Math I - 19SCIB01P: Implicit Differentiation Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Math I - 19SCIB01P
Lecture 5
 Implicit Differentiation
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Implicit Differentiation
Note that
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 = 1. But 𝑦 = 𝑦′ ≠ 1.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 1 Find 𝑦′ 𝑥 for 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 = 3. Then, find the

equation of the tangent line at the point 2,1 .
Solution We have 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 = 3 . Differentiating
both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑 2 𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 3 ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 −2 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Solving for we get
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 ′ 𝑥 .
= = 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2
Solution Substituting 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 1, we find that the

slope of the tangent line at the point 2,1 is
2 2
𝑦′ 2 = 2
= −4 = 𝑚.
2−3 1
The equation of the tangent line is then
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥0
∴ 𝑦 − 1 = −4 𝑥 − 2
Example 2 Find 𝑦′ 𝑥 for 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 4 − 4𝑦.
Solution Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥,

we get
𝑑 2 2 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 4 − 4𝑦 ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∴ 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑦 −2=0−4 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Solving for 𝑑𝑥 we get
𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑥𝑦 2
= 2 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 + 2
Example 3 Find 𝑦′′ 𝑥 for 𝑦 2 + sin 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 4.
Solution Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥,

we get
2𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′ cos 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 0.
Once again we get
2𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′′ cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 ′ 𝑦′ sin 𝑦 + 2 = 0.
Solving for 𝑦′′ we get
𝑦′ 2
sin 𝑦 − 2 − 2
𝑦 ′′ = .
2𝑦 + cos 𝑦
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦= sin−1 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = sin 𝑦 and − ≤ 𝑦 ≤ .
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 on − , 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥
2 2
𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = cos 𝑦 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋.
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 on 0, 𝜋 𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦= tan−1 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = tan 𝑦 and − < 𝑦 < .
2 2
𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = tan 𝑥 on − ,
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦= sec −1 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = sec 𝑦 and 𝑦 ∈ 0, ∪ ,𝜋 .
2 2
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 on 0, 𝜋 𝑦 = sec −1 𝑥
3 1
Example 4 Evaluate a sin−1 2
and b cos −1 − 2 .
Solution a We look for the angle 𝜃 in the interval

𝜋 𝜋 3 𝜋 3
−2,2 for which sin 𝜃 = which is . Then, sin−1 =
2 3 2
𝜋
.
3
b We look for the angle 𝜃 in the interval 0, 𝜋 for

1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
which cos 𝜃 = −2 which is . Then, cos −1 −2 = .
3 3
Example 5 Simplify sin cos−1 𝑥 and tan cos−1 𝑥 .
Solution Assume 𝜃 = cos −1 𝑥, then 𝑥 = cos 𝜃. For 𝑥 > 0,

draw the triangle shown.
opp
Then, sin cos −1
𝑥 = sin 𝜃 = = 1 − 𝑥 2.
hyp
Similarly,
opp 1−𝑥 2
tan cos −1
𝑥 = tan 𝜃 = adj
= 𝑥
.
𝑑 1
Example 6 Prove that sin−1 𝑥 = for −1 < 𝑥 < 1.
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2
Solution Let 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 , then 𝑥 = sin 𝑦 . Differentiating

both sides by 𝑥.
Then,
1 1
1= 𝑦 ′ cos 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑦′ = = .
cos 𝑦 1 − sin2 𝑦
1
∴ 𝑦′ = .
1 − 𝑥2
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
sin−1 𝑥 = csc −1 𝑥 =−
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
cos−1 𝑥 =− sec −1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
tan−1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥2 cot −1 𝑥 = − 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 7 Compute the derivative of
a cos −1 3𝑥 2 b sec −1 𝑥 3 2
Solution
𝑑 −1 𝑑 −6𝑥
a cos−1 3𝑥 2 = 2
3𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑥 1 − 3𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 1 − 9𝑥 4
𝑑 𝑑
b sec −1 𝑥 3 2
=2 sec −1 𝑥 3 sec −1 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 3𝑥 2
=2 sec −1 𝑥 3 𝑥3 =2 sec −1 𝑥 3 .
𝑥3 𝑥 3 2 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥 6 −1

Math I - 19SCIB01P: Implicit Differentiation Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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Math I - 19SCIB01P

Example 1 Find 𝑦′ 𝑥 for 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 = 3. Then, find the

Solution Substituting 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 1, we find that the

Solution Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥,

Solution Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥,

Solution a We look for the angle 𝜃 in the interval

b We look for the angle 𝜃 in the interval 0, 𝜋 for

Solution Assume 𝜃 = cos −1 𝑥, then 𝑥 = cos 𝜃. For 𝑥 > 0,

Solution Let 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 , then 𝑥 = sin 𝑦 . Differentiating

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