Transmission Line Parameters: Kondapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal (Dist)

SAMSKRUTI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUH.)

Kondapur(V), Ghatkesar(M), Medchal(Dist)
Subject Name:PS-II
Prepared by : A.SWATHI GUPTA
Year and Sem, Department: III-EEE SEM-I
Unit-I: Transmission Line Parameters
Important points / Definitions: (Minimum 15 to 20 points covering complete topics in that unit)
 The transmission line has mainly four parameters, resistance, inductance,

capacitance and shunt conductance. These parameters are uniformly distributed
along the line. Hence, it is also called the distributed parameter of the transmission
line. ... Shunt conductance – Air act as a dielectric medium between the conductors.

Short Questions (minimum 10 previous JNTUH Questions – Year to be mentioned)
1.List out the advantages of double circuit lines over single line circuits.
2. Define - Self GMD (GMR) and mutual – G.M.D.
3.What is meant by inductive interference?
4.State the factors which govern the capacitance of a transmission line?

5. Write short note on bundle conductors.
6. Calculate the inductance of a single phase circuit comprising of two parallel conductors of 6mm
in diameter spaced 1 meter apart. If the material of the conductor is copper?
7. What is transposition of conductors?
8. State why transposition of line conductors are needed?
9. List the advantages of bundled conductors.
10. Distinguish between A.C and D.C resistance of a conductor.
Long Questions (minimum 10 previous JNTUH Questions – Year to be mentioned)
1.Derive the expression for capacitance of three phase line with symmetrical spacing.
2.The three conductors of a 3-phase line are arranged in a horizontal plane with a spacing of 4
m between adjacent conductors. The diameter of each conductor is 2.5 cm. Determine the
inductance per km per phase of the line assuming that the lines are transposed
3.Find inductance per phase per km length of the system of conductors shown in
Figure 1. Self GMD of one conductor is 0.90 cm. Assume transposition.
4.The three conductors of a 3-phase line are arranged in a horizontal plane with a spacing of 4
m between adjacent conductors. The diameter of each conductor is 2.5 cm. Determine the
inductance per km per phase of the line assuming that the lines are transposed
5.Discuss the concept of geometric mean distance. How this concept used to find the
inductance of composite conductors line
8.A 3- phase transposed line has conductors of diameter 1.5cm and spaced at distance of 4, 6,
7 meters between the centers. Calculate the inductance per phase per Km of line length
6.Deduce an expression for line to neutral capacitance for a 3-phase over head
transmission line when the conductors are
(a) symmetrically placed
7.A 3-phase , 50hz, 66kv over head transmission line has conductors arranged at the corners
of an equivalent triangular of 3m sides and the diameter of each conductor is 1.5cm
determine ‘L‘ and ‘C’ per phase, if l=100km. also calculate charging current.
8.Calculate L of a single phase two wire system if D=2m and r=1.2cm?
9.A 3-phase transmission line100km long diameter =0.5cm spaced at the corner of an
equivalent triangular of 120cm sides find inductance km/ph. Derive the formula used
10. .Deduce an expression for line to neutral capacitance for a 3-phase over head
transmission line when the conductors are
(a) unsymmetrical placed but transposed.
Choose the Best: (Minimum 10 to 15 with Answers)
1. In order to increase the limit of distance of transmission line

(A) series resistances are used
(B) synchronous condensers are used
(C) shunt capacitors and series reactors are used
(D) series capacitors and shunt reactors are used.
Answer D
2. A 30 km transmission line carrying power at 33 kV is known as

(A) short transmission line
(B) long transmission line
(C) high power line
(D) ultra high voltage line.
Answer A
3. If K is the volume of conductor material required for 2 wire dc system with one conductor
earthed, then the volume of cable conductor material required for transmission of same power
in single phase 3 wire system is (A) K/3 cos φ
(B) 5K cos2φ
(C) K/ 5 cos2φ
(D) 5K/ 8 cos2φ
Answer C
4. The permissible voltage variable in voltage in distribution is
(A) 0.1%
(B) 1%
(C) 10%
(D) 50%.
Answer C
5.
6. 750 kV is termed as
(A) Medium high voltage
(B) High voltage
(C) Extra high voltage
(D) Ultra high voltage.
Answer D
7. In case of transmission line conductors with the increase in atmospheric temperature
(A) length increase but stress decreases
(B) length increases and stress also increases
(C) length decreases but stress increases
(D) both length as well as stress decreases.
Answer A
8. If the height of transmission towers is increased, which of the following parameters is
likely to change ?
(A) Resistance
(B) Inductance
(C) Capacitance
(D) None of the above.
AnswerC
9. Which of the following is not the transmission voltage in America ?
(A) 66 kV
(B) l32kV
(C) 264 kV
(D) 400 kV
AnswerC
10. Which of the following is usually not the generating voltage ?
(A) 6.6 kV
(B) 9.9 kV
(C) 11kV
(D) 13.2 kV.
AnswerB
Fill in the Blanks: (Minimum 10 to 15 with Answers)

11. Boosters are basically transformers
12. Which of the following is not the distribution system normally used Single phase -4
wire
13. Conductors for high voltage transmission lines are suspended from towers to increase
clearance from ground
14. Shunt capacitance is usually neglected in the analysis of Short transmission lines
15. When two conductors each of radius r are at a distance D, the capacitance between the
two is proportional to 1/loge (D/r)
16. The function of steel wire in a ACSR conductor is to provide additional mechanical
strength
17. In high voltage transmission lines the top most conductor is Earth conductor
18. In aluminiumconductors steel reinforced, the insulation between aluminium and steel
conductors is no insulation is required.
19. Under no load conditions the current in a transmission line is due to capacitance of the
line
20. The inductance of a power transmission line increases with Increasing in spacing
between the phase conductors.
.
Unit-II: Performance of Short ,Medium and Long Transmission Line
Short Transmission Line
Nominal T model of a transmission line
Nominal Pi Model of a Medium Transmission Line

Long Transmission Line
The transmission line generates capacitive reactive volt-amperes in its shunt

capacitance and absorbing reactive volt-amperes in its series inductance.The
load at which the inductive and capacitive reactive volt-amperes are equal
and opposite, such load is called surge impedance load.
Ferranti Effect
Definition: The effect in which the voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line is
more than the sending voltage is known as the Ferranti effect. Such type of effect mainly
occurs because of light load or open circuit at the receiving end.
1. Classify overhead transmission lines.

2. Define transmission efficiency.
3 List out the common methods of representation of medium transmission lines.
4 What is the significance of surge impedance loading?
5 What is the effect of power factor on regulation of a transmission line?
6 Give nominal – T representation of a medium line
7 Define regulation of power transmission line.
8 What is tuned power line?
9 What is surge impedance loading or natural loading?
10 Give nominal – π representation of a medium line?
1.Obtain the equivalent π- model of medium transmission line.

2.Define regulation of a short 3 – phase transmission system and develop an expression for
approximate voltage regulation?
3.Define A, B,C and D constants of a transmission line? What are their values in short lines?
4.A medium length power transmission line is represented as a nominal pi equivalent circuit
with lumped parameters. The total series impedance of the line is Z and the total shunt
capacitance is Y = jwC Siemens. Derive equations for the sending end voltage and current
and there from determine the ABCD constants of the line. Prove that AD-BC = 1
5. Discuss the effect of load power factors on voltage regulation and efficiency of a
transmission line
6.Starting from first principles show that surges behave as traveling waves. Find expressions
for surge impedance and wave velocity
7.A step wave of 110 kV travels through a line having a surge impedance of 350 .The lines
is terminated by an inductance of 5000 μH. Find the voltage Across the inductance and
reflected voltage wave.
8. Discuss the wave length and velocity of propagation.
9.Derive the equivalent ABCD constant of a transmission line connected in series with an
impedance at both ends
10.Find ABCD parameters of a three phase , 80Km, 50 Hz transmission line with series
impedance (0.15=j 0.28)ohms per Km and a shunt admittance of j5*〖10〗^(-4) ohms per Km
Determine the series and shunt parameters for the equivalent pie and equivalent T circuit for
the 50Km long line having per unit impedance and admittance as (0.2=j0.56)Ω/Km and
j3.6*〖10〗^(-6)mho/Km respectively?
1. Surge impedance of transmission line is given by

