LEARNING MODULE IN

MATHEMATICS 9
Module 1 | Lesson 1: Quadratic Equations and Ineqalities
Week No. 1-2

Prepared by:
Miss Mitchelle T. Largo,LPT
Miss Ednalane Mae Mariño,LPT
MODULE 1: PATTERNS AND ALGEBRA
CHAPTER 1. Quadratic Equations and Functions
INTRODUCTION AND FOCUS QUESTION(S):

Have you ever thought of how a businessman projects his or her sales? When does a businessman
know how much he or she should produce to maximize his or her profits? When does he or she know that he
or she needs to stop production? How can he or she determine the break-even point?
Have you also at a certain point asked yourself why airplanes are curved? Have you ever wondered why
a football travels in an arch or how far it would go before it hits the ground? Have you ever wondered how
long a dolphin can stay in the air after jumping out of the water?
In this module, you will discover how important it is to utilize essential mathematical skills to be able to
understand these questions that arise in various real-life situations that we encounter everyday and use
these skills wisely to be able to come up with the desired output.
As you go through this module, think of this question: How can various real-life situations involving
maximum and minimum values be solved and analyzed?
COVERAGE OF THE LESSON:
In this chapter, you will examine this question when you take the following topics:
CHAPTER 1. Quadratic Equations and Functions
1.1 Quadratic Equations and Inequalities
1.2 Quadratic Functions
In this topic, you will learn the following:
Quadratic Equations and Inequalities
 illustrates quadratic equations ( DepEd M9AL-Ia-1)
 solves quadratic equations by: (a) extracting square roots; (b) factoring; (c) completing
the square; and (d) using the quadratic formula ( DepEd M9AL-Ia-b-1)
 characterizes the roots of a quadratic equation using the discriminant (DepEd M9AL-Ic-1)
 describes the relationship between the coefficients and the roots of a quadratic equation
(DepEd M9AL-Ic-2)
1.1  solves equations transformable to quadratic equations (including rational algebraic
equations) ( DepEd M9AL-Ic-d-1)
 solves problems involving quadratic equations and rational algebraic equations (DepEd
M9AL-Ie-1)
 illustrates quadratic inequalities (DepEd M9AL-If-1)
 solves quadratic inequalities (DepEd M9AL-If-2)
 solves problems involving quadratic inequalities (DepEd M9AL-If-g-1)

2
 Quadratic Functions
 models real-life situations using quadratic functions (DepEd M9AL-Ig-2)
 represents a quadratic function using: (a) table of values; (b) graph; and (c) equation
(DepEd M9AL-Ig-3)
 transforms the quadratic function defined by y = a + bx + c into the form y = a(x – h)2 +
k (DepEd M9AL-Ih-1)
 graphs a quadratic function: (a) domain; (b) range; (c) intercepts; (d) axis of symmetry;
(e) vertex; (f) direction of the opening of the parabola( DepEd M9AL-Ig-h-i-1)
1.2
 analyses the effects of changing the values of a, h and k in the equation y = a(x – h)2 + k
of a quadratic function on its graph (DepEd M9AL-Ii-2)
 determines the equation of a quadratic function given: (a) a table of values; (b) graph; (c)
zeros
( DepEd M9AL-Ij-1)
 solves problems involving quadratic functions (DepEd M9AL-Ii-j-2)
 models the concepts of maximum and minimum values of a quadratic function in relation
to business (SLS-DB)

LESSON MAP:
Here is a simple map of the above lessons will cover:
Quadratic
Quadratic
Inequalities
Functions

Models Zeroes of the

Function Properties

Graphical Quadratic
Methods
Tabular Equations
Equation

Solving Discriminant Relation of Roots

EXPECTED SKILLS:
To do well in this module, you need to remember and do the following:
1. follow the directions carefully
2. master the prerequisite skills such as factoring, graphing and solving linear equations
3. solve with speed and accuracy

CHAPTER PRE-ASSESSMENT

Let’s find out how much you know about this lesson. Choose the letter that you think
correctly answers the question. Please answer all items. After taking the test, you will see
your score. Take note of the items that you were not able to answer correctly answer
and look for the right answer as you go through this lesson.

