STANDARD

ISA–37.5–1982 (R1995)
Formerly ISA–S37.5–1982 (R1995)

Specifications and Tests

for Strain Gage Linear
Accelerator Transducers

NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT
This is a copyrighted document and may not be copied or distributed in any
form or manner without the permission of ISA. This copy of the document was
made for the sole use of the person to whom ISA provided it and is subject to
the restrictions stated in ISA’s license to that person. It may not be provided to
any other person in print, electronic, or any other form. Violations of ISA’s
copyright will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law and may result in
substantial civil and criminal penalties.

Reaffirmed 29 September 1995

TM

ISA–The Instrumentation,
Systems, and
Automation Society
ISA-37.5-1982 (R1995), Specifications and Tests for Strain Gage Linear Acceleration Transducers

ISBN 0-87664-379-9

Copyright  1982 by the Instrument Society of America. All rights reserved. Printed in the United
States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISA
67 Alexander Drive
P.O. Box 12277
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Preface

This preface, as well as all footnotes and annexes, is included for informational purposes and is
not part of ISA-37.5-1982 (R1995).
This standard has been prepared as a part of the service of ISA, the international society for
measurement and control, toward a goal of uniformity in the field of instrumentation. To be of real
value, this document should not be static, but should be subject to periodic review. Toward this
end, the Society welcomes all comments and criticisms, and asks that they be addressed to the
Secretary, Standards and Practices Board; ISA; 67 Alexander Drive; P.O. Box 12277; Research
Triangle Park, NC 27709; Telephone: (919) 549-8411; Fax: (919) 549-8288; E-mail:
standards@isa.org.
The ISA Standards and Practices Department is aware of the growing need for attention to the
metric system of units in general, and the International System of Units (SI) in particular, in the
preparation of instrumentation standards, recommended practices, and technical reports. The
Department is further aware of the benefits to USA users of ISA Standards of incorporating
suitable references to the SI (and the metric system) in their business and professional dealings
with other countries. Towards this end, this Department will endeavor to introduce SI-acceptable
metric units in all new and revised standards to the greatest extent possible. The Metric Practice
Guide, which has been published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers as
ANSI/IEEE Std. 268-1992, and future revisions, will be the reference guide for definitions,
symbols, abbreviations, and conversion factors.
It is the policy of ISA to encourage and welcome the participation of all concerned individuals and
interests in the development of ISA standards, recommended practices, and technical reports.
Participation in the ISA standards-making process by an individual in no way constitutes
endorsement by the employer of that individual, of ISA, or of any of the standards, recommended
practices, and technical reports that ISA develops.
This standard is intended as a guide for technical personnel at user facilities as well as by
manufacturers' technical and sales personnel whose duties include specifying, calibrating,
testing or showing performance characteristics of strain-gage linear accelerometers. By basing
users' specifications as well as technical advertising and reference literature on this standard, or
by referencing portions thereof, as applicable, a clear understanding of the users' needs or of the
transducers' performance capabilities, and of the methods used for evaluating or proving
performance, will be provided. Adhering to the specification outline, terminology and procedures
shown will not only result in simple, but also complete specifications; it will also reduce design
time, procurement lead time, and labor, as well as material costs. Of major importance will be
the reduction of qualification tests resulting from use of a commonly accepted test procedure and
uniform data presentation.
The development of this Standard was initiated as the result of a survey conducted in December
1960. A total of 240 questionnaires was sent out to transducer users and manufacturers. A
strong majority indicated in their replies a need for transducer standardization. As strain-gage
acceleration transducers were one of the types shown to be most in need of standardization, a
Subcommittee, 8A-RP37.5, was formed under the former Survey Committee on Transducers for
Aerospace Testing, 8A-RP37. Subcommittee 8A-RP37.5 became Standards Committee SP37.5
when the scope of the committee's work was broadened to include the applications of these
transducer types by all industries and sciences. To provide a coordinated document, this
committee was composed of representatives from government, user, and manufacturer

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 3
categories. This Standard was then processed over several mail-review and revision cycles until
a consensus of reviewers was reached, and it was published as ISA Standard in 1971. It was
approved as ANSI Standard MC 6.3-1975 in October 1975.
The assistance of those who aided in the preparation of this document by answering
questionnaires, offering suggestions, and in other ways, is gratefully acknowledged.

The following individuals served as members of the 1975 SP37.5 committee:

NAME COMPANY

L. L. Lathrop, Chairman (1965-71) Sandia Laboratories

R. M. Canzoneri, Secretary Bell and Howell
G. D. Goodrich Statham Instruments, Inc.
J. S. Hilten, Chairman (1971-) National Bureau of Standards
G. C. Machen—Deceased U.S. Naval Missile Center
E. D. Pettler Consultant
D. Shannon, Alternate Bell and Howell

The following individuals served on the ISA Committee SP37, who reaffirmed ISA-S37.5 in 1995:

NAME COMPANY

E. Icayan, Chairman Westinghouse Hanford Co.

J. Weiss Electric Power Research Inst.
P. Bliss Consultant
M. Brigham Washington Public Power Supply System
D. Hayes LA Dept. of Water & Power
M. Kopp Validyne Corp.
C. Landis Weed Fiber Optics
J. Miller Rosemount Inc.
A. Mobley 3M Co.
J. Mock Consultant
D. Norton McDermott Energy Svces Inc.
H. Norton Consultant
M. Tavares Boeing Defense & Space Group
R. Whittier Endevco
J. Wilson Consultant

This standard was reaffirmed by the ISA Standards and Practices Board on September 29, 1995.