(A) (L/C)1/2
(B) (C/L)1/2
(C) (CL)1/2
(D) 1/(CL)1/2
Answer A
2. ACSR conductor implies
(A) All conductors surface treated and realigned
(B) Aluminum conductor steel reinforced
(C) Anode current sinusoidallyrun
(D) Anodized Core Smooth Run.
Answer B
3. The surge resistance of transmission lines is about
(A) 50 ohms
(B) 100 ohms
(C) 250 ohms
(D) 500 ohms.
Answer D
4. In transmission system a feeder feeds power to
(A) service mains
(B) generating stations
(C) distributors
(D) all of the above.
Answer C
5. For transmission lines the standing wave ratio is the ratio of
(A) maximum voltage to minimum voltage
(B) maximum current to minimum voltage
(C) peak voltage to rms voltage
(D) maximum reactance to minimum reactance.
Answer A
6. In a transmission line following arc the distributed constants
(A) resistance and inductance only
(B) resistance, inductance and capacitance
(C) resistance, inductance, capacitance and short conductance.
Answer C
7. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line depends upon
(A) shape of the conductor
(B) surface treatment of the conductors
(C) conductivity of the material
(D) geometrical configuration. of the conductors.
Answer D
8. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line depends upon
(A) shape of the conductor
(B) surface treatment of the conductors
(C) conductivity of the material
(D) geometrical configuration. of the conductors.
Answer D
9. For a distortion-less transmission line (G = shunt conductance between two wires)
(A) R/L = G/C
(B) RL=GC
(C) RG=LC
(D)RLGC=0
Answer
10. In a transmission line having negligible resistance the surge impedance is
(A) (L+C)1/2
(B) (C/L)1/2
(C) (1/LC)1/2
(D) (L/C)1/2
Answer D
Fill in the Blanks:
1. A relay used on short transmission lines is Reactance relay
2.In order to increase the limit of distance of transmission are used line series capacitors
and shunt reactors
3.A 30 km transmission line carrying power at 33 kV is known as short transmission line
4.Surge impedance of transmission line is given by L/C)1/2
5.750 kV is termed as Ultra high voltage.
6. The ratio of capacitance from line to line capacitance from line to neutral is nearly ¼
7. The capacitance effect can be neglected in which among the transmission lines Short
transmission lines
8. In the nominal p method which among these are divided into two halves Shunt
capacitance
9. Z is the value of B parameter in case of nominal p method
10.The ABCD constants of a 3 phase transposed transmission line with linear and passive
elements Only A and D are equal.
Unit-III:
Power System Transients and Various factors affecting the
transmission line
 Corona Discharge (also known as the Corona Effect) is an electrical discharge caused by
the ionization of a fluid such as air surrounding a conductor that is electrically charged.
... Corona discharge can cause an audible hissing or cracking noise as it ionizes the air
around the conductors.
 negative corona, the ions are attracted inward and the electrons are repelled outwards. The
glow of the corona is caused by electrons recombining with positive ions to form neutral
atoms.
Advantages of Corona effect:
 (i) Due to corona formation, the air surrounding the conductor becomes conducting and
hence virtual diameter of the conductor is increased.The increased diameter reduces the
electrostatic stresses between the conductors. (ii) Corona reduces the effects of transients
produced by surges.
 Power loss in corona
 The corona effects can be reduced by the following methods : (i) By increasing conductor
size. ... By increasing the spacing between conductors, the voltage at which corona occurs is
raised and hence corona effects can be eliminated.
 Ferranti Effect occurs when current drawn by the distributed capacitance of the
line is greater than the current associated with the load at the receiving end of the line which
occur during light or no load. ... Shut Reactor compensation at the receiving end might help
to reduce the effect of Ferranti Effect
 Ferranti effect occurs when no load or light load conditions,under this conditions receiving
end voltage grater then sending end Voltage Resources and Information. ... When
th load currents go very low the voltage at the load end of the line increases. This effect is
called Ferranti effect
 Skin effect is a tendency for alternating current (AC) to flow mostly near the outer surface of
an electrical conductor, such as metal wire.The effect becomes more and more apparent as
the frequency increases. ... The effect is most pronounced in radio-frequency (RF) systems,
especially antennas and transmission lines.
 Definition: Proximity Effect is the phenomena of non-uniform current distribution on
the surface of adjacent current carrying conductor due to the effect of another
current carrying conductor in its proximity. Since in cables, the conductors are very
near to each other, this effect is dominant
1 What is Ferranti effect? What is the cause of Ferranti effect?

