Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 4208: Electrical Service Design Lab

Title: Heating, Ventilation and Refrigeration System Design

Introduction: After completing this experiment, student should be able to

 Understand cooling load principles

 Understand Space Cooling Load Calculation Techniques
 Design of air conditioning system and load calculation for residential and commercial
building
 Get knowledge about CLTD & CLF calculations

Theory & Methodology:

the heat gain to the building is not converted to cooling load instantaneously. CLTD (cooling load
temperature difference), SCL (solar cooling load factor), and CLF (cooling load factor): all include
the effect of (1) time-lag in conductive heat gain through opaque exterior surfaces and (2) time delay
by thermal storage in converting radiant heat gain to cooling load.
This approach allows cooling load to be calculated manually by use of simple multiplication factors.
a. CLTD is a theoretical temperature difference that accounts for the combined effects of inside
and outside air temp difference, daily temp range, solar radiation and heat storage in the
construction assembly/building mass. It is affected by orientation, tilt, month, day, hour,
latitude, etc. CLTD factors are used for adjustment to conductive heat gains from walls, roof,
floor and glass.
b. CLF accounts for the fact that all the radiant energy that enters the conditioned space at a
particular time does not become a part of the cooling load instantly. The CLF values for various
surfaces have been calculated as functions of solar time and orientation and are available in the
form of tables in ASHRAE Handbooks (The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers). CLF factors are used for adjustment to heat gains from internal
loads such as lights, occupancy, power appliances.

SCL factors are used for adjustment to transmission heat gains from glass.

1. External Cooling Load

 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

As discussed before, the total cooling load on a building consists of external as well as internal loads.
The external loads consist of heat transfer by conduction through the building walls, roof, floor, doors
etc, heat transfer by radiation through fenestration such as windows and skylights. All these are
sensible heat transfers.
1.1 1 ROOF
The basic conduction equation for heat gain is q = U A ∆T.
Where
q = Heat gain in Btu/hr
U = Thermal Transmittance for roof in Btu/hr.ft2.°F A = area of roof in ft2
∆T = Temperature difference in °F
The heat gain is converted to cooling load using the room transfer functions (sol-air temperature) for
the rooms with light, medium and heavy thermal characteristics. The equation is modified as
Q = U * A * (CLTD) Where Q = cooling load, Btu/hr
U = Coefficient of heat transfer roof or wall or glass, Btu/hr.ft2.°F
A = area of roof, ft2
CLTD = cooling load temperature difference °F. The values are determined from tables available in
chapter 28 of AHSRAE fundamentals handbook.
Since the ASHRAE tables provide hourly CLTD values for one typical set of conditions i.e. outdoor
maximum temperature of 95°F with mean temperature of 85°C and daily range of 21°F, the equation
is further adjusted to apply correction factors for conditions other than the mentioned base case. Thus,

Q Roof = U * A * CLTD Roof Corrected

The typical steps to calculate the Roof load are as follows:

Step #1 Determine roof construction and overall heat transfer coefficient (U) (Chapter
28 ASHRAE 1997, Table A24-4, A29-5)
Step #2 Select roof no. from ASHRAE Table 31 or Text table 7-34 which is closest to
matching actual roof construction.

Step #3 Select CLTD Roof for time of interest, typically on an hourly basis (Chapter 28
ASHRAE Table A28-32, A28-34).

Step #4 Corrections: Values on tables are for

a. Four latitudes on July or August
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

b. Indoor temperature of 78°F

c. Outdoor maximum temperature of 95°F with mean daily temperature of 85°F and daily range of
21°F
CLTD ROOF Corrected= [CLTD Roof+ (78 – TR) +(TM – 85)]
Where
(78 – TR) = indoor design temperature correction, (TM – 85) = outdoor design temperature
correction , TR = Indoor room temperature
Tm = Mean outdoor temperature
Tmax = Maximum outdoor temperature o Tm = Tmax – (Daily Range) / 2 Step # 5 Calculate
roof area (A) from architectural plans
Step #6 Q Roof = U * A * CLTD Roof Corrected

What is Sol-air temperature?

