CH 8

Chapter 8 - Potential
Chapter 8 - Potential energy and energy and conservation

of energy
conservation of energy
Conservative vs.
Non-conservative Forces
Work and Potential

Energy
Conservation of Energy
External Forces
David J. Starling
Penn State Hazleton
PHYS 211
Conservative vs. Non-conservative Forces energy and conservation
of energy
Work W is how energy is transferred to or from a

Conservative vs.
system. Non-conservative Forces
Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
of energy
Forces can be split into two categories known as Conservative vs.

conservative and non-conservative.
Work and Potential
Energy
External Forces
of energy
Forces can be split into two categories known as Conservative vs.

conservative and non-conservative.
Work and Potential
Energy
External Forces
In one case, energy is “lost.”

of energy
Conservative vs.
Consider: Non-conservative Forces
Work and Potential

I Two or more objects (e.g., earth + box) Energy
External Forces
of energy
Conservative vs.
Work and Potential

I A force between them (e.g., mg) External Forces
of energy
Conservative vs.
Work and Potential

I One object moves and work W1 is done (lift box up)

of energy
Conservative vs.
Work and Potential


I The object returns and work is done W2 (set box down)
of energy
Conservative vs.
Work and Potential


I The object returns and work is done W2 (set box down)
If W1 = −W2 is always true, no net work was

done and that force is conservative.
of energy
Conservative vs.
The net work done by a conservative force on a Work and Potential

Energy
particle moving around any closed path is zero. Conservation of Energy
External Forces
of energy
Conservative vs.
The net work done by a conservative force on a Work and Potential

Energy
particle moving around any closed path is zero. Conservation of Energy
External Forces
Equivalently: The net work done by a conservative force on

a particle moving from point a to point b is independent of
the path.
of energy
Conservative vs.
Conservative: Gravity, Spring, Electric Force Work and Potential
Energy
External Forces
of energy
Conservative vs.
Conservative: Gravity, Spring, Electric Force Work and Potential
Non-conservative: Friction, Air Drag Energy
External Forces
Objectives (Ch 8) energy and conservation
of energy
Conservative vs.
Lecture Question 8.1
Work and Potential
A mountain climber pulls a supply pack up the side of a mountain Energy
at constant speed. Which one of the following statements Conservation of Energy
concerning this situation is false? External Forces
(a) The net work done by all the forces acting on the pack is
zero joules.
(b) The work done on the pack by the normal force of the
mountain is zero joules.
(c) The work done on the pack by gravity is zero joules.
(d) The gravitational potential energy of the pack is increasing.
(e) The climber does "positive" work in pulling the pack up the
mountain.
Work and Potential Energy energy and conservation
of energy
Potential Energy U is a form of energy Conservative vs.

associated with a conservative force between a
Work and Potential
Energy
system of objects.
External Forces
of energy

Work and Potential
Energy
system of objects.
External Forces
The spring force is conservative; it stores potential energy

and then releases it.
of energy

Work and Potential
Energy
system of objects.
External Forces
of energy

Work and Potential
Energy
system of objects.
External Forces
The gravitational force is conservative; it stores potential

energy and then releases it when the object is dropped.
of energy
Conservative vs.
For a conservative force, the change in Potential Work and Potential

Energy
Energy ∆U is defined as minus the work done by Conservation of Energy
External Forces
that conservative force.
Z xf
∆U = −W = − F(x)dx
xi
of energy
Conservative vs.
For a conservative force, the change in Potential Work and Potential

Energy
Energy ∆U is defined as minus the work done by Conservation of Energy
External Forces
that conservative force.
Z xf
∆U = −W = − F(x)dx
xi
Example: If you lift an object, gravity does negative work,

so ∆U > 0.
of energy
Conservative vs.
Work and Potential

Energy
The change in gravitational potential energy of an Conservation of Energy
object near Earth’s surface is External Forces
∆U = mg(∆y).
of energy
Conservative vs.
Work and Potential

Energy
The change in gravitational potential energy of an Conservation of Energy
object near Earth’s surface is External Forces
∆U = mg(∆y).
Note: only the change is important!

of energy
Conservative vs.
Work and Potential

Energy
The change in spring potential energy is Conservation of Energy
External Forces
1 1
∆U = kxf2 − kxi2 .
2 2
of energy
Conservative vs.
Work and Potential

Energy
The change in spring potential energy is Conservation of Energy
External Forces
1 1
∆U = kxf2 − kxi2 .
2 2
Note again: only the change is important!

of energy
Potential energy and conservative forces are

Conservative vs.
related through a derivative/integral (by
Work and Potential
definition). Energy
External Forces
Z
∆U = −W = − F(x)dx ≈ −F(x)∆x
of energy

Conservative vs.
Work and Potential
definition). Energy
External Forces
Z
∆U = −W = − F(x)dx ≈ −F(x)∆x
∆U dU
F(x) = − → F(x) = −
∆x dx
of energy

Conservative vs.
Work and Potential
definition). Energy
External Forces
Z
∆U = −W = − F(x)dx ≈ −F(x)∆x
∆U dU
F(x) = − → F(x) = −
∆x dx
of energy

Conservative vs.
Work and Potential
definition). Energy
External Forces
Z
∆U = −W = − F(x)dx ≈ −F(x)∆x
∆U dU
F(x) = − → F(x) = −
∆x dx
Conservation of Energy energy and conservation
of energy
The mechanical energy of a system is the sum of

Conservative vs.
its kinetic and potential energies. Non-conservative Forces
Work and Potential

Energy
Emec = K + U Conservation of Energy
External Forces
∆Emec = ∆K + ∆U
of energy

