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Single Variable Calculus: Department of Mathematics SRM University-AP, Amaravati

This document provides definitions and examples related to geometric series and single variable calculus. It defines geometric series as a series of the form a + ar + ar^2 + ... where a and r are fixed real numbers and discusses when geometric series converge and diverge based on the absolute value of r. It also provides examples of determining if geometric series converge or diverge and finding their sums. Additionally, it discusses combining convergent series using summation rules.

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Sanjana Singamsetty AP21110010018
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
55 views

Single Variable Calculus: Department of Mathematics SRM University-AP, Amaravati

This document provides definitions and examples related to geometric series and single variable calculus. It defines geometric series as a series of the form a + ar + ar^2 + ... where a and r are fixed real numbers and discusses when geometric series converge and diverge based on the absolute value of r. It also provides examples of determining if geometric series converge or diverge and finding their sums. Additionally, it discusses combining convergent series using summation rules.

Uploaded by

Sanjana Singamsetty AP21110010018
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Single Variable Calculus

Department of Mathematics
SRM University-AP, Amaravati
Geometric Series

Definitions
Geometric series are series of the form
∞
X
a + ar + ar 2 + · · · + ar n−1 + · · · = ar n−1
n=1

in which a and r are fixed real numbers and a 6= 0.


Convergence and Divergence of the Geometric Series
Convergence and Divergence of the Geometric Series
Convergence and divergence of the geometric series
If |r | < 1, the geometric series a + ar + ar 2 + · · · + ar n−1 + · · · converges to
a/(1 − r ) that is
∞
X a
ar n−1 = , |r | < 1.
1−r
n=1

If |r | ≥ 1, the geometric series diverges.


Example 1: Determine if the following geometric series converges or
diverges. If a series converges, find its sum.
1 1 1 1
(i) 9
+ 27
+ 81
+ 243
+ ···

5 5 5
(ii) 5 − 4
+ 16
− 64
+ ···

(iii) 1 + (−3) + (−3)2 + (−3)3 + (−3)4 + · · ·


Example 2: Express the repeating decimal 5.232323 · · · as the ratio of two
integers.
Example 3: Express the repeating decimal 0.06666 · · · as the ratio of two
integers.
Combining Series

Theorem
P P
If an = A and bn = B are convergent series then
P P P
1 Sum Rule: (an + bn ) = an + bn = A + B
P P P
2 Difference Rule: (an − bn ) = an − bn = A − B
P P
3 Constant Multiple Rule: kan = k an = kA (any number k ).
Examples: Find the sums of the following series.
P∞ 2n +5
(a) n=0 3n

3n−1 −1
P∞
(b) n=1 6n−1
P∞ 4
(c) n=0 2n

Note:
1 Every nonzero constant multiple of a divergent series diverges.
P P P P
2 If an converges and bn diverges, then (an + bn ) and (an − bn )
both diverge.

Reference
Thomas’ Calculus, 14th Edition by Pearson ( George B. Thomas, JR.
Joel Hass, Christopher Heil and Maurice D. Weir), 2018.

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