The sol-air temperature is a fictitious number that defines the value of the outside air temperature
which would, in the absence of all radiation exchanges, give the same rate of heat flow (Q) into the
outer surface of the wall as the actual combination of temperature difference and radiation exchanges.
The sol-air temperature represents the equivalent outdoor design air temperature that combines
convection to the outdoor air, radiation to the ground and sky, and solar radiation heat transfer effects
on the outer surface of a building. It takes into account the mass of the wall or roof, the daily
temperature range (which affects the heat storage), the color of the outside surface (which affects
solar heat absorption rate) and the latitude and month. When the sol-air data is combined with the
inside design temperature, a cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) is obtained.
Hourly sol-air temperature values are presented in tables for various orientations of a surface for 21
July at 40° N latitude, with standard surface absorption factor for light and dark colored surfaces in
ASHRAE handbook of fundamentals. The sol-air temperatures are listed for a given air temperature
cycle.
Adjustments can be introduced for other dates, latitudes and air temperature cycles. When this
method is used in conjunction with custom tables generated by appropriate computer software, and
for buildings where external shading is not significant, it can be expected that it will produce results
very close to that produced by the TFM.

1.2 2 WALLS
The cooling load from walls is treated in a similar way as roof:
Q Wall = U * A * CLTD Wall Corrected
Where
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

Q Wall = Load through the walls in Btu/hr

U = Thermal Transmittance for walls in Btu/ (h ft2 F)
A = area of walls in ft2
CLTD = Cooling Load Temperature Difference for walls in °F

The typical steps to calculate the Wall load are as follows:

Step #1 Determine wall construction and overall heat transfer coefficient (U) (Chapter
24 ASHRAE 1997, Table A24-4, A29-5)

Step # 2 Select wall type from ASHRAE Table 33 which is closest to matching actual
wall construction.
Pay attention to effect of mass distribution (inside insulation, outside insulation or evenly
distributed).

Step #3 Select CLTD Wall for time of interest, typically on an hourly basis (Chapter 28
ASHRAE Table A28-32, A28-34).

Step #4 Corrections: Values on tables are for

a. Four latitudes on July or August

b. Indoor temperature of 78°F

c. Outdoor maximum temperature of 95°F with mean daily temperature of 85°F and daily range of
21°F
CLTD Wall Corrected= [CLTD Wall+ (78 – TR) +(TM – 85)] Where (78 – TR) = indoor design
temperature correction ,
(TM – 85) = outdoor design temperature correction
Tm = Mean outdoor temperature
o Tmax = Maximum outdoor temperature o Tm = Tmax – (Daily Range) / 2

Step #5 Calculate walls area (A). Use the architectural drawings to determine how much
wall area you have. Since you will be finding window and door losses separately, exclude windows
and door and count only wall area.
Step #6 Q Wall = U * A * CLTD Wall Corrected
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

1.3 SOLAR LOAD THROUGH GLASS

Solar load through glass has two components: 1) Conductive and 2) Solar Transmission
The absorbed and then conductive portion of the radiation through the windows is treated like the
roof & walls where CLTD values for standard glazing are tabulated in ASHARE fundamentals
handbook.
For solar transmission, the cooling load is calculated by the cooling load SCL factor and shading
coefficient (SC).
The cooling load equations for glass are:
Conductive Q Glass Conductive = U * A * CLTD Glass Corrected
Solar Transmission Q Glass Solar = A * SC * SCL
Where
Q Conductive = Conductive load through the glass in Btu/hr Q Solar = Solar transmission load
through the glass in Btu/hr U = Thermal Transmittance for glass in Btu/ (h ft2 F)
A = area of glass in ft2
CLTD = Cooling Load Temperature Difference for glass in °F SC = Shading coefficient
SCL = Solar Cooling Load Factor

STEPS FOR CONDUCTIVE CALCULATIONS

Step # 1 For the glass types used, select from ASHRAE tables the overall heat transfer
coefficient (U). The
glass is the major contributor of heat gain in the commercial buildings. Pay attention to effect of
shading, reflective films, curtains, drapes etc (refer to example below)
Step # 2 Select CLTD Glass for time of interest, typically on an hourly basis (Chapter 28
ASHRAE Table 34).

