Chapter Three

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", or “the ability to
learn and solve problems” hence Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."
So, we can define Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the branch of computer science by which we
can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able
to make decisions. Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.
Knowledge is the information acquired through experience. Experience is the knowledge
gained through exposure(training). Summing the terms up, we get artificial intelligence as the
“copy of something natural(i.e., human beings) ‘WHO’ is capable of acquiring and applying
the information it has gained through exposure.”
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-based skills such as learning,
reasoning, and solving problems with Artificial Intelligence you do not need to pre-program a
machine to do some work, despite that you can create a machine with programmed
algorithms which can work with your intelligence. Intelligence is composed of:
➢ Reasoning
➢ Learning
➢ Problem Solving
➢ Perception
➢ Linguistic Intelligence
An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. An agent (e.g., human or robot)is
anything that can perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon that environment
through effectors. Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them. In classical
planning problems, the agent can assume that it is the only system acting in the world,
allowing the agent to be certain of the consequences of its actions. However, if the agent is
not the only actor, then it requires that the agent can reason under uncertainty. This calls for
an agent that cannot only assess its environment and make predictions but also evaluates its
predictions and adapts based on its assessment. Machine perception is the ability to use input
from sensors (such as cameras, microphones, sensors, etc.) to deduce aspects of the world.
e.g., Computer Vision.

High-profile examples of AI include autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving

cars), medical diagnosis, creating art (such as poetry), proving mathematical theorems,

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playing games(such as Chess or Go), search engines (such as Google search), online
assistants (such as Siri), image recognition in photographs, spam filtering, prediction of
judicial decisions and targeting online advertisements.AI deals with the area of developing
computing systems that are capable of performing tasks that humans are very good at, for
example recognizing objects, recognizing and making sense of speech, and decision making
in a constrained environment. The advent of Big Data, driven by the arrival of the internet,
smart mobile, and social media has enabled AI algorithms, in particular from Machine
Learning and Deep Learning, to leverage BigData and perform their tasks more optimally.
This combined with cheaper and more powerful hardware such as Graphical Processing Units
(GPUs) has enabled AI to evolve into more complex architectures. Machine Learning is an
advanced form of AI where the machine can learn as it goes rather than having every action
programmed by humans. Many times, students get confused between Machine Learning and
Artificial Intelligence (see figure 3.1), but Machine learning, a fundamental concept of AI
research since the field’s inception, is the study of computer algorithms that improve
automatically through experience. The term machine learning was introduced by Arthur
Samuel in 1959. Neural networks are biologically inspired networks that extract features
from the data in a hierarchical fashion. The field of neural networks with several hidden
layers is called deep learning.

Figure 3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL)

3.1.1. Need for Artificial Intelligence

 To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the capability to learn,
demonstrate, and explain, and advise its users.

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  Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do and applying
them as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.
3.1.2. Goals of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
 Replicate human intelligence
 Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
 An intelligent connection of perception and action
 Building a machine that can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
✓ Proving a theorem
✓ Playing chess
✓ Plan some surgical operation
✓Driving a car in traffic
3.1.3. What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires lots
of other factors that can contribute to it. To create the AI-first we should know that how
intelligence is composed, so Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving, perception, language understanding,
etc. To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the
following disciplines:
✓ Mathematics
✓ Biology
✓ Psychology
✓ Sociology
✓ Computer Science
✓ Neurons Study
✓ Statistics

3.1.4. Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
➢High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone to fewer errors and
high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
➢High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high speed and fast-decision making, because of
that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
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➢High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple
times with high accuracy.
➢Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor, where employing a human can be risky.
➢Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirements.
➢Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving
car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security
purposes, Natural language processing (for search engines, for spelling checker, for assistant
like Siri, for translation like google translate), etc.
3.1.5. Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
One of the key features that distinguish us, humans, from everything else in the world
intelligence. This ability to understand, apply knowledge and improve skills has played a
significant role in our evolution and establishing human civilization. But many
people(including Elon Musk the founder of ….) believe that the advancement in technology
can create a superintelligence that can threaten human existence. Every technology has some
disadvantages, and the same goes for Artificial intelligence. Being advantageous technology
still, has some disadvantages which we need to keep in our mind while creating an AI system.
Following are the disadvantages of AI:
➢High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots
of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
➢Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they
cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained,
or programmed.
➢No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does
not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with humans, and
may sometimes be harmful to users if the proper care is not taken.
➢Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting
more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
➢No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but
still, AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
imaginative.
3.2. History of AI

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Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. This
technology is much older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths of Mechanical
men in AncientGreek and Egyptian Myths. The following are some milestones in the history
of AI which define the journey from the AI generation to date development.
A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
➢The year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by
WarrenMcCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
➢The year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection
strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
➢The year 1950: Al Turing was an English mathematician and pioneered machine learning
in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery andIntelligence" in which he
proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior
equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)
➢The year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program" Which was named "Logic Theorist". This program had proved38 of 52
Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
➢The year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" was first adopted by American
Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined
as
an academic field. At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or
COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.

