21 

a3 1
a 3 2 

det A  = ad – cb Or det A = A = a11a22 - a21a22

Example 8

Find the determinant of the following matrices:

1 2  2 - 4
A =   B=  5 6
 3 4   

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

Solution

1 2 
A =    det A = A = (1 x 4) – (3 x 2) = 4 - 6 = -2
3 4 



 2 - 4 
B=    det B = B = (2 x 6) + (5 x 4) = 12 + 20 = 32
5 6 

2. Also, consider a (3x3) square matrix A.

+ - +
a1 1 a1 2 a1 3 
Let A = 
a 2 1 a 22 a 2 3 

a 3 1 a 32 a 33

Assign +ve and –ve sign to the entries in the rows and columns and pick

a11, - a12 and a13 as co-factor i.e.

a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
+a11 , -a11 and + a13
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32

a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
 det A = A = +a11 , -a11 and + a13
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32
= a11(a22a33 – a21a22) – a12(a21a33 – a31a23) + a13(a21a32 – a31a22)

Example 9

1 2 3
Find the det A, given that A = 3 2 1 
 


1 3 2
Solution

+ - +
a1 1 a1 2 a1 3 
 a a
  A =12 1 3 1 3 2
Let A = a -2 +3
 21 22 23 
 3 2 1 2 1 3
a 3 1 a 32 a 3 3 

= 14  3  2 6  1  3 9  2 = 11  2 5  3 7  = 1 – 10 + 21 = 22

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Another method can be used to evaluate the determinant of (3 x 3)

square matrix A:

a1 1 a1 2 a1 3 
 a 
Suppose a = a 2 1 a 2 3 , columns 1 and 2 can be repeated thus:
 22

a 3 1 a 32 
a 3 3 



(1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6)
a11 a12 a13 a11 a12
 a 2 1 a 2 2 a 2 3 a 2 4 a 2 5 This is SARUS CHART
a 31 a 32 a 33 a 31 a 32

Hence, det A = A = [(1) + (2) + (3)] – [(4) + (5) + (6)]

[(a11a22a33) + (a12a23a31) + (a13a21a33)] - [(a31a22a13) + (a32a23a11) +
(a33a21a12)]

Considering the example 9 above:

(1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6)

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2

A = 3 2 1   3 2 1 3 2
  3 2 1 3 2 1 2


 A = [(1) + (2) + (3)] – [(4) + (5) + (6)]
= [(1 x 2 x 2) + (2 x 1 x 1) + (3 x 3 x 3)] – [(1 x 2 x 3) + (3 x 1 x 1) +
(2 x 3 x 2)]
= [(4) + (2) + (27)] – [(6) + (3) + (12)] = 33 – 21 = 12

You can see that the answers are the same.

3.7.1 Singularity in Matrix

A matrix is said to be singular if the determinant is equal to zero.

Example 10

1 3 
Given that   is a singular matrix. Find k
 k 4 

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 MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I








Solution

For a matrix to be singular, it‟s determinant equal to zero.

4
 (1 x 4) – 3k = 0  4 – 3k = 0  3k = 4  k =
3
Example 11

2 0 1 

Given that A = k 2 3  , Find k for A to be singular.
 
2 1 4 

Solution

For A to be singular, det A = 0.

2 3 k 3 k 2
 A =2 -0 +1 = 0  2(8 – 3) -0(4k - 6) +1(k - 4) = 0
1 4 2 4 2 1

 2(5) -0 + k – 4 = 0  10 + k – 4 = 0  6 + k = 0  k = -6.

3.7.2 Application of Determinant

It could be used to solve linear equations.

Consider the system of two linear equations.

a 1 x  b1 y  c1 ........( 1)

a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2 ........( 2)

Where a 1 , a 2 , b1 , b 2 , c1 , c 2 are constants?

This can be stated in matrix form thus:

 a1 b1   x   c1 
a b 2  y c 2 
=

 2


We are interested in finding the values of x and y.

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Using Cramer‟s rule, we have:

 c1 b1   c1 a 1 
c
x =  2
b 2 
=
b2 c1  c 2b 1  c a 
and y =  2 2 
=
c1 a2  c2 a1 
 a1 b1  a b  a b   a 1 b1  a b  a b 
a  
 2 b 2  a b 
 2 2 



Example 12

Use Cramer‟s rule to solve the following:

i. x  2y  3 ii. 2x  3y  1
3x  4y  1 5x  6y  0

Solution

i. x  2y  3
3x  4y  1

It can be written in matrix form, thus:

1 2  x  3
    =  
3 4  y  1



3 2  
1  
4  3x4  1x2 12  2 10
 x =  = = =  5
1 2  1x4  3x2 4  6  2
 
3 4 


 1 3  
 3 1  1x1  3x3 1  9  8
Similarly y =   = = = 4
 1 2  1x4  3x2 4  6  2
 
3 4 
 x   5 and y  4.