Conservative vs.
Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
If a system has only conservative forces:
∆U = −W
of energy

Conservative vs.
Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
∆U = −W
∆K = W (last chapter)
of energy

Conservative vs.
Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
∆U = −W
∆U = −∆K
∆K + ∆U = 0
∆Emec = 0
of energy

Conservative vs.
Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
∆U = −W
∆U = −∆K
∆K + ∆U = 0
∆Emec = 0
Mechanical energy is conserved but can transform from one

type (K or U) to another.
of energy
A pendulum is a good example of conservation of

Conservative vs.
mechanical energy. Non-conservative Forces
Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
of energy
Conservative vs.
A roller coaster car travels down a hill and is moving at 18 Work and Potential
m/s as it passes through a section of straight, horizontal Energy
track. The car then travels up another hill that has a
External Forces
maximum height of 15 m. If frictional effects are ignored,
determine whether the car can reach the top of the hill. If it
does reach the top, what is the speed of the car at the top?
(a) No, the car doesn’t make it up the hill.
(b) Yes, the car just barely makes it to the top and stops.
(c) Yes, and the car is moving at 5.4 m/s at the top.
(d) Yes, and the car is moving at 9.0 m/s at the top.
(e) Yes, and the car is moving at 18 m/s at the top.
of energy
An object subjected to a conservative force may Conservative vs.

have the following potential energy curve. Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
of energy
What happens if we place an object at rest at each Conservative vs.

of the 5 points shown? Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
of energy
Conservative vs.
Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
I x1 : falls to the right (unstable)

I x2 : sits in place and is restored if displaced (stable
equilibrium)
I x3 : sits in place and is falls if displaced (unstable
equilibrium)
I x4 : stable equilibrium
I x5 : unstable equilibrium
of energy
Conservative vs.
The total energy in a system includes mechanical Non-conservative Forces
Work and Potential

energy, thermal energy and internal energy. Energy
External Forces
E = K + U + Eth + Eint
of energy
Conservative vs.
The total energy in a system includes mechanical Non-conservative Forces
Work and Potential

energy, thermal energy and internal energy. Energy
External Forces
E = K + U + Eth + Eint
The total energy in an isolated system is conserved:
∆E = ∆K + ∆U + ∆Eth + ∆Eint = 0.
of energy
Internal energy can be transferred to kinetic Conservative vs.

energy, which can then be transferred to thermal
Work and Potential
Energy
energy.
External Forces
of energy
Conservative vs.
Lecture Question 8.3 Work and Potential
A 65 kg hiker eats a 250 calorie granola bar. Assuming the Energy
body converts this snack with an efficiency of 25%, what
External Forces
change of altitude could this hiker achieve by hiking up the
side of a mountain before completely using the energy in the
snack? (one food calorie is equal to 4186 joules)
(a) 270 m
(b) 410 m
(c) 650 m
(d) 880 m
(e) 1600 m
External Forces energy and conservation
of energy
An external force can supply energy to a system. Conservative vs.

Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
of energy

Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
The lifting force supplies energy:
Wlift = ∆K + ∆U = ∆Emech
of energy

Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
The lifting force supplies energy:
Wlift = ∆K + ∆U = ∆Emech
(postive work!)
of energy
Conservative vs.
An external force can supply energy to a system. Non-conservative Forces
Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
of energy
Conservative vs.
An external force can supply energy to a system. Non-conservative Forces
Work and Potential

Energy
External Forces
The pushing force supplies energy and friction sucks it

away:
Wpush + Wfriction = ∆K + ∆U = ∆Emech

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Chapter 8 - Potential

Chapter 8 - Potential energy and energy and conservation

Work and Potential

Work W is how energy is transferred to or from a

Work and Potential

Forces can be split into two categories known as Conservative vs.

Forces can be split into two categories known as Conservative vs.

In one case, energy is “lost.”

Work and Potential

Work and Potential

Work and Potential

I One object moves and work W1 is done (lift box up)

Work and Potential

I One object moves and work W1 is done (lift box up)

Work and Potential

I One object moves and work W1 is done (lift box up)

If W1 = −W2 is always true, no net work was

The net work done by a conservative force on a Work and Potential

The net work done by a conservative force on a Work and Potential

Equivalently: The net work done by a conservative force on

Potential Energy U is a form of energy Conservative vs.

Potential Energy U is a form of energy Conservative vs.

The spring force is conservative; it stores potential energy

Potential Energy U is a form of energy Conservative vs.

Potential Energy U is a form of energy Conservative vs.

The gravitational force is conservative; it stores potential

For a conservative force, the change in Potential Work and Potential

For a conservative force, the change in Potential Work and Potential

Example: If you lift an object, gravity does negative work,

Work and Potential

object near Earth’s surface is External Forces

Work and Potential

object near Earth’s surface is External Forces

Note: only the change is important!

Work and Potential

The change in spring potential energy is Conservation of Energy

Work and Potential

The change in spring potential energy is Conservation of Energy

Note again: only the change is important!

Potential energy and conservative forces are

Potential energy and conservative forces are

Potential energy and conservative forces are

Potential energy and conservative forces are

The mechanical energy of a system is the sum of

Work and Potential

Emec = K + U Conservation of Energy

The mechanical energy of a system is the sum of

Work and Potential

Emec = K + U Conservation of Energy

If a system has only conservative forces:

The mechanical energy of a system is the sum of

Work and Potential

Emec = K + U Conservation of Energy

If a system has only conservative forces:

The mechanical energy of a system is the sum of

Work and Potential

Emec = K + U Conservation of Energy

If a system has only conservative forces: