CRITICAL HEAT FLUX APPARATUS

AIM

To study the Boiling Heat Transfer phenomena & determine Critical Heat Flux for pool
boiling of water.

THEORY:
Boiling Heat Transfer is mode of heat transfer that occurs because of vaporization.
Vapoization is a process in which a substance is changed from the liquid to the vapour
state,
Pool boiling takes place when a liquid is confined in a container and a heater is
submerged in the liquid.

BOILING
Consider that the rate of (Heat Convection) heat transler q for a system is expressed
analytically by the Newton's equation.

q h.A.A t (1)

Where 'h' is the heat transfer coefficient, 'A' is area Involved in heat transfer and A
Is some well defined temperature difference Eg. The difierence between the temperature
of the solid that the mean temperature of the fuid at the limit of the themal boundary
layer. An analogous equation is used for boiling heat transfer.
(2)
Where q' q/A is called the heat flu x and hy the boiling tieat transfer coefficient.
One widely uscd value of A t is the wall superheat or surface temperature.
Excess A tsat which is defined as the ditferencebetween the wall tenperaure of the
heating surface tw and the saturation temperature of the liquid iat

A Esat = y sat
(3)
The value ofthe hy fora boiling system changes as the system passes through different
regions. These regions can be shown on a boiling curve.
BOILING CURVE
The boiling curve is generally plotted in log-log co-ordinates with heat flux q" Vs wall
Superheat t consider on experiment in pool boiling as shown in Fig 1.

Initially as q" and A ut are increase, the liquid is heated by convection. The liquid must
be superheated to some degree before bubbles form on the heater surface. As the liquid
1Sheated it becomes less dence and rises to the surface where vaporization takes place.
Theretore, the cooling process on the heater is one ofnatural convection. On the boîling
Curve Fig. 2 the natural convection, region from 1-2 appears as a straight line on a log-log
plot
At point 2 the liquid the liquid superheat has increased to a pointwhere vapour bubbles
begin to form. This point on the curve is referred to as the onset of Nuclear Boiling
ONB). Careful observation of the heating surface will show that the bubbles appear at a
few prefered locations. As the bubbles detach from the heated surface, they form a
coumn of bubbles moving towards the free surface of the liquid. Line 2-3 is the kne
the boiling
curve and of
represents region
a charging heat
transfcr coefficient.

When point3 is reached, a sufficient number ofnucleation sites will have been activated
to establish fully developed nucleate boiling. The line 3-4 representing this region once
again be straight but its slope will be much greater than in the convection region.

This means that very large heat transfer rates are possible with relatively small
temperature devising forces, the characteristically high heat transfer coefficient has of
nucleate boiling is obtained.

As heat flux is increased further, more nucleation sites will have been activated and a
large amount of vapour forms on the heater surfacc. This causes the heat transfer
coeificient to decrease from point 4 to 5. Point 4 is known the departure froni nucleate
boiling (DNB).
At some critical value of heat flux at point 5 a blanket of vapour forms over the entire
surface of the heater and heat transfer is curtailed. The vapour film i_ unstable and as it
forms, collapses and reforms repeatedly. Therefore region 5-6 is referred to as one of
"Unstable film boiling. The process cannot remove and amount of heat equal to the
constant electrical energy input. The resulting discrepancy causes a rise of internal
energy of the heater with a decrease in heat fux. The system is unstable and the value of
A tsat will spontaneously jump to point 5. If data points of line 5-6 are to be obtained it
is necessary to use condensing vapour heat.

Wall temperatures represented by point 5 are well above the melting point of many
metals. Consequently point 5 is referred to as the Critical Heat Flux Point or peak heat
flux point or Bumout point.
 Local Acceleration due to gravity.
Prlig Prandty number of liquid.
his Heat of evapouration.
vap Density of Vapour.
iq Density of Liquid.
Vapour-liquid surface tension.
S 1.0 for Water, 1.7 for all other liquids.
For Water - Copper Systems, Cst = 0.013

VAPOUR-LIQUID SURFACE TENSION OF WATER

SATURATION TEMPERATURE SURFACE TENSION
toatc 6x 10 N/on"
0.0 7.6
15.5 7.3
37.8 7.0
60.0 6.6
93.3 6.0
100.0 5.9
160.0 4.6
3.2
226.7
293.3 1.6
360.0 0.15
374.1 0

of the heater surface by the liquid can

In the range of unstable film boiling some wetting
occur. This account for the Instability
of the vapour film. After a point such as 6 has
a steam cushion appears between all
been reached, the wall temperature is so high that
is poasible. The region after point 6 is
liquid droplets and the heater wall and wetting
on
to as the 'spheroid state' or the
therefore one of 'stable film boiling' Point 6 is referred
Leidenfrost Point'. Wall temperature in the stable film boiling range are at a high
level that radiation heat transfer become significant, resulting in
increased
enough
values of boiling heat transfer coefficients. The boiling curve of Fig. 2 is representative
of all types of boiling systems,

SPECIFICATIONS:

1) Glass Container Dia. 200mm. approx., Height 125 mm. approx.

2) Test Heater T1 Nichrome Wire - 0.20 mm. to be calculated according to wire
Used say 38 swg.
Heater for Initial Reading- Nichrome Heater coil -1 kw.
4) Test Heater.
5) Electric Dimmer 0-230 V. 10 Amp.
6) Voltmeter for 2 -

0-230 V.

Seunnad hv 'amScanner
 7) Ammeter for 0-10 Amp.
8) Themometer2-0-100°C.

PROCEDURE
1) Distilled Water ( 1 to 2
2) The Heater are lit.) is taken in the container.
Completely
3) The heater coil R1 ( 1 KW submerged.
Nichrome coil) and test
across the studs and
electrical connections made. heater wire are connected
4) Heater coil is
switched on
is the container and kept n till the required bulb
it
60°C, & 80°c) is obtained. temperature water
of
5) The heater coil is
(40°C, 50°C,
6) The boiling
switched Off and switched ON the test heater.
phenomenon on wire is observed when input increases the
across it by
varying the voltage
7) The voltage is incrèaseddimmerstat. This is observed at each position.
further and a point is reached when
this point the
voltage and current are noted. wire breaks and at
8) The experiment have been
9) Do not exceed repeated by changing the bulb temperature of water.
Temp of water above 85c.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr. Water Temp.
No. in C.
Voltage Current in
V Volts. Amps. I

CALCULATIONS:
1) Area of the wire = A =r dL
d 0.2 mm Dia & L =0.1m Length.
2) Heat Input q = VI = 0.18 mm. = 105 mm.

3) Critical Heat Flux = g"= q4

.Watt/m
 5

RESULTTABLE
Sr. Water Temp. Voltage Current in Heat Input Critical Heat
No. in'c V Volts. Amps. I In watt Flux in
q=VI watt watt/m
q q/A
 -

()

1) THERMOMETER. 4) DISTILED WATER.

2) HEATING COIL 5) GLASS JAR
3)TEST HE ATER 6) LENS. vyITIH
STAN9,
7) STAND TRIPOLD.

CRITICAL HEAT FULX APPARATUS

T-11 Fig.No1 . RASTE ENTERPRISES.SANGLI
Spn
T-11 FlaNo2