2Define corona phenomenon? What is local corona?
3 Define critical disruptive voltage. Write the expression for it?
4Write a short note on shunt compensation?
5Write short notes on power system transients.
6Mention the advantages of Bewley’s lattice
7What is skin effect?. Explain?
8What is proximity effect. Explain?
9 What are the methods adopted to reduce corona?
10Draw diagrams to show voltage and current on the line before and after the wave reaches
the end of a travelling wave when it reaches the end of open circuited transmission line?

1.(a)Derive reflection and refraction coefficient of transmission line when receiving End is
open circuited
(b)A surge of 120 KV travels on a line of surge impedance 450 and reaches the junction of
the line with two branch lines. The surge impedance of branch lines are 400 and 40. Find the
transmitted voltage and currents
2.(a)Step wave of 100 KV travels on a line having a surge impedance of 400. The line is
terminated by an inductance of 4000_H. Find the voltage across the inductance and the
reflected voltage wave
(b)Write short notes on Bewleys lattice diagram
3.Explain the following in terms with reference to corona?
(a) Critical disruptive voltage
(b) Visual critical voltage
(c) Power loss due to corona
4An overload transmission line operates at 210 kV between phases at 50 Hz. The conductors
are arranged in a 3.5 meter delta formation. What is the Maximum diameter of conductor that
can be used for no corona loss under Fair weather conditions? Assume an air density factor
of 0.9 and irregularity Factor of 0.82. The critical voltage is 230 kV. Find also the power loss
under Storm conditions
5Describe the various methods for reducing corona effect in an overhead transmission line
6.Describe the various methods for reducing corona effect in an overhead transmission line
7.Explain the following terms .
i).skin effect ii).Proximity effect. Iii). Ferranti effect.
8.Draw diagrams to show voltage and current on the line before and after the wave reaches
the end of a travelling wave when it reaches the end of short circuited transmission line?
9Deduce the expression for surge impedance and velocity of propagation?
(A)Two single transmission lines A and B with earth return of surge impedance510 ohm and
590 ohms respectively are connected in series and at the junction there is a resistance of 1999
ohms connected between the line and earth. If a rectangular surge wave having amplitude of
110Kv travel along A towards the junction, determine the magnitude of the voltage and the
current waves at the junction point. If the transmitted wave magnitude is to be 110Kv, what
should be the value of resistance R connected between the line and earth?
10.Derive reflection and refraction coefficients of transmission line when receiving end is
short circuited
Choose the Best:: (Minimum 10 to 15 with Answers)
1. The relation between traveling voltage wave and current wave is

(A) e = i (L/C) 1/2
(B) e = i (C/L) 1/2
(C) e = i (iL/C) 1/2
(D) (L/iC) ½
Ans : A
2. Steepness of the traveling waves is attenuated by
(A) resistance of the line
(B) inductance of the line

(C) capacitance of the line
Ans : A
3. The protection against direct lightening strokes and high voltage steep waves is provided
by
(A) earthing of neutral
(B) lightening arresters
(C) ground wires
(D) lightening arresters and ground wires.
Ans : D
4. Voltages under Extra High Voltage are