C. The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

➢The year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms that can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966, which was
named ELIZA.
➢The year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named
WABOT-1.
D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)

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➢The duration between the years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter
refers to the period where computer scientists dealt with a severe shortage of funding from
the government for AI researches.
➢ During AI winters, an interest in publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.
E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
➢The year 1980: After AI's winter duration, AI came back with an "Expert System". Expert
systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.
➢ In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
F. The second AI winter (1987-1993)
➢The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
➢ Again, Investors and the government stopped funding for AI research due to high costs but
not efficient results. The expert system such as XCON was very cost-effective.
G. The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)
➢The year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary
Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
➢The year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum
cleaner.
➢The year 2006: AI came into the Business world until the year 2006. Companies like
Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
H. Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)
➢The year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had
to solve complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand
natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
➢The year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was
able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
➢The year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the
infamous "Turing test."
➢The year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two
master debaters and also performed extremely well.
➢ Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and
which had taken a hairdresser appointment on call, and the lady on the other side didn't notice
that she was talking with the machine. Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The
concept of Deep learning, big data, and data science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays

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companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating
amazing devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high
intelligence.
3.3. Levels of AI
Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems
The most common uses of AI today fit in this bracket, covering everything from business
software(Robotic Process Automation) and domestic appliances to aircraft autopilots.
Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention
➢ Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain they are being applied in.
They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans, and their knowledge
base can be updated as new situations and queries arise. Well, known applications of this
level are chatbots and “robot advisors”.
Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise
➢Going beyond the capability of humans, these systems build up expertise in a specific
context taking in massive volumes of information that they can use for decision-making.
Successful use cases have been seen in cancer diagnosis and the well-known google
Deepmind’sAlphaGo. Currently, this type is limited to one domain only would forget all it
knows about that domain if you started to teach it something else.
Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines
➢These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to themselves and others–
they have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge, and how their logic works. This means
they could reason or negotiate with humans and other machines.
Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
➢These systems have human-like intelligence – the most commonly portrayed AI in media –
however, no such use is in evidence today. It is the goal of many working in AI and some
believe it could be realized already from 2024.
Stage 6 – Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)
➢ AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every domain.
Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the capabilities might be, yet we would
hope examples would include solving problems we have failed to so far, such as world
hunger and dangerous environmental change. Views vary as to when and whether such a
capability could even be possible, yet there a few experts who claim it can be realized by
2029. Fiction has tackled this idea for a long time, for example, in the film Ex Machina or

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Terminator.
Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence
➢This is the idea that development provided by ASI (Stage 6) leads to a massive expansion
in human capability. Human augmentation could connect our brains and to a future successor
of the current internet, creating a “hive mind” that shares ideas, solves problems collectively,
and even gives others access to our dreams as observers or participants. Pushing this idea
further, we might go beyond the limits of the human body and connect to other forms of
intelligence on the planet – animals, plants, weather systems, and the natural environment.
Some proponents of singularity such as Ray Kurzweil, Google’s Director of Engineering,
suggest we could see it happen by 2045 as a result of exponential rates of progress across a
range of science and technology disciplines. The other side of the fence argues that
singularity is impossible and human consciousness could never be digitized.
3.4. Types of AI
Artificial Intelligence can be divided into various types, there are mainly two types of main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI:
A. Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
➢ Narrow AI is a type of AI that can perform a dedicated task with intelligence. The most
common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.
➢ Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if
it goes beyond its limits. Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a
limited predefined range of functions.
➢ IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system
approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
➢ Some Examples of Narrow AI are Google translate, playing chess, purchasing suggestions
on e-commerce sites, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
2. General AI:
➢ General AI is a type of intelligence that could perform any intellectual task with efficiency
like a human.
➢The idea behind the general AI to make such a system that could be smarter and think like
a human on its own.
➢Currently, there is no such system that exists which could come under general AI and can
perform any task as perfect as a human. It may arrive within the next 20 or so years but it has

