CH 3

Chapter 3 - Motion
Chapter 3 - Motion Along a Straight Line Along a Straight Line
Position, Displacement
and Distance
Average Velocity and

Speed
Instantaneous Velocity
and Speed
Acceleration
“I can calculate the
motion of heavenly
bodies, but not the
madness of people.”
- Isaac Newton
David J. Starling
Penn State Hazleton
PHYS 211
Chapter 3 - Motion
Position, Displacement and Distance Along a Straight Line
Kinematics is the study of motion. and Distance

Speed
and Speed
Acceleration
Position is the coordinate x(t) of the object in question.

Chapter 3 - Motion
Displacement ∆x is the change in the position of and Distance

an object. Speed
∆x = x2 − x1 (can be negative!) Instantaneous Velocity
and Speed
Acceleration
Chapter 3 - Motion
Displacement ∆x is the change in the position of and Distance

an object. Speed
∆x = x2 − x1 (can be negative!) Instantaneous Velocity
and Speed
Acceleration
What is the displacement from time t1 = 0 to t2 = 4?

Chapter 3 - Motion
and Distance
Distance d is the total amount of ground an object
Speed
covers during its motion.
and Speed
Acceleration
Chapter 3 - Motion
and Distance
Distance d is the total amount of ground an object
Speed
covers during its motion.
and Speed
Acceleration
Is distance ever less than displacement?

Chapter 3 - Motion
and Distance

Speed
and Speed
Summary: Acceleration
I Position is a function: x(t)

I Displacement is the change in position: ∆x = x2 − x1
I Distance is how much ground is covered: d, always
positive!
Chapter 3 - Motion
and Distance
Lecture Question 3.1 Average Velocity and
Speed
A race car, traveling at constant speed, makes one lap Instantaneous Velocity
and Speed
around a circular track of radius r in a time t. Which one of
Acceleration
the following statements concerning this car is true?
(a) The displacement is constant.
(b) The instantaneous velocity is constant.
(c) The average speed is the same over any time interval.
(d) The average velocity is the same over any time interval.
(e) The average speed and the average velocity are equal
over the same time interval.
Chapter 3 - Motion
Average Velocity and Speed Along a Straight Line
Average Velocity vavg is the displacement divided Position, Displacement

and Distance
by the time interval. Average Velocity and
Speed
∆x x2 − x1 and Speed
vavg = =
∆t t2 − t1 Acceleration
Chapter 3 - Motion
Find the average velocity: Position, Displacement

and Distance

Speed
and Speed
Acceleration
Chapter 3 - Motion
Find the average velocity: Position, Displacement

and Distance

Speed
and Speed
Acceleration
x2 − x1 2 − (−4)
vavg = = = 2 m/s
t2 − t1 4−1
Chapter 3 - Motion
Average Speed savg is the distance divided by the and Distance
time interval. Average Velocity and

Speed
d Instantaneous Velocity
savg = >0 and Speed
∆t
Acceleration
Chapter 3 - Motion
Average Speed savg is the distance divided by the and Distance
time interval. Average Velocity and

Speed
d Instantaneous Velocity
savg = >0 and Speed
∆t
Acceleration
How does savg compare to vavg ?

Chapter 3 - Motion
and Distance

Speed
You drive for 8.4 km down a road at 70 km/h before you run Instantaneous Velocity
and Speed
out of gas. You walk another 2.0 km in 30 minutes. What is Acceleration
your overall displacement during this time?

(a) 2.0 km
(b) 2.1 km
(c) 10 km
(d) 590 km
Chapter 3 - Motion
and Distance

Speed
You drive for 8.4 km down a road at 70 km/h before you run
and Speed
out of gas. You walk another 2.0 km in 30 minutes. How
Acceleration
long does this take?
(a) 0.12 hr
(b) 0.50 hr
(c) 30.12 min
(d) 0.62 hr
(e) 30.12 hr
Chapter 3 - Motion
and Distance

Speed
Lecture Question 3.2
You drive for 8.4 km down a road at 70 km/h before you run and Speed
Acceleration
out of gas. You walk another 2.0 km in 30 minutes. What is
your average velocity during this time?
(a) 4 km/hr
(b) 17 km/hr
(c) 37 km/hr
(d) 70 km/hr
Chapter 3 - Motion
Instantaneous Velocity and Speed Along a Straight Line
Instantaneous velocity v is the average velocity Position, Displacement

and Distance
during an infinitely short time period. Average Velocity and
Speed
∆x dx and Speed
v = lim =
∆t→0 ∆t dt Acceleration
Chapter 3 - Motion
Instantaneous velocity v is the average velocity Position, Displacement

and Distance
Speed
∆x dx and Speed
v = lim =
∆t→0 ∆t dt Acceleration
Chapter 3 - Motion
Like average velocity, instantaneous velocity v has Position, Displacement

and Distance
a “direction” and can be negative. Average Velocity and

Speed
and Speed
Acceleration
Chapter 3 - Motion
Like average velocity, instantaneous velocity v has Position, Displacement

and Distance
a “direction” and can be negative. Average Velocity and

Speed
and Speed
Acceleration
Instantaneous velocity is the slope of this curve at each

moment in time!
Chapter 3 - Motion
Instantaneous speed s is the average speed Position, Displacement

and Distance
Speed
d and Speed
s = lim
∆t→0 ∆t Acceleration
Chapter 3 - Motion
Instantaneous speed s is the average speed Position, Displacement

and Distance
Speed
d and Speed
s = lim
∆t→0 ∆t Acceleration
The magnitude of s is equal to the magnitude of v since

d = |∆x| during a short period of time.
dx
s=v=
dt
Chapter 3 - Motion
Acceleration Along a Straight Line
and Distance
Average acceleration aavg is the change in
Speed
velocity divided by the time interval.
and Speed
∆v v2 − v1 Acceleration
aavg = =
∆t t2 − t1
Colonel J. P. Stapp in a rocket sled.

Chapter 3 - Motion
Instantaneous acceleration a is the average Position, Displacement

and Distance
acceleration during an infinitely short time period. Average Velocity and

Speed
and Speed
Acceleration
∆v
a = lim
∆t→0 ∆t
Chapter 3 - Motion

and Distance

Speed
and Speed
Acceleration
∆v dv d2 x
a = lim = = 2
∆t→0 ∆t dt dt
Chapter 3 - Motion

and Distance

Speed
and Speed
Acceleration
∆v dv d2 x
a = lim = = 2
∆t→0 ∆t dt dt
Chapter 3 - Motion
In many cases, a = constant. In this case, we Position, Displacement

and Distance
obtain three very useful equations. Average Velocity and
Speed
and Speed
v2 − v1
a = aavg = → v2 = v1 + a∆t (1) Acceleration
t2 − t1
Chapter 3 - Motion

and Distance
Speed
and Speed
v2 − v1
t2 − t1
Also,
x2 − x1
vavg = → x2 = x1 + vavg ∆t
t2 − t1
Chapter 3 - Motion

and Distance
Speed
and Speed
v2 − v1
t2 − t1
Also,
x2 − x1
t2 − t1
To replace vavg , consider:

Chapter 3 - Motion

and Distance
Speed
and Speed
v2 − v1
t2 − t1
Also,
x2 − x1
t2 − t1
To replace vavg , consider:
1 1
vavg = v1 + ∆v = v1 + a∆t
2 2
Chapter 3 - Motion

and Distance
Speed
and Speed
1 Acceleration
x2 = x1 + v1 ∆t + a∆t2 (2)
2
Chapter 3 - Motion

and Distance
Speed
and Speed
1 Acceleration
x2 = x1 + v1 ∆t + a∆t2 (2)
2
Finally, if we eliminate ∆t by combining Eqs. (1) and (2),

we get:
v2 − v1
∆t =
a
Chapter 3 - Motion

and Distance
Speed
and Speed
1 Acceleration
x2 = x1 + v1 ∆t + a∆t2 (2)
2

we get:
v2 − v1
∆t =
a
v2 − v1 2

v2 − v1 1
x2 = x1 + v1 + a
a 2 a
Chapter 3 - Motion

and Distance
Speed
and Speed
1 Acceleration
x2 = x1 + v1 ∆t + a∆t2 (2)
2

we get:
v2 − v1
∆t =
a
v2 − v1 2

v2 − v1 1
x2 = x1 + v1 + a
a 2 a
v22 = v21 + 2a(x2 − x1 ) (3)