(A) 1 kV and above
(B) 11 kV and above
(C) 132 kV and above
(D) 330 kV and above.
Ans : D
5. In outdoor substation, the lightening arresters is placed nearer to
(A) the isolator
(B) the current transformer
(C) the power transformer
(D) the current breaker.
Ans : C
6. Stability of a system is not affected by
(A) Reactance of line
(B) Losses
(C) Reactance of generator
(D) Output torque.
Ans : B
7. A 10 MVA generator has power factor 0.866 lagging. The reactive power produced will
be
(A) 10 MVA
(B) 8 MVA
(C) 5 MVA
(D) 1.34 MVA.
Ans: C
8.With same maximum voltage to earth, which ac system (with p.f. 0.8) will require more
copper as compared to dc 2 wire system
(A) single phase. 2 wire (mid point earthed)
(B) single phase. 3 wire (neutral=1/2 outer)
(C) three phase three wire
(D) three phase-four wire (neutral = outer).
Answer D
9. When alternating current passes through a conductor
(A) it remains uniformly distributed throughout the section of conductor
(B) portion of conductor near the surface carries more current as compared to the core
(C) portion of conductor near the surface carries less current as compared to the core
(D) entire current passes through the core of the conductor.
Answer B
10. The fact that a conductor carries more current on the surface as compared to core, is
known as
(A) skin effect
(B) corona
(C) permeability
(D) unsymmetrical fault.
Answer A
Fill in the Blanks: (Minimum 10 to 15 with Answers)
1. Skin effect depends on size of the conductor, frequency of the current, resistivity of
the conductor material
2. The skin effect of a conductor will reduce as the resistivity of conductor material
increases.
3. Skin effect is proportional to (diameter of conductor )2
4. Corona usually occurs when the electrostatic stress in the air around the conductor
succeeds 30 kV (maximum value)/cm
5.Corona effect can be detected by hissing sound, faint luminous flow of bluish color
, presence of ozone detected by odor
6.The current drawn by the line due to corona losses is non-sinusoidal
7. The effect of wind pressure is more predominant on supporting towers
8. Guard ring transmission line reduces earth capacitance of the lowest unit
9.The chances of corona are maximum during humid weather
10. In case line to line fault occurs, the short circuit current of an alternator will .depend on
its Synchronous reactance
Unit-IV: Over Head Line Insulators and Sag and Tension Calculations
 Sag in overhead Transmission line conductor refers to the difference in level between the
point of support and the lowest point on the conductor. ... Therefore, in order to have
safe tension in the conductor, they are not fully stretched rather a sufficient dip or Sag is
provided.

 sag and span. Sag is defined as the different in level between points of supports
and the lowest point on the conductor. Sag calculation is classified on two conditions.
When supports are at equal levels.
Factors affecting the sag
 Conductor weight – Sag of the conductor is directly proportional to its weight.

 Span – Sag is directly proportional to the square of the span length.
 Tension -The sag is inversely proportional to the tension in the conductor.
 Wind – It increases sag in the inclined direction
 Sag Template. Definition: The sag template is used for allocating the position and
height of the supports correctly on the profile.The sag template decided the
limitations of vertical and wind load. It also limits the minimum clearance angle
between the sag and the ground for safety purpose
1 Define sag and tension in transmission line

2 What is stringing chart? What are the uses of stringing chart?
3 List out various types of insulators used for overhead transmission lines.
4 What are the main causes for failure of insulators?
5 Explain the limitations of pin type insulators
6 Explain the reason , why the insulating disc nearer to the conductor is more stressed
7 What are the factors which govern the performance of a transmission line?
8 What is the reason for sag in transmission line?
9 What is string efficiency? What are the methods to improve string efficiency?
10 List the properties of an insulator?
1.Each line of a three phase system is suspended by a string of 4 similar insulators. If the
voltage across the second unit is 15 kv and across the third unit is 27.0KV. Calculate the
voltage between conductors e and string efficiency?
2. Each of the three insulators forming a string has a self capacitance of C farad. The shunt
capacitance of each insulator is 0.2C to earth and 0.1C to line. A guard ring increases the
capacitance of line of metal work of the lowest insulator to 0.3C.calculate the string
efficiency of the arrangement with and without guard ring .
3.Discuss the consideration which govern the selection of span and conductor
Configuration of a high voltage line.
4. A transmission line has a span of 200m between level supports. The cross sectional area of
the conductor is1.29 cm2 weighs 1170Kg/Km and has breaking stress of 4218Kg/cm2.
Calculate the sag for a factor of safety of 5, allowing wind pressure of 122 Kg per square
meter of projected area. What is the vertical sag?
5. Explain how the effect ice and wind can be included in sag calculations of Transmission
lines
6.An over head transmission line at a river crossing is supported from two towers of heights
of 40m and 90 at the water crossing. The horizontal distance between the towers is 500m. If
the maximum allowable tension is 1650 Kg and the conductor weighs 1 kg/m. find the
minimum clearance of the conductor and water at a point mid-way between the supports.
Bases of the towers can be considered to be at water level
7(a). What are the factors affecting sag?
8.An overload line with stranded copper conductor is supported on two poles which 210m are
apart having a difference in levels of 30 m. The conductor’s diameter is 20cm and weighs
2.5kg per meter length. Calculate the sag at the lower support under the conditions if wind
provides a pressure of 59.5 per square meter of the projected area and a factor of safety is 5.
The maximum tensile strength of copper is 4,320 kg. Persq.cm
9.Derive the expression for string efficiency of a string of 3 insulators?
10.Derive the expression for sag and tension when the support ate at unequal heights?
1. Transmission efficiency increases as