1. Which of the following is NOT a quadratic equation?

x2
a. 2x 2  3 b. 2x + 5 = 7 c. 4(x2 – 5) = 7x d. 4 5
2
2. A quadratic equation in one variable is an equation of the form ax 2  bx  c  0 .Which could NOT have
a value of 0?
a. a b. b c. c d. a and b

3
3. A quadratic equation has two distinct unreal roots if b2 – 4ac is .
a. less than zero c. greater than zero but not a perfect square
b. less than or equal to zero d. greater than zero and a perfect square
4. Which number should be added on both sides of the equation 2x 2  8x  5  0 if completing the square
will be used?
a. 64 b. 5 c. 16 d. 4
5. If x2 - 13x + 42 = 0, then x is equal to .
a. 6 and 7 b. -3 and 14 c. 3 and -14 d. -6 and -7
6. Which of the following illustrates a quadratic inequality?
a. 2x ( x  3)  2x 2 b. ( x  2)(x  3)  0 c. x ( x  5)(x  4)  4 d. x 3  x 2  2x 2  x 3  4
7. Solve the quadratic inequality x2 – x – 12 > 0 . Express your answer in interval
notation.
a. (,3)  (4, ) b. (,3)  (4, ) c. (,4)  (3, ) d. (,4)  (3, )
8. A stuntman will jump off a 20 m building. A high-speed camera is ready to film him between 15 m and
10 m above the ground. When should the camera film him? The camera should film him from
_______________________.
a. 1.0 to 1.4 seconds after jumping. c. 1.4 to 1.8 seconds after jumping.
a. 1.2 to 1.6 seconds after jumping. d. 1. 6 to 2.0 seconds after jumping.
9. The unit cost in dollars for manufacturing n starters is given by C = 0.004n2 –
3.2n + 660. For what number of starters is the unit cost at a minimum?
a. 100 b. 200 c. 300 d. 400
10. Pauleen is selling delicious brownies in school as part of their entrepreneur-
ship activity in their Home Economics Subject that will last for one month.
By adjusting the price of the brownies for several days, she created the
scatter plot on the right for the weekly income. What price should Pauleen
charge to maximize the weekly income?
a. 10 pesos c. 30 pesos
b. 15 pesos d. 20 pesos
11. The income I (in pesos) earned by a company on the manufacture of s liters of an acid
solution is I = s2 – 95s – 500. Compute for its profit or loss if it manufactured 50 liters
of acid solution.
a. loss of P 2750 c. gain of P 3000
b. gain of P 2750 d. loss of P 3000
12. The profit (P) in dollars on each cellphone manufactured by Clear Lines Inc., is related to the number of
cell phones produced each day according to the equation P = 0.82x2 + 4.25x + 45 where x is the number
of cellphones produced each day (in hundreds) and 2 ≤ x ≤ 8. About how many cell phones should be
produced each day to make a profit of $86.75 per phone?
a. 4 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7
13. If the total costs are C(x) = 500 + 90x, and total revenues are R(x) = 150x – x2. Find the break- even
point(s). At break-even, there is no profit, the costs equal the revenue, so R(x) = C(x).
a. 20 and 25 b. 50 and 10 c. 5 and 100 d. 4 and 125
14. At what value of x will profit be at a maximum?
a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30
15. You are hired one of the consultants of a fast food chain in your city. The owner asked you to come up
with a business plan proposal to increase its sales and maximize its profits. Which should be the possible
characteristics of your proposal?
a. presentable, accurate and organized c. authentic, grammatically correct and organized
b. practical, authentic and accurate d. presentable, realistic and neat
16. You are a crew from an entertainment who launches fireworks at angle of 60° from the horizontal. The
height of one particular type of display can be approximated by the function, h(t) = -16t2 + 160 t where
h(t) is measured in feet and t is measured in seconds. How long will it take the fireworks reach the
maximum height?
a. 4 sec b. 5 sec c. 6 sec d. 7 sec
17. You are a member of a group of students which starts a small business that sells used DVDs on the
internet. The weekly profit of the business is given by the function P(x) = -2x2 + 100x – 800 where x
represents the number of DVDs produced. What is the vertex of the profit function and its meaning in