Step # 3 Corrections:
CLTD Glass Corrected= [CLTD Glass+ (78 – TR) +(TM – 85)] Where
o (78 – TR) = indoor design temperature correction o (TM – 85) = outdoor design temperature
correction o TR = Indoor room temperature
o Tm = Mean outdoor temperature
o Tmax = Maximum outdoor temperature o Tm = Tmax – (Daily Range) / 2 Step # 4 Calculate
glass area (A) from architectural plans
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

Step # 5 Q Glass = U * A * CLTD Glass Corrected

STEPS FOR SOLAR TRANSMISSION CALCULATIONS

Step # 1 Determine shading coefficient (SC) from ASHRAE 1997 Chapter 27, Table 11
Step # 2 Determine zone type from ASHRAE 1997 Chapter 29, Table 35 B
Step # 3 Determine solar cooling load factor (SCL) from ASHRAE 1997 Chapter 28,
Table A28-36

Step # 4 Calculate glass area (A) from architectural plans Step # 5Q Glass Solar = A *
SC * SCL

1.4 PARTITIONS, CEILINGS AND FLOORS

Whenever a conditioned space is adjacent to a space with a different temperature, transfer of heat
through the separating physical section must be considered.
Q = U A (Ta - Trc) Where
U = coefficient of overall heat transfer between adjacent and conditioned space in Btu/ (h ft2 F) See
1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 24 or 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals, and Chapter 25.

A = area of partition in ft2, ceiling or floor calculated from building plans

Ta = Temperature of adjacent space in °F (Note: If adjacent space is not conditioned and temperature
is not available, use outdoor air temperature less 5°F)

Trc = Inside design temperature of conditioned space in °F (assumed constant)

Note that the temperature Ta may range widely from that in the conditioned space. The temperature
in a kitchen or boiler room, for example, may be as much as 15 to 50°F above the outdoor air
temperature. Actual temperatures in adjoining spaces should be measured when possible. Where
nothing is known, assume outdoor air temperature less 5°F.

2 Internal Cooling Loads

The various internal loads consist of sensible and latent heat transfers due to occupants, products,
processes appliances and lighting. The lighting load is only sensible. The conversion of sensible heat
gain (from lighting, people, appliances, etc.) to space cooling load is affected by the thermal storage
characteristics of that space and is thus subject to appropriate cooling load factors (CLF) to account
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

for the time lag of the cooling load caused by the building mass. The weighting factors equation
determines the CLF factors.
CLF = Q cooling load / Q internal gains
Note that the latent heat gains are considered instantaneous.
2.1 1 People
Q sensible = N (QS) (CLF) Q latent = N (QL) Where
• N = number of people in space from ASHRAE, Table A28-3
QS, QL = Sensible and Latent heat gain from occupancy is given in 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals
Chapter 28, Table 3)
CLF = Cooling Load Factor, by hour of occupancy. See 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 28,
Table 37
Note: CLF = 1.0, if operation is 24 hours or of cooling is off at night or during weekends.
The table below gives representative rates at which heat and moisture are given off by human beings
in different states of activity. Often these sensible and latent heat gains constitute a large fraction of
the total load. Even for short-term occupancy, the extra heat and moisture brought in by people may
be significant.
Snapshot of Occupancy Heat gain values in ASHRAE
Heat Gain from Occupants at Various Activities (At Indoor Air Temperature of 78°F)
Activity Total heat, Btu/h Sensible heat, Latent heat,
Btu/h
Adult, male Adjusted Btu/h
Seated at rest 400 350 210 140
Seated, very light work, 480 420 230 190
writing
Seated, eating 520 580 255 325
Seated, light work, typing, 640 510 255 255
Standing, light work or 800 640 315 325
walking
slowly, 880 780 345 435
Light bench work 1040 1040 345 695
Light machine work, 1360 1280 405 875
walking 3mi/hr
Moderate dancing 1600 1600 565 1035
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