Let us cross-check by substituting x and y into the given equation:

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 MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

x  2y  3   5  (4)   5  8  3

ii. 2x  3y  1
5x  6y  0

In matrix form:

 2 3   x   1 
 5 6  y =  0
     




1 3  
0 6  1x6  0x3 6 6
 x =  = = =  2
2 3  2x6  5x3 12  15 3
 
6 
5

2 1 
0  2x0  5x1  5
 5  5 5
Similarly y =  = = = 
2 3  2x6  5x3 12  15  3 3
 
5 6 
5
 x   2 and y  .
3

Cross checking by substituting x and y into the given equation:

5
2x  3y  1  2( 2)  3( )   4  5  1.
3
Cramer‟s rule can be extended to systems of three equations with three
unknowns.

Consider the system of three equations:

a 11x  a12 y  a13z  c1 a

21
x  a 22 y  a 23z  c 2 a
31
x  a 32 y  a 33z  c 3

These can be written as in matrix form:

a11 a 12 a 13 x   c1 
a 21 a 22 a 2 3  y =  c 
 2 
a 31 a 32 a 3 3  z c 3 


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MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I




a1 1 a1 2 a1 3 
Let the determinant of 
a 2 1 a a 2 3  =  
22 
a 3 1 a 32 a 33

 c1 
Replacing column 1 by c2 :
 
c 3

c1 a 12a a 13
c2 a a 23 a 22 a 23 c a 23 c a 22
 a1 2 2  a1 3 2
22
32 c1
c3 a 33 a 32 a 33 c3 a 3 3 c3 a 32
x  =


 c1 
Replacing column 2 by c2 :
  
 c 3
a 11 c1 a 13
a 21 c2 a 23 a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 c2
a 11  c1  a 13
a 31 c3 a 33 a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 c 3
 y  =
 

 c1 
Replacing column 3 by c2 :
 
c 3


a 11 a 12 c1 
a 22 c 2 a 21 c 2 
a 21 a 22
a 21 a 22 c 2 
a 11  a12  c1
a 31 a 32 c3 a 32 c3 a 31 c3 a 31 a 32
 z  =
 

Example 13

x  2y  3z  1
3x  2y  z  4
x  3y  2z  0

Solution

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 MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

Writing the above equation in matrix form:

1 2 3  x   c1 

    2 
1 3 2  z   c 3 


1 2 3
3 2 1 =   12
1 3 2

1 2 3
4 2 1 2 1 4 1 4 2
1  2 3
0 3 2 3 2 0 2 0 3 1(1)  2(8)  3(12)
 x  = =
12 12 12
21 7
= 
12 4

1 1 3
3 4 1 4 1 3 1 3 4
1  1 3
1 0 2 0 2 1 2 1 0 1(8)  1(5)  3( 4)
 y  = =
12 12 12
 9  3
= 
12 4

1 2 1
3 2 4 2 4 3 4 3 2
1  2 3
1 3 0 3 0 1 0 1 3 1( 12)  2( 4)  1(7)
 z  = =
 12 12 12

3 1
= 
12 4

7  3 1
Consequently, x ,y and z  .
4 4 4

Cross-checking by substituting x, y and z into equation (3)

7 3 1 7 9 2 9 9
x  3y  2z  0   3( )  2( )       0.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

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MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

3.7.3 Matrix Inversion

Cofactor Matrix: It is defined to be the matrix obtained by replacing

every number a ij of the given matrix A by its cofactor in the
determinant of A.

1 2 3
Let A = 4 5 0 , then the cofactor of matrix A is the matrix:
 
2 1 4


5 0 4 0 4 5 
  
 1 4 2 4 2 1 
 20  16  6
 2 3 1 2 
 
1 3
 =   5  2 3 
 1 4 2 4 2 1   
   12  3
 15
 2 3  1 3 1 2
 5 0 4 0 4 5

Adjoint of a Matrix: Let A be a matrix and let C be its cofactor matrix,

then the transpose CT of C is called the Adjoint of A or Adj A.

Thus, from the above example:

 20  5  15 
 16  2 12 
Adj A = 

  6 3  3

Thus, we state an important result for matrix A, i.e.

A (Adj A) = (Adj A) A = A I.

The inverse of matrix A is given as: A-1 = 1 Adj A.

A

Example 14

Find the inverse of the following matrices:

1 2 3   1 2 1 
A = 4 5 0  b) B = 2 3 2

a)
  
2 1 4 3 2 2

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 MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

Solution

1 2 3 
a) 
A = 4 5 0  is a (3 x 3) square matrix.
 
2 1 4

5 0 4 0 4 5
A 1  2 3 = 1(20 - 0) -2(16 – 0) +3(4 -10) = -30  0
1 4 2 4 2 1

The cofactor matrix of A is:

5 0 4 0 4 5 
  
 1 4 2 4 2 1 
 20  16  6
 2 3 1 2    5  2 3 
1 3
   =
 1 4 2 4 2 1   
   12  3
 15
 2 3  1 3 1 2
 0 4 0 4 5
5

 20  5  15 
 Adj A =  16  2 12 
 
  6 3  3

 20  5  15   3 6 2 

  8 
2 
Adj A     16  2 12  =

1 1 1
A =
-1
  
A 30  
 15 5 
15   6 3  3 
 1 1 1 

 5 10 10

1 2 1 

B = 2 3 2

b)

3 2 2

3 2 2 2 2 3
B 1  2 1 = 1(16 - 4) -2(4 – 6) +1(4 -9) = 1  0
2 2 3 2 3 2

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MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

The cofactor matrix of B is:

3 2 2 2 2 3 
  
2 2 3 2 3 2 
 2 1 1  2 2  5
1 1 2  2  1 4 
    =
 2 2 3 2 3 2   
   1 0  1
2 1   1 1 1 2 
 3 2 2 2 2 3
2  2 1 

The Adjoint of B is 2  1 0 
 
 5 4  1


  2  2 1   2  2 1 
  2  1 0 
 B -1= Adj B = 1 2  1 0 =
1
B    
 5 4  1  5  1
4

We can also get the solution of equations using the inverse.

Suppose, we have a matrix equation A X = B.

If A-1 A X = A-1 B
 I X = A-1 B where I is unit matrix
 A-1 B.

Example 15

Solve the equations

x + 3y + 3z = 1

x + 4y + 3z = 2

x + 3y + 4z = 3

Solution

In matrix form, we have:

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 MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

1 3 3  x   1 
1 4 3  y  = 2  A X = B
    
1 3 4  z   3


4 3 1 3 1 4
A 1  3 3 = 1(16 - 9) -3(4 – 3) +3(3 - 4) = 1  0
3 4 1 4 1 3

The cofactor matrix of A is:

4 3 1 3 1 4 
  
 3 4 1 4 1 3 
 7  1  1
 3 3 1 3   3 1 0 
1 3
    =
 3 4 1 4 1 3   
    1 0 1
3 3  1 3 1 3 
 3 1 3 1 4
4

 7  1  1

The Adjoint of A is  3 1 0  
 
  1 0 1

 7  1  1  7  1  1
 A -1= 1 Adj A = 1  3 1 0  =  3 1 0  
   
A   1 0   1 0 1
1

x  7  1  1 1   7(1)  3(2)  3(3) 

 y =   3 1 0   2  =   1(1)  1(2)  0(3)
    
   0 1   3   0(2)  1(3) 


 7  6  9    8
=   1  2  0  =  1 
   
 1  0   2 
3

 x -8, y = 1, z = 2.

Example 6
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MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

To control a crop disease, it is necessary to use 8units of chemical A,

14units of chemical B and 13units of chemical C.

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 MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

One barrel of spray P contains 1unit of A, 2units of B and 3units of C.

One barrel of spray Q contains 2unit of A, 32units of B and 2units of C.
One barrel of spray R contains 1unit of A, 2units of B and 2units of C.

Find how many barrels of each type of spray will be used to just meet
the requirements.

Solution

 P Q R 
 1 2 1   x   8 
The matrix of the problem is:    y  = 14 
2 3 2     
   z 13
3 2 2 


Where x, y, z are the number of barrels (to be used) of spray P, Q, R
respectively.

3 2 2 2 2 3
A 1  2 1 = 1(6 - 4) -2(4 – 6) +1(4 - 9) = 1  0
2 2 3 2 3 2

The cofactor matrix of A is:

3 2 2 2 2 3 
  
 2 2 3 2 3 2 
 2 1  2 2  5
1 1 1 2  2  1 4 
    =
 2 2 3 2 3 2   
   1 0  1
2 1  1 1 1 2 
 3 2 2 2 2 3

 2  2 1 

The Adjoint of A is  2  1 0 
 
 5 4  1


 2  2 1   2  2 1 

 0 =  2  1 0 
A = 1
Adj A = 1  2  1
-1
  
A  5 4   5  1
1 4

Thus, the matrix equation becomes:

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MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

 x   2  2 1   8  2(8)  2(14)  1(13) 


 y  =  2  1 0  14  =  2(8)  1(14)  0(13)
      
 z   5 4  1 13  5(8)  4(14)  1(13) 


 16  28  13   1 
   2 
 16  14  0 = 

 40  56  13
 3

 We need 1 barrel of spray P, 2 barrels of spray Q and 3 barrels of
spray R to meet the requirement.

Example 17

In a market survey, three commodities A, B, C were considered. In

finding out the index number, some fixed weights were assigned to three
varieties in each of the commodities. The table below provides the
information regarding the consumption of three commodities according
to three varieties and also the total weight received by the commodity:

Commodity Variety Total

I II III weight

A 1 2 3 11

B 2 4 5 21

C 3 5 6 27

Find the weights assigned to the three varieties by using matrix –inverse
method, given that the weights assigned to commodities are equal to the
sum of weights of the various varieties multiplied by the corresponding
consumption.

Solution

Let x, y, z be the weights assigned to A, B, C respectively.

We have:

x + 2y + 3z = 11
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 MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

2x + 4y + 5z = 21

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MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

x + 2y + 3z = 11

In matrix form:

1 2 3   x   11 
2 4 5  y =  21 
    
3 5 6  z   27 


4 5 2 5 2 4
A 1  2 3 = 1(24 - 25)-2(12 –15 + 3(10-12) = -1  0
5 6 3 6 3 5

The cofactor matrix of A is:

4 5 2 5 2 4 
  
 5 6 3 6 3 5 
 2 3    1 3  2 
1 2  1 
1 3
    =
 5 6 3 6 3 5 3  3 
   2 1 0
2 3  1 3 1 2 
 4 5 2 5 4 
2

Thus:
  1 3  2
 Adj A =  3  3 1 
  
 2 1 0  
 1 3  2   1  3 2 


A -1    
  2 1 0   2  1 0 
x  11   1  3 2   11   11  63  54   2 
  y = A-1  21 =  3 3  1 

=   3  63  273  =  3
21
          




 x = 2, y = 3, z = 1 are the required weights assigned to A, B, C.

Example 18

Given the following equations for two related markets (A) and (B). Find
the equilibrium conditions for each market. Also find the equilibrium
price for each market.
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 MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

xd (A) = 82 – 3PA + PB xd (B) = 92 + 2PA - 4PB

xs (A) = -5 + 15PA xs (A) = -6 + 32PB

Where xd and xs denote quantity demanded and quantity supplied

respectively.

Solution

Equilibrium is supply and demand occurs when xs = xd

 For market (A):

82 – 3PA + PB = 82 – 3PA + PB  18PA - PB = 87 ………………… (1)

 For market (B):

92 + 2PA - 4PB = -6 +32PA  36PA - 2PB = 98 ………….………… (2)

 Solving equations (1) and (2) will give us the equilibrium price for
each market:

 18  1 PA  87 

In matrix form, we have:    A X = B
  P  =  98
  2 36   B   

Thus:

A = (18 x 36) – {(-1) x (-2)} = (648 – 2) = 646

The cofactor matrix of A is:

 36  ( 2) 36 2 

 =  1 18
 ( 1) 18   



36 1 
Adj A =  
 2 18 

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MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I



  36 1   18 1 
 
1 1 36 1   646 646 =  323 646 
A =
-1
 2
 2 18 = 18   1 9 
Adj =
A 646      


  646 646   323 323 
  
  
 
  18   1  
  18 1    x 87    x 98   3230 
  87   323  646   
 X =  323 646    =   =  646 
 969  
1 9  98    1   9   
    x 87    x 98  
  323 323      323   323 

323
5  
=  
3

 PA = 5 PB = 3 are the equilibrium prices for each market.

3.8 Theorem

A necessary and sufficient condition for a matrix (square) A to be

invertible is that A  0

Proof

Suppose A is an invertible matrix and suppose B is its inverse.

Then, A B = I

 AB = I
 A B =I
 A 0

Thus, necessity follows.

Sufficiency; Let A  0

1
Take B = Adj A
A

1
Thus: A B = ( Adj A)
A
1
=( Adj A)
A

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 MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

1
=( A I=I
A

Again

1
AB= ( Adj A) A
A
1
A = [( Adj A)]
A

1
A= . A I = I.
A

Hence, B is the inverse of A and the assertion follows.

4.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, matrix algebra forms the basis of various techniques
used in solving cumbersome business and technical related situations.
As mentioned earlier, it is mostly used in handling small and large
volumes of events (vectors) that cannot yield to other known
mathematical methods.

5.0 SUMMARY

Basic definitions, examples and various applications of matrix

algebra were discussed. And tutor- marked assignments were given
below for further reading.

6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

 2 3 1  4 2 1
1. Given the matrices A = 7 9 , B =  1 1 
4  0 
 0 4 6 3 1

1



Evaluate (i) 3A - 2B (ii) 4A 3 B

2

1 4 1 1 
Given that: A = 
5  0 2 
2. and I = ,
2 

Evaluate (i) AB (ii) BA
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MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

1 2  1 0
Given that: A =  
3.  I =  01 ,
 21  


Evaluate (i) A2 – 2A + 4I (ii) A3 – 3A + 3I

 2 1 8  1 1 1
Given the matrices A = 4 2 0  and B =  2 1

4.
  
6 7 8 
0 4 3
1

Evaluate (i) AT BT (ii) (AB)T

2k  1 5
5. Find what value of k would the matrix   be singular
 4 6 



1 2 3 
6. If A = 3 1 2 , show that A-1 A = I
 
1 2 3

7. Use Cramer‟s rule to solve the following systems of two and

three equations:

(i) x + 2y = 5 (ii) 5x + 9y = 16
2x + 3y = 2 12x + y = 11

(iii) -x + y + 3z = -1 (iv) x + 2y – 6z = 2
2x + 3y – z = 2 4y + 3z =1
X + 2y – z = 4 2x + y + z = 1

 3 5 1 
8. If 0 4 k  = 90, find the value of k
 
k  1 6

9 4 7 
9. 
Evaluate the determinant of 1 3  5
 
4 0 3

1 4   3 1 
10. Suppose A =   , B = ,
3  1  k
2
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 MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I


Evaluate (i) AB (ii) Then, if AB = 112, what is the
value of k

11. Compute the inverse of the following matrices:

2 0  1  4 4  5 
A = 5 1 0  , B =   2 3 1 
   
0 1 3  
 3  1 4

12. Solve the equations:

x + 2y + 3z = 14

3x + y + 2z = 11

2x + 3y + z = 11

13. An amount of N500.00 is put into three investments at the rates

of 6, 7 and 8 percent per annum respectively. The total annual
income is N358. The combined income for the first two
investments is N70 more that the income from the third
investment. Find the amount of each investment.

14. The equilibrium conditions for three related markets are given by
the equations:

3P1 –P2 + P3 = 2
-15P1 + 6P2 – 5P3 = 5
5P1 – 2P2 + 2P3 = 3

Find the equilibrium price for each market.

15. A salesman has the following record of sales during three months
for three items A, B and C which has different rates of
commission.

Months Sales of Units Total Commission

A B C drawn (N)
January 90 100 20 800 200
February 130 50 40 900 300
March 60 100 30 850 400

Find out the rates of commission on items A, B and C.

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MATHEMATICS FOR MANAGEMENT SCIENCES I

16. Find the equilibrium prices and quantities for two commodity
market models:

xd1 = -2 – p +q; xs1 = -2 – q

xd2 = -3 p –q; xs2 = -q + p + q

Where p is the price and q is the quantity.

7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING

1) Pure Mathematics for Advanced Level By B.D Bunday H

Mulholland 1970.
2) Introduction to Mathematical Economics By Edward T. Dowling.
3) Mathematics and Quantitative Methods for Business and
Economics.By Stephen P. Shao. 1976.
4) Mathematics for Commerce & Economics By Qazi Zameeruddin
& V.K. Khanne 1995.
5) Engineering Mathematics By K. A Stroad.
6) Business Mathematics and Information Technology. ACCA
STUDY MANUAL By. Foulks Lynch.

7) Introduction to Mathematical Economics SCHAUM‟S Out

lines

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