Chapter 3 - Motion
and Distance

Speed
The three constant acceleration equations are:
and Speed
Acceleration
v2 = v1 + at2
1
x2 = x1 + v1 t2 + at22
2
2 2
v2 = v1 + 2a(x2 − x1 )
where t1 = 0 so that ∆t = t2 − t1 = t2 .
Chapter 3 - Motion
and Distance

Speed
The three constant acceleration equations are:
and Speed
Acceleration
v(t) = v0 + at
1
x(t) = x0 + v0 t + at2
2
2 2
v = v0 + 2a(x − x0 )
where t1 = 0, t2 = t, x1 = x0 and x2 = x.
Chapter 3 - Motion
Objects near the surface of Earth accelerate Position, Displacement

and Distance
toward the Earth with an acceleration of g = 9.8 Average Velocity and
Speed
m/s2 (ignoring air resistance).
and Speed
Acceleration
Chapter 3 - Motion
and Distance
Lecture Question 3.4 Average Velocity and
Speed
An explorer accidentally drops a wrench over the side of her
and Speed
hot air balloon as it rises from the ground. The balloon’s
Acceleration
upward acceleration is +4 m/s2 with a a velocity of +2 m/s.
Just after the wrench is released,
(a) its acceleration is -5.4 m/s2 , its velocity is +2 m/s.
(b) its acceleration is -5.4 m/s2 , its velocity is 0 m/s.
(c) its acceleration is -9.8 m/s2 , its velocity is +2 m/s.
(d) its acceleration is +5.4 m/s2 , its velocity is 0 m/s.
(e) its acceleration is 5.4 m/s2 , its velocity is -2 m/s.

CH 3

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CH 3

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Chapter 3 - Motion

Chapter 3 - Motion Along a Straight Line Along a Straight Line

Average Velocity and

Average Velocity and

Position is the coordinate x(t) of the object in question.

Average Velocity and

Average Velocity and

What is the displacement from time t1 = 0 to t2 = 4?

Is distance ever less than displacement?

Average Velocity and

I Position is a function: x(t)

Average Velocity vavg is the displacement divided Position, Displacement

Find the average velocity: Position, Displacement

Average Velocity and

Find the average velocity: Position, Displacement

Average Velocity and

time interval. Average Velocity and

time interval. Average Velocity and

How does savg compare to vavg ?

Average Velocity and

out of gas. You walk another 2.0 km in 30 minutes. What is Acceleration

your overall displacement during this time?

Average Velocity and

Average Velocity and

Instantaneous velocity v is the average velocity Position, Displacement

Instantaneous velocity v is the average velocity Position, Displacement

Like average velocity, instantaneous velocity v has Position, Displacement

a “direction” and can be negative. Average Velocity and

Like average velocity, instantaneous velocity v has Position, Displacement

a “direction” and can be negative. Average Velocity and

Instantaneous velocity is the slope of this curve at each

Instantaneous speed s is the average speed Position, Displacement

Instantaneous speed s is the average speed Position, Displacement

The magnitude of s is equal to the magnitude of v since

Colonel J. P. Stapp in a rocket sled.

Instantaneous acceleration a is the average Position, Displacement

acceleration during an infinitely short time period. Average Velocity and

Instantaneous acceleration a is the average Position, Displacement

acceleration during an infinitely short time period. Average Velocity and

Instantaneous acceleration a is the average Position, Displacement

acceleration during an infinitely short time period. Average Velocity and

In many cases, a = constant. In this case, we Position, Displacement

In many cases, a = constant. In this case, we Position, Displacement

In many cases, a = constant. In this case, we Position, Displacement

To replace vavg , consider:

In many cases, a = constant. In this case, we Position, Displacement

To replace vavg , consider:

In many cases, a = constant. In this case, we Position, Displacement

In many cases, a = constant. In this case, we Position, Displacement

Finally, if we eliminate ∆t by combining Eqs. (1) and (2),

In many cases, a = constant. In this case, we Position, Displacement

Finally, if we eliminate ∆t by combining Eqs. (1) and (2),

In many cases, a = constant. In this case, we Position, Displacement

Finally, if we eliminate ∆t by combining Eqs. (1) and (2),

v22 = v21 + 2a(x2 − x1 ) (3)

Average Velocity and

Average Velocity and

Objects near the surface of Earth accelerate Position, Displacement

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