(A) voltage and power factor both increase
(B) voltage and power factor both decrease
(C) voltage increases but power factor decreases
(D) voltage decreases but power factor increases.
Answer A
2. In overhead transmission lines the effect of capacitance can be neglected when the length
of line is less than
(A) 200 km
(B) 160 km
(C) 100 km
(D) 80 km.
Answer D
3. For constant voltage transmission the voltage drop is compensated by installing
(A) synchronous motors
(B) capacitors
(C) inductors
Answer A
4. The disadvantage of constant voltage transmission is
(A) short circuit current of the system is increased
(B) load power factor in heavy loads
(C) large conductor area is required for same power transmission
(D) air of the above.
Answer A
5. The surge impedance for over head line is taken as
(A) 10-20 ohms

(B) 50-60 ohms
(C) 100-200 ohms
(D) 1000-2000 ohms.
Answer C
6. Pin insulators are normally used up to voltage of about
(A)100kV
(B) 66 kV
(C) 33 kV
(D) 25 kV.
Answer D
7. Strain type insulator arc used where the conductors arc
(A) dead ended
(B) at intermediate anchor towers
(C) any of the above
(D) none of the above.
Answer C
8. For 66 kV lines the number of insulator discs used are
(A) 3
(B) 5
(C) 8
(D) 12.
Answer B
9. Ten discs usually suggest that the transmission line voltage is
(A) 11 kV
(B) 33 kV
(C) 66 kV
(D) 132 kV.
Answer D
10. Between two supports, due to sag the conductor takes the form of
(A) catenary
(B) triangle
(C) ellipse
(D) semi-circle.
Answer A
Fill in the Blanks:
1. Wooden poles for supporting transmission lines are used for voltages up to 22 kV
2. Maximum permissible span for wooden poles is 60 meters
3. When transformers or switchgears are to be installed in a transmission line, the poles used
are H type
4. For improving life, steel poles are galvanized. Galvanizing is the process of applying a
layer of zinc.
5. Disc type of insulators are used on 132 kV transmission lines ?
6. String efficiency can be improved by using Longer cross arm grading the insulator
using a guard ring
7. Alternating current power is transmitted at high voltage to minimize transmission losses

8. Stranded conductors arc used for transmitting, power at high voltages because of ease-in
handling
9. The sag of a transmission line is least affected by current through conductor
10. A 66 kV system has string insulator having five discs and the earth to disc capacitance
ratio of 0.10.
The string efficiency will be 67%
11.The maximum voltage of the disc type insulators is at Near to the conductors
Unit-V: Under Ground cables
 An underground cable is a cable that is buried below the ground. They distribute electrical
power or telecommunications. Such cables are an alternative to overhead cables, which are
several meters above the ground. Overhead cables are often replaced with underground
cables.
Structure of an underground cable system
 Cable sheath – Protects the cable, against moisture in particular. ...
 Wire screen – Controls the electric field and discharges fault currents. ...
 Insulating layer – Insulates the electric conductor. ...
 Electric conductor – Conducts the current.
Types of underground cables

The underground cables are classified in two ways; by the voltage capacity, or by the
construction.
By Voltage
 LT cables: Low-tension cables with a maximum capacity of 1000 V
 HT Cables: High-tension cables with a maximum of 11KV
 ST cables: Super-tension cables with a rating of between 22 KV and 33 KV
 EHT cables: Extra high-tension cables with a rating of between 33 KV and 66 KV
 Extra super voltage cables: with maximum voltage ratings beyond 132 KV
By Construction
 Belted cables: Maximum voltage of 11KVA

 Screened cables: Maximum voltage of 66 KVA
 Pressure cables: Maximum voltage of more than 66KVA