2.1 2 Lights
The primary source of heat from lighting comes from light-emitting elements. Calculation of this load
component is not straightforward; the rate of heat gain at any given moment can be quite different
from the heat equivalent of power supplied instantaneously to those lights. Only part of the energy
from lights is in the form of convective heat, which is picked up instantaneously by the air-
conditioning apparatus. The remaining portion is in the form of radiation, which affects the
conditioned space only after having been absorbed and re-released by walls, floors, furniture, etc.
This absorbed energy contributes to space cooling load only after a time lag, with some part of such
energy still present and reradiating after the lights have been switched off.
Generally, the instantaneous rate of heat gain from electric lighting may be calculated from: Q
= 3.41 x W x FUT x FSA
Cooling load factors are used to convert instantaneous heat gain from lighting to the sensible cooling
load; thus the equation is modified to
Q = 3.41 x W x FUT x FSA x (CLF) , Where
W = Watts input from electrical lighting plan or lighting load data FUT = Lighting use factor, as
appropriate
FSA = special ballast allowance factor, as appropriate
CLF = Cooling Load Factor, by hour of occupancy. See 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 28,
Table 38
Note: CLF = 1.0, if operation is 24 hours or if cooling is off at night or during weekends.
2.2 Power Loads
The industrial and commercial applications use various equipments such as fans, pumps, machine
tools, elevators, escalators and other machinery, which add significantly to the heat gain. There are 5
equations in use for different scenarios.
Case #1
If the motor and the machine are in the room the heat transferred can be calculated as
Q = 2545 * (P / Eff) * FUM * FLM
P = Horsepower rating from electrical power plans or manufacturer’s data Eff = Equipment motor
efficiency, as decimal fraction
FUM = Motor use factor (normally = 1.0)
FLM = Motor load factor (normally = 1.0) Note: FUM = 1.0, if operation is 24 hours
In this situation the total power are transferred as heat to the room.
Note! If the machine is a pump or a fan most of the power are transferred as energy to the medium
and may be transported out of the room. For such cases, case 4 shall be used.
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

Case #2
If the motor is outside and the machine is in the room the heat transferred can be calculated as
Q = 2545 * P * FUM * FLM
P = Horsepower rating from electrical power plans or manufacturer’s data FUM = Motor use factor
FLM = Motor load factor
Note: FUM = 1.0, if operation is 24 hours
Case #3
If the motor is belt driven and the motor and belt is outside and the machine is in the room the heat
transferred can be calculated as
Q = 2545 * P * Belt Eff * FUM * FLM
P = Horsepower rating from electrical power plans or manufacturer’s data Belt Eff = Belt
transmission efficiency, as decimal fraction
FUM = Motor use factor FLM = Motor load factor
Note: FUM = 1.0, if operation is 24 hours
Case #4
If the motor is in the room and the machine is outside the heat transferred can be calculated as
Q = 2545 * [P/Eff - P] * FUM * FLM
P = Horsepower rating from electrical power plans or manufacturer’s data
Eff = Motor efficiency, as decimal fraction FUM = Motor use factor
FLM = Motor load factor
Note: FUM = 1.0, if operation is 24 hours
Case #5
If the motor is belt driven and the motor and belt is in the room and the machine is outside the heat
transferred can be calculated as
Q = 2545 * [P/ (motor Eff) – P/ (belt Eff)] * FUM * FLM
P = Horsepower rating from electrical power plans or manufacturer’s data FUM = Motor use factor,
FLM = Motor load factor

