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Chapter 2 - Vectors
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Geometrically
Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
David J. Starling
Penn State Hazleton
PHYS 211
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Vectors vs. Scalars
Vectors vs. Scalars
A vector is a quantity that indicates both Adding Vectors
Geometrically
magnitude and direction.
Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Vectors vs. Scalars
Vectors vs. Scalars
A vector is a quantity that indicates both Adding Vectors
Geometrically
magnitude and direction.
Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Vectors vs. Scalars
Vectors vs. Scalars
A scalar is a quantity that indicates only Adding Vectors
Geometrically
magnitude. Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Vectors vs. Scalars
Vectors vs. Scalars
We represent a vector as an arrow with a direction Adding Vectors
Geometrically
and a length (magnitude).
Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
Adding Vectors
give the sum ~s = ~a + ~b. Geometrically
Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors Geometrically
Vectors ~a and ~b can be added geometrically to Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
give the sum ~s = ~a + ~b. Geometrically
Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
Adding Vectors
give the sum ~s = ~a + ~b. Geometrically
Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
|~s| = s
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors Geometrically
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Geometrically
(a) Commutative: ~a + ~b = ~b + ~a
(b) Associative: (~a + ~b) + ~c = ~a + (~b + ~c)
(c) Additive inverse exists: ~a + (−~a) = ~0
(d) Subtraction: ~a − ~b = ~a + (−~b) = ~c
(e) Distributive: m × (~a + ~b) = m~a + m~b
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors Geometrically
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Lecture Question 2.1 Geometrically
You are standing in a soccer field. If you walk 10 m north, Adding Vectors by
Components
and then 3 m east, you arrive at point B. However, if you Multiplying Vectors
had walked 3 m east, and then 10 m north, you’d still arrive
at point B. Which vector property does this demonstrate?
(a) Commutative
(b) Associative
(c) Additive inverse
(d) Subtraction
(e) Distributive
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors by Components
Vectors vs. Scalars
The component of a vector is the projection of the Adding Vectors
Geometrically
vector onto that axis. Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors by Components
Vectors vs. Scalars
The component of a vector is the projection of the Adding Vectors
Geometrically
vector onto that axis. Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
Adding Vectors
points in a different quadrant. Geometrically
Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors by Components
The same equations apply, even if the vector Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
points in a different quadrant. Geometrically
Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
q by
b= b2x + b2y and tan(θ) =
bx
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors by Components
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Geometrically
All unit vectors have length/magnitude equal to
Adding Vectors by
one. They are written with a hat: â. Components
Multiplying Vectors
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors by Components
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Geometrically
All unit vectors have length/magnitude equal to
Adding Vectors by
one. They are written with a hat: â. Components
Multiplying Vectors
Adding Vectors
Vectors can be written in terms of their Geometrically
Adding Vectors by
components and unit vectors. Components
Multiplying Vectors
~a = ax î + ay ĵ
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors by Components
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Vectors can be written in terms of their Geometrically
Adding Vectors by
components and unit vectors. Components
Multiplying Vectors
~a = ax î + ay ĵ
Adding Vectors
Geometrically
Adding two vectors can be done component by Adding Vectors by
Components
component.
Multiplying Vectors
~s = ~a + ~b
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors by Components
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Geometrically
Adding two vectors can be done component by Adding Vectors by
Components
component.
Multiplying Vectors
~s = ~a + ~b
sx = ax + bx
sy = ay + by
sz = az + bz
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors by Components
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Geometrically
Adding two vectors can be done component by Adding Vectors by
Components
component.
Multiplying Vectors
~s = ~a + ~b
sx = ax + bx
sy = ay + by
sz = az + bz
~s = sx î + sy ĵ + sz k̂
= (ax + bx )î + (ay + by )ĵ + (az + bz )k̂
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors by Components
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Geometrically
Subtracting two vectors is just like adding the Adding Vectors by
Components
negative of a vector.
Multiplying Vectors
~d = ~a − ~b
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors by Components
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Geometrically
Subtracting two vectors is just like adding the Adding Vectors by
Components
negative of a vector.
Multiplying Vectors
~d = ~a − ~b
dx = ax − bx
dy = ay − by
dz = az − bz
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors by Components
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Geometrically
Subtracting two vectors is just like adding the Adding Vectors by
Components
negative of a vector.
Multiplying Vectors
~d = ~a − ~b
dx = ax − bx
dy = ay − by
dz = az − bz
~d = dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂
= (ax − bx )î + (ay − by )ĵ + (az − bz )k̂
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Adding Vectors by Components
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Geometrically
The choice of axes is arbitrary. For any problem,
Adding Vectors by
you can choose the axes as you see fit. Components
Multiplying Vectors
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
Vectors vs. Scalars
1. A vector can be scaled (made larger or Adding Vectors
Geometrically
smaller) by a scalar: Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
~B = c~A
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
Vectors vs. Scalars
1. A vector can be scaled (made larger or Adding Vectors
Geometrically
smaller) by a scalar: Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
~B = c~A
Multiplying Vectors
~B = c~A
Multiplying Vectors
~B = c~A
Multiplying Vectors
~a · ~b = ab cos(φ)
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
Vectors vs. Scalars
2. The scalar product is the multiplication of two Adding Vectors
Geometrically
vectors that results in a scalar. Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
~a · ~b = ab cos(φ)
Note: ~a · ~b = ~b · ~a (commutative)
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
The scalar product tells us how much two vectors Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
are parallel. Geometrically
Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
The scalar product tells us how much two vectors Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
are parallel. Geometrically
Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
I By components: ~a · ~b = ax bx + ay by + az bz
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
The scalar product tells us how much two vectors Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
are parallel. Geometrically
Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
I By components: ~a · ~b = ax bx + ay by + az bz
î · î = ĵ · ĵ = k̂ · k̂ = 1
î · ĵ = ĵ · k̂ = k̂ · î = 0
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
Vectors vs. Scalars
3. The vector product is the multiplication of two Adding Vectors
Geometrically
vectors that results in another vector. Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
Vectors vs. Scalars
3. The vector product is the multiplication of two Adding Vectors
Geometrically
vectors that results in another vector. Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
~c = ~a × ~b
c = ab sin(φ)
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
Vectors vs. Scalars
3. The vector product is the multiplication of two Adding Vectors
Geometrically
vectors that results in another vector. Adding Vectors by
Components
Multiplying Vectors
~c = ~a × ~b
c = ab sin(φ)
Adding Vectors
vectors are. The new vector’s direction is given by Geometrically
Multiplying Vectors
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
The vector product tells us how perpendicular two Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
vectors are. The new vector’s direction is given by Geometrically
Multiplying Vectors
Adding Vectors
vectors are. The new vector’s direction is given by Geometrically
Multiplying Vectors
î × î = ĵ × ĵ = k̂ × k̂ = 0
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
The vector product tells us how perpendicular two Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
vectors are. The new vector’s direction is given by Geometrically
Multiplying Vectors
î × î = ĵ × ĵ = k̂ × k̂ = 0
î × ĵ = k̂ ĵ × k̂ = î k̂ × î = ĵ
Chapter 2 - Vectors
Multiplying Vectors
Vectors vs. Scalars
Adding Vectors
Geometrically
(a) zero
(b) −0.9
(c) 1.1î − 2.0ĵ
(d) 3.1
(e) 0.1î + 1.0ĵ