4
 the context of this problem?
a. The vertex (25, 450 ) means a maximum weekly profit of 450 peso is obtained when 25 DVDs are
sold.
b. The vertex ( 25, 450 ) means a weekly loss of 450 peso when 25 DVDs are sold.
c. The vertex ( 450, 25 ) means a maximum weekly profit of 25 peso selling 450 DVDs.
d. The vertex ( 450, 25 ) means a weekly loss of 25 peso when 450 DVDs are sold.
18. Barangay Honesto is planning to fence their playground with an existing wall on one side. As an engineer
of the Barangay, you are tasked to compute the maximum area that can be fenced using the available
200 feet fencing material. What should the maximum area be?
a. 2000 ft2 b. 3000 ft2 c. 3500 ft2 d. 5000 ft2
19. The number of bacteria in a refrigerated food is given by n(t) = 5t2 – 40t + 100, where t is the
temperature of the food in Celsius. As a microbiologist, you are tasked to answer the question: At what
temperature will the number of bacteria be minimal?
a. 4°C b. 5°C c. 6°C d. 50 °C
20. The farmer predicted that the number of mango trees (x) planted in a farm could yield y = -20x2 + 2600x
mangoes per year. As a mango grower, how many trees should you plant to produce the maximum
number of mangoes per year?
a. 65 b. 130 c. 32100 d. 33100

LESSON 1.1 Quadratic Equations

EXPLORE

When you were in Grade 8, you were able to talk about Linear Equations and Functions. You found
out how these concepts could be used to model and solve real-life situations. In this section, you
will be able to discover a new equation that could also solve more real-life problems. In this section,
you will not only be introduced to the module but also be assessed on your initial ideas regarding
the topic. Be reminded to take each activity seriously. Make a conscious effort to highlight the new
concepts that you will be encountering.
Activity 1. Anticipation-Reaction Guide
Let us begin by answering the Anticipation-Reaction Guide. You will be shown statements related to
Quadratic Equations. Your task is to fill in the anticipation column by writing the letter A if you agree with the
statement and letter D if you disagree with the statement.

Anticipation Quadratic Equations Reaction

1. A equation of the form 0 = ax + by + c is a quadratic equation.
2. The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, were a, b,
and c can be any real number.
3. All quadratic equations can be solved through factoring method.
4. In solving quadratic equations using completing the square method, there
is a need to write the equation in standard form.
5. The roots of a quadratic equation will always be a real numbers.
6. The completing the square method and the quadratic formula are used to
solve quadratic equations which are not factorable.
7. The discriminant tells us the nature of the roots of a certain quadratic
equation.
8. Imaginary numbers are possible roots of a quadratic equation.
9. The roots of a quadratic equation will always be distinct numbers.
10.In solving problems involving quadratic equations, it is possible to have
one of the roots to be considered as extraneous.
END OF EXPLORE:

You just tried finding out how quadratic equations can be used to model and solve real-
life problems. It is now time to learn more about quadratic equations. What you will
learn in the next sections will also enable you to do the final project, which involves
looking at real-life situations that involve decision making and coming up with sound
recommendations. 5
 FIRM-UP

Your goal in this section is to learn and understand key concepts of quadratic equations. You
will learn the important skills that are necessary in order to understand the succeeding
lessons in this module. It is advised that for every new term that you encounter, be sure to
define it in your own words aside from the definitions presented to you.

ACTIVITY 2: CONCEPT FORMATION

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

A quadratic equation is an equation that can be written in the form , where a,

b and c are real numbers, and a is not equal to zero. This is known as the standard form of a
quadratic equation. A quadratic equation in one variable, say x, is also known as second-
degree polynomial equation in x.
Example 1: Determine whether the following are quadratic equations or not.
(a)
It is not a quadratic equation because the highest degree of the equation is 3.
(b)
Since the highest degree is 2, then it is a quadratic equation.
(c)
It is not a quadratic equation because the highest degree of the equation is 1.
(d)
Applying the distributive property we have ,thus, it is a quadratic equation because the
highest degree is 2.
(e)
Applying the FOIL Method, we have , thus, it is a quadratic equation because the
highest degree is 2.

Example 2: Using the quadratic equations above, determine the values of a, b and c.
(a)
First step: Transform the quadratic equation into its standard form by transposing
all the values on the left side of the equation.

Thus, a = - 3, b = - 9 and c = - 7.
(b)
First step: Apply the distributive property of equality.

Second step: Transform the quadratic equation into its standard form by transposing
all the values on the left side of the equation.

Thus, a = 1, b = - 1 and c = 1.
(c)
First step: Apply the FOIL Method.

Second step: Transpose all the values on the left side of the equation.

6
 Third step: Simplify the quadratic equation by combining like terms.

Thus, a = 1, b = - 3 and c = - 17.

Self-Check 1
(1) Which of the following equations is considered as a quadratic equation?
a. 2 x 2  x  3 d. 2 x  x 2  10
b. ( x3 ) 2  x  1  0 e. ( x  1)( x  5)  0
c. 2 x 2  5  0 f. 3x  7  0
(Answers: c, d, e)
(2) Using the quadratic equations above, determine the values of a, b and c.
(Answers: c. (a =2, b = 0, c = - 5), d. (a = - 1, b = 2, c = - 10), e. (a = 1, b = - 4, c = - 5))

ACTIVITY 3: QUADRATIC OR NOT?

Determine whether the given equation is quadratic or not.
1. x 2  7 x  5  0 2. r  7r  11  0
2
3. 8 x  11 y  3

ACTIVITY 4: THE ROOTS ARE NOT FAR BEYOND YOUR REACH

After learning the different preliminary concepts on quadratic equations, it is now time to learn how to
solve for the roots of a quadratic equation.
As you go over the study notes, pay attention on the steps involved on each method and complete the
table found on the answer sheet.

Methods Steps
Extracting the Roots

Factoring

Completing the Square

Quadratic Formula

METHODS ON SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

EXTRACTING THE SQUARE root

The method of extracting the square root can be used in solving quadratic equations in the form: x 2  c .

Subtract 4 from both sides. Use the square root principle.

Use the square root principle. Simplify the radical.
Subtract 2 from both sides.
Factor the radicand.
Simplify the radical.

Use the square root principle. Divide both sides by the coefficient.

Use the square root principle.

Note: The square root of a negative number is
not real; therefore, there is no solution.
7
Factoring

The factoring method can be used in solving quadratic equations in the form: ax2  bx  c  0

Examples-- SOLUTIONS

e) f)

8
Completing the square
In this method, one must make the left side of the quadratic equation a perfect square trinomial of the
form x  2bx  b 2  ( x  b) 2 , where b is any real number, using the addition property of equality. This process
2

is called completing the square.

Example 1
x 2  8 x  15  0
x 2  8 x  15 Move the constant term to the right side of the equation.

x 2  8 x  16  15  16 Add the square of half of -8 to both sides of the equation.

x 2  8 x  16  1 Simplify the right side of the equation.

( x  4) 2  1 Factor the perfect square trinomial on the left side and write it as a square of a
binomial.
Extract the square root of both sides of the equation.
( x  4) 2  1
x  4  1
x  4 1 Transpose -4 to the right side of the equation.
x  4  1 or x  4  1 Solve for x.
x  5 or x  3

⸫ the solution set is { 3, 5 }.

Example 2
2 x 2  4 x  16
x2  2x  8 Divide all the terms by the coefficient of x2, which is 2.

x2  2x  1  8  1 Add the square of half of 2 to both sides of the equation.

x2  2x  1  9 Simplify the right side of the equation.

( x  1) 2  9 Factor the perfect square trinomial on the left side and write it as a square of a
binomial.
Extract the square root of both sides of the equation.
( x  1) 2  9
x  1  3
x  1  3 Transpose 1 to the right side of the equation.
x  1  3 or x  1  3 Solve for x.
x  2 or x  4

⸫ the solution set is { - 4, 2 }.

Quadratic formula
The solutions of a quadratic equation in the standard form ax2  bx  c  0 , where a, b, and c are real
 b  b 2  4ac
numbers and a  0 , are determined by the quadratic formula: x  .
2a
Examples:
(a) x 2  11x  24  0  a  1, b  11, and c  24
 b  b 2  4ac
x  11  25  11  5  6
2a x x   3
 11  (11) 2  4(1)( 24) 2 2 2
x  11  5  11  5  16
2(1) x x   8
 11  121  96 2 5 2
x
2 Therefore, the solution set is { - 8, - 3 }.

9
 (b) 2 x 2  3x  1  0  a  2, b  3, and c  1
 b  b 2  4ac
x 3 1 4
3 1
2a x x  1
 (3)  (3) 2  4(2)(1) 4 4 4
x 3 1 3 1 2 1
2(2) x x  
3 98 4 4 4 2
x
4 Therefore, the solution set is { 1, 1/2 }.

(c) x 2  25  0  a  1, b  0, and c  25

 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a 10
x 5
0  (0) 2  4(1)( 25) 2
x
2(1)  10
x  5
 100 5
x
2
 10
x Therefore, the solution set is { - 5, 5 }.
2

ACTIVITY 5: THE CHOICE IS YOURS

After learning the different methods of solving quadratic equations, let us now find out whether you
know how to determine which method would be appropriate in solving each given equation. Answers of the
odd-numbered items are provided while the even-numbered items must be solved on the worksheet.

1. 49 x 2  25  0 2. 64 x 2  121
Answers: {5/7, -5/7}
3. x  35  2 x 4. x 2  2 x  48  0
2

Answers: {- 5,7}
5. 12 x  8 x  1
2
6. 3x 2  7 x  6  0
Answers: {1/2, 1/6}
7. x  9  0 8. x  49  0
2 2

Answers: { 3, -3}
9. r 2  12r  27 10. x  3x  28  0
2

Answers: { 3, 9}

ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Nature of Roots
To determine the nature of the roots, solving for the discrimant through the formula: D  b 2  4ac ,
which obtained from the quadratic formula is the first step. Note that quadratic equations must be in its
standard form ax2  bx  c  0 and the nature of the roots is as follows:
(a) If D = 0, then the roots of the quadratic equation are equal and are both rational numbers. In
other words, there is only one real number solution to the equation.
(b) If D > 0 and is a perfect square, then the roots of the quadratic equation are two distinct real
numbers that are both rational numbers.
(c) If D > 0 and is not a perfect square, then the roots of the quadratic equation are two distinct
irrational numbers.
(d) If D < 0, then the roots of the equation are two distinct imaginary numbers.
EXAMPLES: Determine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations.
(1) 2 x  5 x  7  0 (3) 3x  1  12 x
2 2

(2) 7 x  8 x  10 (4) x  8 x  16  0
2 2

10
SOLUTIONS
(1) 2 x 2  5 x  7  0  a  2, b  5, c  7 (3) 3x  1  12 x  a  3, b  12, c  1
2

D  b 2  4ac D  b 2  4ac
D  (5) 2  4(2)( 7) D  (12) 2  4(3)( 1)
D  25  56 D  144  12
D  81 D  156
The discriminant is a perfect square; hence, The discriminant is a not perfect square;
the equation has two rational distinct roots. hence, the equation has two irrational
distinct roots.
(2) 7 x 2  8 x  10  a  7, b  8, c  10 (4) x  8 x  16  0  a  1, b  8, c  16
2

D  b 2  4ac D  b 2  4ac
D  (8) 2  4(7)(10) D  (8) 2  4(1)(16)
D  64  280 D  64  64
D  216 D0
The discriminant is less than zero; hence, the The discriminant is equal to zero; hence, the
equation has two imaginary distinct roots. equation has two equal roots.

Sum and Product of the Roots

Given any quadratic equation ax2  bx  c  0 whose roots are r1 and r2, the sum and product of its
roots are determine by the following formulas:
b c
r1  r2  and r1  r2 
a a
EXAMPLES: Determine the sum and product of the roots of the following quadratic equations.
(1) 2 x 2  5 x  7  0 (3) 2 x  18
2

(2) x 2  7 x  12  0 (4) 2 x  x  3  0
2

SOLUTIONS
(1) 2 x 2  5 x  7  0  a  2, b  5, c  7
b 5
r1  r2  
a 2
c 7
r1  r2  
a 2
⸫the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation is -5/2 and the product is -7/2.
(2) x 2  7 x  12  0  a  1, b  7, c  12
b 7
r1  r2    7
a 1
c 12
r1  r2    12
a 1
⸫the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation is -7 and the product is 12.
(3) 2 x 2  18  2 x 2  18  0  a  2, b  0, c  18
b 0
r1  r2   0
a 2
c  18
r1  r2    9
a 2
⸫the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation is 0 and the product is -9.

11
 (4) 2 x 2  x  3  2 x 2  x  3  0  a  2, b  1, c  3
 b  (1) 1
r1  r2   
a 2 2
c 3
r1  r2  
a 2
⸫the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation is 1/2 and the product is -3/2.

ACTIVITY 6: ROOT INVESTIGATION

Complete the table below.
Sum of the Product of
EQUATIONS Discriminant Nature of the Roots
Roots the Roots

x 2  4x  21  0

2x2  9x  5  0

x2  x  1  0

ACTIVITY 6: REVISIT ANTICIPATION-REACTION GUIDE

Revisit the Anticipation-Reaction Guide from Activity 1 and complete the Reaction Column. Then, check
your answers. Note: This must be the items that you need to agree on: 2, 4, 7,8.

12