2.2 Appliances
In a cooling load estimate, heat gain from all appliances-electrical, gas, or steam-should be taken into
account. Because of the variety of appliances, applications, schedules, use, and installations,
estimates can be very subjective. Often, the only information available about heat gain from
equipment is that on its name-plate.
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

Q Sensible = Qin x Fu x Fr x (CLF) Q Latent = Qin x Fu Where

Qin = rated energy input from appliances. See 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 28, and Table
5 thru 9 or use manufacturer’s data. For computers, monitors, printers and miscellaneous office
equipment, see 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 29, Tables 8, 9, & 10. [If the appliance
nameplate provides the power ratings in Watts, Qin can be estimated as 3.14 x Wattage of equipment]

Fu = Usage factor. See 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 28, Table 6 and 7

Fr = Radiation factor. See 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 28, Table 6 and 7
CLF = Cooling Load Factor, by hour of occupancy. See 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 28,
Table 37 and 39
Note 1: CLF = 1.0, if operation is 24 hours or of cooling is off at night or during weekends. Note 2:
Set latent load = 0 if appliance under exhaust hood
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

2.3 Infiltration Air

Q sensible = 1.08 x CFM x (To – Ti) Q latent = 4840 x CFM x (Wo – Wi) Q total = 4.5 x CFM x
(ho – hi)
Where
CFM = Infiltration air flow rate. See 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 25, for determining
infiltration
To, Ti = Outside/Inside dry bulb temperature, °F
Wo, Wi = Outside/Inside humidity ratio, lb water/lb dry air ho, hi = Outside/Inside air enthalpy, Btu
per lb (dry air)

3 Heat Gain from Miscellaneous Sources

3.1 Supply Fan Heat Load
Supply and/or return fans that circulate or supply air to the space add heat to the space or system
depending on the location relative to the conditioned space. The heat added may take one or all of the
following forms:
Instantaneous temperature rise in the air stream due to fan drive inefficiency.
Temperature rise in the air stream when the air is brought to static equilibrium and the static and
kinetic energy is transformed into heat energy.
The location of the fan and motor relative to the cooling coil and space being conditioned determines
how the heat is added to the system. If the fan is downstream of the cooling coil (draw-thru) then the
fan heat load is added to the space cooling load. If the fan is upstream of the cooling coil, then the fan
heat load is added to the system cooling coil load.
The heat energy is calculated as follows:
Q = 2545 x [P / (Eff1 x Eff2)] Where
P = Horsepower rating from electrical power plans or manufacturer’s data 2545 = conversion factor
for converting horsepower to Btu per hour
Eff1 = Full load motor and drive efficiency, Eff2 = Fan static efficiency

2.1 Ventilation Air

Ventilation air is the amount of outdoor air required to makeup for air leaving the space due to
equipment exhaust, exfiltration and/or as required to maintain Indoor Air Quality for the occupants.
(See ASHRAE Standard 62 for minimum ventilation requirements). The heat is usually added to the
air stream before the cooling coil and has no direct impact on the space conditions. The additional
cooling coil load is calculated as follows:
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

Q sensible = 1.08 x CFM x (To – Tc), Q latent = 4840 x CFM x (Wo – Wc) Q total = 4.5 x CFM
x (ho – hc) Where

CFM = Ventilation airflow rate.

To = Outside dry bulb temperature, °F
Tc = Dry bulb temperature of air leaving the cooling coil, °F Wo = Outside humidity ratio, lb (water)
per lb (dry air)
Wc = Humidity ratio of air leaving the cooling coil, lb (water) per lb (dry air) ho = Outside/Inside air
enthalpy, Btu per lb (dry air)
hc = Enthalpy of air leaving the cooling coil Btu per lb (dry air)

2.2 Duct Heat Gain

Unless the return ductwork system is extensive and uninsulated or passes over a non-conditioned
space, only the heat gained by the duct supply system is significant. This heat gain is normally
estimated as a percentage of the space sensible cooling load (usually 1% to 5%) and applied to the
temperature of the air leaving the cooling coil in the form of temperature increase.