1 What is grading of cables?
2What is the main purpose of bedding?
3What are the common materials used for insulation?
4What are the causes of cable break down? And also classify cables depending upon voltage?
5 What are sheath eddies in a cable?
6 What are the advantages and disadvantages of underground cable
7 What is the main purpose of armoring?
8What is serving?
9What is dielectric stress?
10Write a short note on single core cable with a neat diagram?
1.(a) What is meant by capacitance grading of a cable

(b) Derive expressions for capacitance of and maximum potential gradient in two or more
graded cable in terms of a dielectric constants and radius of core and overall radius etc.
2. Show that in a capacitance graded cable the position of different layers is decided by the
product "r g Where r" is the relative permittivity of the dielectric and “g “ is the dielectric
strength (potential gradient) and that for a cable with overall radius R having (say) 3
dielectrics with all dielectrics working at the same maximum potential gradient "r1 r = "2 r1=
"r3 r2 here r, r1, r2 are the radii of conductor, inner and middle dielectric respectively.
3.Determine the overall diameter of a single core cable and its most economical diameter
when working on a 3- phase, 300kv system. The maximum permissible stress in the dielectric
is not to permissible stress in the dielectric is not to exceed 20 kv\mm
4Derive the formula for dielectric stress in an underground cable.
5 Single core, lead covered cable is to be designed for 66 KV to earth. Its conductor
radius is 8 mm and its three insulating materials P, Q and R have relative permittivity’s of 6,
5 and 4 respectively and corresponding maximum permissible stresses of the lead sheath. 4.2,
3.8 and 3.4 kV/mm (rm) respectively. Find the minimum diameter
6 Explain carefully the constructional deference between and application of

i). deleted ii). screened (H type)
iii). S.L and iv). H.S.L types of cables.
7.Determine the overall diameter of a single core cable and its most economical diameter
when working on a 3- phase, 300kv system. The maximum permissible stress in the dielectric
is not to permissible stress in the dielectric is not to exceed 20 kv\mm
8.Compare underground system and over head system?
9.Derive the formula for dielectric stress in an underground cable?
10.Single core, lead covered cable is to be designed for 66 Kv to earth. Its conductor radius is
8mm and its three insulating materials P, Q and R have relative permittivity of 6, 5 and 4
respectively and corresponding maximum permissible stress of 4.2, 3.8, and 3.4Kv/mm
respectively. Find the minimum diameter of the sheath.
1. If K is the volume of cable conductor material required to transmit power, then for the
transmission of the same power, the volume of cable conductor required for single phase 2
wise AC system is
(A) 2k
(B) kcosφ
(C) k/ cos2φ
(D) 2k/ cos2p
Answer D
2. The disadvantage of transmission lines as compared to cables is
(A) exposure to lightening
(B) exposure to atmospheric hazards like smoke, ice, etc.
(C) inductive interference between power and communication circuits

Answer D
3. . Which of the following is a leading power system ?
(A) Underground cables
(B) Reactors
(C) Mercury arc rectifiers
(D)Transformers.
Answer A
4. System grounding is song
(A) so that the floating potential on the lower voltage winding for a transformer is brought
down to an insignificant value
(B) so that arcing faults to earth would not set up dangerously high voltage on healthy phases
(C) so that inductive interference between power and communication circuits can be
controlled
(D) for all above reasons.
Answer D
5. Transmission of power by ac cables is impossible beyond
a. 35 – 45 km
b. 500 km
c. 300 km
d. 10 – 15 km
ANSWER: A
6. What does the bedding on the cable consists of?
a. Jute strands
b. Hessian type.
c. Paper tape compounded with a fibrous material.
d. Any of these.
ANSWER:D
7. Why are sheaths used in cables?
a. Provide proper insulation.

b. Provide mechanical strength.
c. Prevent ingress of moisture.
d. None of these.
ANSWER: C
8. Why are conduit pipes employed?
a. To protect unsheathed cables.

b. Armoured cables.
c. PVC sheathed cables.

d. All of these.
ANSWER: A
9. What is the purpose of bedding on the underground cables?
a. To avoid leakage of current.

b. To protect the sheath against corrosion.
c. To protect the sheath from mechanical injury due to armouring.
d. Both (b) and (c)
ANSWER: D
10. Armouring is provided above the bedding. The armouring consists of one or two layers of
which wire or tape?
a. Galvanised steel wire.

b. Thin wires of copper.
c. Wires of aluminium.
d. Wire made of both copper and cadmium.
ANSWER: A.
Fill in the Blanks:
1.Why are the inter sheaths in cables used Provides proper stress distribution
2.The thickness of insulation layer provided on the conductor, in cables depend on

Operating voltage
3. Three core are used in a cable for the transmission of voltages upto 66 kV?
4.Belted cables cables are generally suited for the voltages upto 11 kV?
5.Non magnetic and conducting material is suitable for the manufacture of armour in a
single core cable?
6.The cable best suited for the transmission of voltages from 33 kV to 66 kV is Screened
cables
7. The charging current drawn by the cable Leads the voltage by 90°.
8.What does capacitance grading of cables mean Use of dielectrics of different

permittivities
9.3 – 5 kg / cm2 gas pressure of SF6 for a compressed gas insulated cable?
10. The ternary lead cables used near the railway track are low specific gravity

Transmission Line Parameters: Kondapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal (Dist)

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SAMSKRUTI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUH.)

Prepared by : A.SWATHI GUPTA

Year and Sem, Department: III-EEE SEM-I

Unit-I: Transmission Line Parameters

 The transmission line has mainly four parameters, resistance, inductance,

Short Questions (minimum 10 previous JNTUH Questions – Year to be mentioned)

2. Define - Self GMD (GMR) and mutual – G.M.D.

3.What is meant by inductive interference?

4.State the factors which govern the capacitance of a transmission line?

5. Write short note on bundle conductors.

7. What is transposition of conductors?

8. State why transposition of line conductors are needed?

9. List the advantages of bundled conductors.

10. Distinguish between A.C and D.C resistance of a conductor.

Long Questions (minimum 10 previous JNTUH Questions – Year to be mentioned)

8.Calculate L of a single phase two wire system if D=2m and r=1.2cm?

(a) unsymmetrical placed but transposed.

Choose the Best: (Minimum 10 to 15 with Answers)

1. In order to increase the limit of distance of transmission line

2. A 30 km transmission line carrying power at 33 kV is known as

Fill in the Blanks: (Minimum 10 to 15 with Answers)

Unit-II: Performance of Short ,Medium and Long Transmission Line

Nominal T model of a transmission line

Nominal Pi Model of a Medium Transmission Line

Long Transmission Line

The transmission line generates capacitive reactive volt-amperes in its shunt

Short Questions (minimum 10 previous JNTUH Questions – Year to be mentioned)

1. Classify overhead transmission lines.

Long Questions (minimum 10 previous JNTUH Questions – Year to be mentioned)

1.Obtain the equivalent π- model of medium transmission line.

Choose the Best: (Minimum 10 to 15 with Answers)

1. Surge impedance of transmission line is given by

Fill in the Blanks:

1. A relay used on short transmission lines is Reactance relay

3.A 30 km transmission line carrying power at 33 kV is known as short transmission line

4.Surge impedance of transmission line is given by L/C)1/2

5.750 kV is termed as Ultra high voltage.

9. Z is the value of B parameter in case of nominal p method

Short Questions (minimum 10 previous JNTUH Questions – Year to be mentioned)

1 What is Ferranti effect? What is the cause of Ferranti effect?

Long Questions (minimum 10 previous JNTUH Questions – Year to be mentioned)

Choose the Best:: (Minimum 10 to 15 with Answers)

1. The relation between traveling voltage wave and current wave is

(B) inductance of the line

4. Voltages under Extra High Voltage are

Fill in the Blanks: (Minimum 10 to 15 with Answers)

Factors affecting the sag

 Conductor weight – Sag of the conductor is directly proportional to its weight.

Short Questions (minimum 10 previous JNTUH Questions – Year to be mentioned)

1 Define sag and tension in transmission line

Long Questions (minimum 10 previous JNTUH Questions – Year to be mentioned)

Choose the Best: (Minimum 10 to 15 with Answers)

1. Transmission efficiency increases as

(A) 10-20 ohms

Fill in the Blanks:

2. Maximum permissible span for wooden poles is 60 meters

5. Disc type of insulators are used on 132 kV transmission lines ?

7. Alternating current power is transmitted at high voltage to minimize transmission losses