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challenges relating to hardware, the energy consumption required in today’s powerful
machines, and the need to solve for catastrophic memory loss that affects even the most
advanced deep learning algorithms of today.
➢The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with GeneralAI.
➢As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take a lot of effort and time
to develop such systems.
3. Super AI:
➢ Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than a human with cognitive properties. This
refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem-solving, and creativity. It is an outcome of
general AI.
➢Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, reason
solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate on its own.
➢ Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. The development of such
systems in real is still a world-changing task.
B. Based on the functionality
1. Reactive Machines
➢Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
➢ Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
➢These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
➢ IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
➢ Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.
2. Limited Memory
➢ Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short period.
➢These machines can use stored data for a limited period only.
➢ Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These cars can
store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limits, and other
information to navigate the road.
3. Theory of Mind
➢ Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to
interact socially like humans.
➢This type of AI machine is still not developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts
and improvements for developing such AI machines.

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4. Self-Awareness
➢ Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be super
intelligent and will have their consciousness, sentiments, and self-awareness.
➢These machines will be smarter than the human mind.
➢ Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.
3.4.1. How Humans Think
The goal of many researchers is to create strong and general AI that learns like a human and
can solve general problems as the human brain does. Achieving this goal might require many
more years.
How does a human being think? Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of three
mainstages:
➢ Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
➢ Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding environment.
➢ Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and interpreted and
evaluated.
AI researchers are simulating the same stages in building AI systems or models. This process
represents the main three layers or components of AI systems.
3.4.2. Mapping Human Thinking to Artificial Intelligence Components
Because AI is the science of simulating human thinking, it is possible to map the human
thinking stages to the layers or components of AI systems.
In the first stage, humans acquire information from their surrounding environments through
human senses, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, through human organs, such as
eyes, ears, and other sensing organs, for example, the hands. In AI models, this stage is
represented by the sensing layer, which perceives information from the surrounding
environment. This information is specific to the AI application. For example, there are
sensing agents such as voice recognition for sensing voice and visual imaging recognition for
sensing images. Thus, these agents or sensors take the role of the hearing and sight senses in
humans.
The second stage is related to interpreting and evaluating the input data. In AI, this stage is
represented by the interpretation layer, that is, reasoning and thinking about the gathered
input that is acquired by the sensing layer. The third stage is related to taking action or
making decisions. After evaluating the input data, the interacting layer performs the
necessary tasks. Robotic movement control and speech generation are examples of functions
that are implemented in the interacting layer.

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3.5. Influencers of Artificial Intelligence
This section explores some of the reasons why AI is taking off now. The following
influencers ofAI are described in this section:
➢Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
➢ Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip architectures
➢ Cloud computing and APIs
➢The emergence of data science
3.5.1. Big Data
Big data refers to huge amounts of data. Big data requires innovative forms of information
processing to draw insights, automate processes, and help decision-making. Big data can be
structured data that corresponds to a formal pattern, such as traditional data sets and
databases. Also, big data includes semi-structured and unstructured formats, such as word-
processing documents, videos, images, audio, presentations, social media interactions,
streams, web pages, and many other kinds of content.
3.5.1.1. Structured Data versus Unstructured Data
Traditionally, computers primarily process structured data, that is, information with an
organized structure, such as a relational database that is searchable by simple and
straightforward search engine algorithms or SQL statements. But, real-world data such as the
type that humans deal with constantly does not have a high degree of organization.
For example, text that is written or spoken in natural language (the language that humans
speak) does not constitute structured data. Unstructured data is not contained in a regular
database and is growing exponentially, making up most of the data in the world.
In the last few years, the availability of larger volumes and sources of data is enabling
capabilities in AI that could not be used in the past due to lack of data availability, limited
sample sizes, and an inability to analyze massive amounts of data in milliseconds. Significant
advancements in computer processing and memory speeds enable us to make sense of the
information that is generated by big data more quickly. In the past, statisticians and early data
scientists were limited to working with sample data sets. In recent years, big data and the
ability to process a large amount of data at high speeds have enabled researchers and
developers to access and work with massive sets of data. Processing speeds and new
computer chip architectures contribute to the rapid evolution of AI applications.
The meaning of big data expanded beyond the volume of data after the release of a paper by
Google on MapReduce and the Google File System (GFS), which evolved into the Apache
Hadoopopensource project. The Hadoop file system is a distributed file system that may run

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on a cluster of commodity machines, where the storage of data is distributed among the
cluster and the processing is distributed too. This approach determines the speed with which
data is processed. This approach includes an element of complexity with the introduction of
new, structured, unstructured, and multi-structured data types. Large manufacturers of
computer chips such as IBM and Intel are prototyping “brain-like” chips whose architecture
is configured to mimic the biological brain network of neurons and the connections between
them called synapses.
3.5.2. Cloud computing and application programming interfaces
Cloud computing is a general term that describes the delivery of on-demand services, usually
through the internet, on a pay-per-use basis. Companies worldwide offer their services to
customers over cloud platforms. These services might be data analysis, social media, video
storage, e-commerce, and AI capabilities that are available through the internet and supported
by cloud computing.
In general, application programming interfaces (APIs) expose capabilities and services. APIs
enable software components to communicate with each other easily. The use of APIs as a
method for integration injects a level of flexibility into the application lifecycle by making
the task easier to connect and interface with other applications or services. APIs abstract the
underlying workings of a service, application, or tool, and expose only what a developer
needs, so programming becomes easier and faster.
AI APIs are usually delivered on an open cloud-based platform on which developers can
infuse AI capabilities into digital applications, products, and operations by using one or more
of the available APIs.All the significant companies in the AI services market deliver their
services and tools on the internet through APIs over cloud platforms, for example:
➢ IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud.
➢ Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services (AWS).
➢ Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud.
➢ Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud Platform.
These services benefit from cloud platform capabilities, such as availability, scalability,
accessibility, rapid deployment, flexible billing options, simpler operations, and management.
3.5.3. The Emergence of Data Science
Data science has emerged in the last few years as a new profession that combines several
disciplines, such as statistics, data analysis, machine learning, and others. The goal of data
science is to extract knowledge or insights from data in various forms, either structured or
unstructured, which is like data mining. After you collect a large enough volume of data,

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patterns emerge. Then, data scientists use learning algorithms on these patterns. Data science
uses machine learning and to process big data.
3.6. Application Areas of AI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming essential for
today's time because it can solve complex problems efficiently in multiple industries, such as
Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our daily life more
comfortable and faster.
Following are some sectors that have the application of Artificial Intelligence:
1. AI in agriculture
➢ Agriculture is an area that requires various resources, labor, money, and time for the best
result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
2. AI in Healthcare
➢ In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry
and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
➢ Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans.
AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that
medical help can reach the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in education
➢ AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot
can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
➢ AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.
4. AI in Finance and E-commerce
➢ AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
learning into financial processes.
➢ AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more
demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended sizes, colors, or even brands.
5. AI in Gaming

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➢ AI can be used for gaming purposes. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess,
where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
6. AI in Data Security
➢The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some
examples such as the AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bugs and cyber-
attacks in a better way.
7. AI in Social Media
➢ Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.
AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify
the latest trends, hashtags, and requirements of different users.
8. AI in Travel &Transport
➢ AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various
travel-related works such as making travel arrangements to suggesting the hotels, flights, and
best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can
make human-like interactions with customers for better and fast response.

9. AI in the Automotive Industry

➢ Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistants for their use for
better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
➢ Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can
make your journey more safe and secure.
10. AI in Robotics
➢ Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI, we can
create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without pre-
programmed.
➢ Humanoid Robots are the best examples of AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
humanoid robot named Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like
humans.
11. AI in Entertainment

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➢We are currently using some AI-based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/algorithms, these
services show the recommendations for programs or shows.
3.7. AI tools and platforms
The business has workflows that are repetitive, tedious, and difficult which tend to slow
down production and also increases the cost of operation. To bring down the costs of
operation, businesses have no option rather than automate some of the functions to cut down
the cost of
production. By digitizing repetitive tasks, an enterprise can cut costs on paperwork and labor
which further eliminates human error thus boosting efficiency leading to better results. For a
business to gain from the above benefits, they must choose the right automation tools
otherwise it will all be in vain.
Automating processes involving employing artificial intelligence platforms that can support
the digitalization process and deliver the same or better results than human beings would
have achieved.AI platforms are defined as some sort of hardware architecture or software
framework (including application frameworks), that allows the software to run. It involves
the use of machines to perform the tasks that are performed by human beings. The platform
simulates the cognitive function that human minds perform such as problem-solving,
learning, reasoning, social intelligence as well as general intelligence. Artificial intelligence
(AI) platforms provide users a tool kit to build intelligent applications. These platforms
combine intelligent, decision-making algorithms with data, which enables developers to
create a business solution. Some platforms offer pre-built algorithms and simplistic
workflows with such features as drag-and-drop modeling and visual interfaces that easily
connect necessary data to the end solution, while others require a greater knowledge of
development and coding. These algorithms can include functionality for image recognition (It
gives the machine the ability to identify an image which is helpful in police stations to
recognize a criminal), natural language processing (It gives machines the ability to read and
understand human language. Some straightforward applications of natural language
processing include information retrieval, text mining, question answering, and machine
translation.), voice recognition (It gives the machine the ability to differentiate the voice of a
person), recommendation systems, and predictive analytics(It gives the machine to predict the
question and prepare the answer, in online marketing platforms this will predict the items you
may buy), in addition to other machine learning capabilities.AI platforms, are frequently used
by developers to create both the learning algorithm and intelligent application. However,

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users without intensive development skills will benefit from the platform's are-built
algorithms and other features that curb the learning curve. AI platforms are very similar
to Platforms as a Service (PaaS), which allows for basic application development, but these
products differ by offering machine learning options. As intelligent applications become the
norm, it may become commonplace for all PaaS products to begin to provide the same
machine learning options as AI Platforms. Many tools are used in AI, including versions of
search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics.
AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer
science, like:
✓ Search and optimization
✓ Logic
✓ Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning
✓ Classifiers and statistical learning methods
✓Neural networks
✓ Control theory
✓ Languages
The most common artificial intelligence platforms include Microsoft AZURE Machine
Learning, Google Cloud Prediction API, IBM Watson, TensorFlow, Infosys Nia, Wipro
HOLMES,API.AI, Premonition, Rainbird, Ayasdi, MindMeld, and Maya.
3.8 Sample AI Application

I. Commuting

➢ Google’s AI-Powered Predictions

➢ Ridesharing Apps LikeUber and Lyft

➢ Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot

II. Email

➢ Spam Filters

➢ Smart Email Categorization

III. Social Networking

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➢ Facebook - When you upload photos to Facebook, the service automatically highlights
faces and suggests friends tag.

➢Pinterest - Pinterest uses computer vision, an application of AI where computers are taught
to “see,” to automatically identify objects in images (or “pins”)and then recommend visually
similar pins. Other applications of machine learning at Pinterest include spam prevention,
search, and discovery, ad performance and monetization, and email marketing.
➢Instagram - Instagram, which Facebook acquired in 2012, uses machine learning to
identify the contextual meaning of emoji, which have been steadily replacing slang(for
instance, a laughing emoji could replace “lol”)

➢Snapchat - Snapchat introduced facial filters, called Lenses, in 2015. These filters
track facial movements, allowing users to add animated effects or digital masks that
adjust when their faces moved.

IV. Online Shopping

➢ Search - Your Amazon searches (“ironing board”, “pizza stone”, “Androidcharger”, etc.)
quickly return a list of the most relevant products related to your search

➢ Recommendations - You see recommendations for products you’re interested in

as“customers who viewed this item also viewed” and “customers who bought this item also
bought”, as well as via personalized recommendations on the home page, bottom of item
pages, and through email. Amazon uses artificial neural networks to generate these product
recommendations.
V. Mobile Use

➢ Voice-to-Text - A standard feature on smartphones today is voice-to-text. By pressing a

button or saying a particular phrase (“Ok Google”, for example), you can start speaking and
your phone converts the audio into text

➢ Smart Personal Assistants - Now that voice-to-text technology is accurate enough to rely
on for basic conversation, it has become the control interface for a new generation of smart
personal assistants.oSiri and Google Now (now succeeded by the more sophisticated Google
Assistant), which could perform internet searches, set reminders, and integrate with your
calendar. Amazon expanded upon this model with the announcement of complementary
hardware and software components:

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Alexa, an AI-powered personal assistant that accepts voice commands to create to-do lists,
order items online, set reminders, and answer questions(via internet searches)
Echo (and later, Dot) smart speakers that allow you to integrate Alexa into your living room
and use voice commands to ask natural language questions, play music, order pizza, hail an
Uber, and integrate with smart home devices.

➢ Microsoft has followed suit with Cortana, it's own AI assistant that comes preloaded
onWindows computers and Microsoft smartphones.

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