2.3 Duct Leakage

Air leakage out of or into ductwork can have much greater impact than the duct heat gain or loss.
Outward leakage from a supply duct is a direct loss of cooling and/or dehumidifying capacity and
must be offset by increased air flow or reduced supply air temperature. Leakage into a return duct
system causes additional cooling coil capacity but it does not directly affect the space conditions.
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

Commercial type or existing older systems can have leakage from 10% to 20% of the total system airflow.
Per energy conservation guidelines, in a new installation, the duct system should not leak more than 1% to
3% of total system airflow.
The engineer or designer is cautioned to make sure that the proper allowance for leakages is included in the
calculations in order to ensure that the equipment selected is properly sized.
2.4 Diversity Factors
Diversity of cooling load results from not using part of the load on a design day. Therefore, diversity factors
are factors of usage and are applied to the refrigeration capacity of large air conditioning systems. These
factors vary with location, type and size of application. Generally, diversity factors can be applied to loads
from people and lights as there is neither 100% occupancy nor total lighting at the time of such other peak
loads as peak solar and transmission loads. The reduction in cooling loads from non-use is real and should
be accounted for. Listed are some average typical diversity factors for large buildings during occupied
periods.

Type of Diversity Factor

People
Application Lights
Office 0.70 to 0.85 0.75 to 0.90

Apartment, Hotel 0.30 to 0.50 0.40 to 0.60

Department Store 0.90 to 1.00 0.80 to 0.90

Industrial 0.80 to 0.90 0.85 to 0.95

In the case of Industrial, diversity should also be applied to the machinery load.
4. SUPPLY AIR CALCULATIONS
Calculations for the design supply air quantities are dependent on the type of system used. Some
generalizations and assumptions need to be made to assist in the use of the cooling load calculations for
equipment selection and sizing. For constant air volumes with reheat type of system, the design supply air
quantities required are based on the peak requirements for each space. However, if the system selected
allows for air flow to each zone to vary based on load, the peak load on an air conditioning unit serving
several zones or spaces is not equal to the sum of the peak loads of each zone, but will be that amount
necessary to handle the maximum coincident load on the system at a given time. Determining the maximum
coincident load may require additional calculation and analysis.
Supply air flow rate to a space is based only on the total space sensible heat load, thus CFM =
1.08
x [Q sensible / (TR – Ts)]
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

Where
CFM = air flow in cubic feet per minute
1.08 = conversion constant = 0.244 X (60/13.5)
0.244 = specific heat of moist air, Btu/lb d.a.
13.5 = specific volume of moist air, cu-ft. per lb. d.a. (@70°F, 50% RH) Q sensible = total room sensible
heat gain, BTU per hr.
TR = Room dry bulb temperature, °F
Ts = Room supply air dry bulb temperature, °F (not necessarily the same as the temperature of the air
leaving the cooling coil).

Report: Make An office building in Montreal area requires air conditioning for a single-story building. The
following data is gathered:
Location: Montreal
Type of building: Office
Number of floors: 1
Floor area: 64 ft x 80 ft = 5120 ft2
Floor-to-floor Height: 15 ft
Window area: 20 % of the wall area
Windows: Double glazed
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

Wall: Wall number 13 [U= 0.2 Btu/h.ft2.F, as per table 33A*, pg 28.46
Roof: Roof number 13 [U= 0.2 Btu/h.ft2.F as per table 31, pg 28.42]
Windows: U= 0.55 Btu/h.ft2.F
Recommended ventilation: ½ air change per hour (min) or 20 cfm/person Occupancy: 7 persons per
1000 sq-ft
Working: 8 hrs of working - 9.00 to 17.00 hrs
Estimate the cooling load using the Cooling Load Temperature Difference / Solar Cooling Load/ Cooling
Load Factor (CLTD/SCL/CLF) method.
DESIGN CONDITIONS:
Outdoor design conditions for Montreal area [Reference: 1997 ASHARE Handbook - Fundamentals Table-
2, pp.26.25]
Location: (45° N 73° 45’W) [for simplicity consider 40° N latitude]
Outdoor design dry-bulb: 90 °F
Outdoor design wet-bulb: 75 °F
Indoor design Dry-bulb: 78 °F
Daily Range: 20 °F
Relative humidity: 50%
Wind velocity: 7½ mph
DESIGN BASIS

Zone Division:

Due to solar exposure and sun movement, the heat gain through exterior walls (in perimetric areas) will be
much higher than the interior zones. As such the supply air requirements for exterior zones shall be much
higher than the interior zones. This aspect is very important in sizing and control of air-conditioning
equipment especially when single equipment (AHU) is feeding the entire area.
For this job, the building envelope is divided into 5 zones having 20 rooms of equal areas (It’s assumed the
two corners in each zone as a one room with the same situation with the other rooms on that zone). The
central zone heat gain conduction through the walls are zero due to ∆T=0 (There isn’t exterior walls in
central zone)
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

Zone Description:

Number of Area Area Area of

Walls per of wall of Roof
Zone Wall Side Number
room Window
Number of Room (ft2) (ft 2)
(ft )2

1 1 N 3 192 48 256

2 1 E 4 192 48 256

3 1 S 3 192 48 256

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© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

4 1 W 4 192 48 256

5 - Interior 6 - 48 256

Roof area each room is 256 ft2 (16 * 16)

Window area for each wall is 48 ft² which is 20 % of gross wall area of 240 sq-ft (16 *15 * 0.2=48 ft²) Net area
for each wall is 192 sq. ft, which is gross wall area minus window area (240 ft² - 48 ft²=192 ft²)

ASSUMPTIONS

The following assumptions were made during the course of calculation:

i. Occupancy hours for people from 0900 to 1700 hrs

ii. 2 persons per room

iii. Light remains on from 0900 to 1700 hrs.

iv. 1536 watts of lights per room

v. 200 watts for computer per room

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© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

vi. Roof number is 13 as per Table 31t page-28.42 and U value for roof is 0.055 Btu/h.ft2. °F.

vii. Wall number is 13 as per Table 33A, page-28.46 and U value for wall is 0.2 Btu/h.ft2.°F.

viii. Window is un-coated double glazed and U value is 0.55 which is found from Table 11, page-29.8

ix. Values of Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) for roof are taken from Table30, Page-28.42

x. Values of Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) for wall are taken from Table32, Page-28.45

xi. Values of Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) for glass are taken from Table34, Page-
28.49

xii. Values of Shading Coefficient (SC) are taken from Table 11, page-29.25

xiii. Values of Solar Cooling Load (SCL) are taken from Table 36, page-28.50, zone Type C

xiv. Values of Cooling Load Factor (CLF) for lighting are taken from Table38 based on lights on for 8
hours,
Page-28.52, zone Type C

xv. Values of Cooling Load Factor (CLF) for people are taken from Table37 based on 8 hours in space,

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© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
 Experiment 6 Lab Student’s Manual

Page-28.51, zone Type C

xvi. Rates of Sensible Heat Gain (SHG) and Latent Heat Gain (LHG) from people are taken from Table 3,
page-28.8
xvii. It is assumed that there will be one Computer in each room also assumed that heat gain will be 680
Btu/hr
*Source: ASHRAE Handbook- 1997 Fundamentals

Discussion:
Make discussion about the data which has been found during the calculations
Conclusion:
Summarize the experiment here and discuss whether the objectives were fulfilled or not within a short
paragraph.
References:
 2001 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals

 1997 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals

 ASHRAE Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

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© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)