NAME COMPANY

M. Widmeyer, Vice President Washington Public Power Supply System

H. Baumann H. D. Baumann & Associates, Inc.
D. Bishop Chevron USA Production Company
P. Brett Honeywell, Inc.
W. Calder III Foxboro Company
H. Dammeyer Phoenix Industries, Inc.

4 ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995)
NAME COMPANY

R. Dieck Pratt & Whitney

H. Hopkins Utility Products of Arizona
A. Iverson Lyondell Petrochemical Company
K. Lindner Endress + Hauser GmbH + Company
T. McAvinew Metro Wastewater Reclamation District
A. McCauley, Jr. Chagrin Valley Controls, Inc.
G. McFarland Honeywell Industrial Automation and Controls
J. Mock Consultant
E. Montgomery Fluor Daniel, Inc.
D. Rapley Rapley Engineering Services
R. Reimer Allen-Bradley Company
R. Webb Pacific Gas & Electric Company
W. Weidman Consultant
J. Weiss Electric Power Research Institute
J. Whetstone National Institute of Standards & Technology
C. Williams Eastman Kodak Company
G. Wood Graeme Wood Consulting
M. Zielinski Fisher-Rosemount

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 5
 Contents

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................ 9

2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................. 9

3 Uniform drawings and symbols ...................................................................................... 9

3.1 Drawing symbol .................................................................................................... 9
3.2 Outline drawings ................................................................................................. 10
3.3 Electrical connections ......................................................................................... 10

4 Specification characteristics ........................................................................................ 11

4.1 Design characteristics ......................................................................................... 11
4.2 Performance characteristics ............................................................................... 13
4.3 Additional terminology ......................................................................................... 17
4.4 Tabulated characteristics versus test requirements ............................................ 18

5 Individual acceptance tests and calibrations .............................................................. 19

5.1 Basic equipment necessary to perform individual acceptance tests and
calibrations of strain gage linear accelerometers ................................................ 19
5.2 Calibration and test procedures .......................................................................... 20

6 Qualification tests .......................................................................................................... 23

6.1 Initial performance tests ...................................................................................... 23
6.2 Warmup period ................................................................................................... 23
6.3 Output regulation ................................................................................................ 25
6.4 Dynamic characteristics ...................................................................................... 25
6.5 Steady state temperature effects ........................................................................ 25
6.6 Dynamic characteristics (high and low temperature) .......................................... 25
6.7 Transient thermal effects .................................................................................... 26
6.8 Proof transverse acceleration (static) ................................................................. 26
6.9 Proof transverse acceleration (vibrational) ......................................................... 26
6.10 Transverse sensitivity (static) .............................................................................. 26
6.11 (Optional) transverse sensitivity (compound static) ............................................ 26
6.12 Transverse sensitivity (vibrational) ...................................................................... 26
6.13 (Optional) transverse sensitivity (compound, vibrational) ................................... 27
6.14 Alignment ............................................................................................................ 27
6.15 Damping integrity ................................................................................................ 27
6.16 Acceleration overload ......................................................................................... 28
6.17 Stability ............................................................................................................... 28
6.18 Life test ............................................................................................................... 28
6.19 Storage life test ................................................................................................... 28
6.20 Effects of other environments ............................................................................. 28

Annex A — References ..................................................................................................... 31

Figures
1 — Acceptance test and calibration record, strain gage accelerometer.............................. 21
2 — Qualification test summary, strain gage accelerometer ................................................ 24
3— .................................................................................................. 29

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 7
1 Scope

1.1 This Standard covers uni-directional and bi-directional strain-gage linear acceleration trans-
ducers.

1.2 Included among the specific types of strain-gage linear acceleration transducers for which this
Standard is applicable, are the following:
Bonded, unbonded, deposited metallic, or semiconductor strain gages.

1.3 Terminology used is defined in either ISA-S37.1, Electrical Transducer Nomenclature and
Terminology or in 4.3, Additional Terminology, of this Standard. An asterisk appears after those
terms defined in ISA-S37.1; a double asterisk appears after those terms defined in this Standard.

2 Purpose

This Standard establishes the following for strain-gage linear acceleration transducers:
a) Uniform minimum specifications for design and performance characteristics
b) Uniform acceptance and qualification test methods, including calibration techniques
c) Uniform presentation of minimum test data
d) A drawing symbol for use in electrical schematics (see Note in Section 3)

3 Uniform drawings and symbols

3.1 Drawing symbol

The electrical diagram symbol for a linear strain-gage acceleration transducer is a square of
dimensions 2x by 2x, with an added equilateral triangle, the base of which is the left side of the
square. The triangle symbolizes the sensing element. The letter "a" in the triangle designates
linear (rectilinear) acceleration.
NOTE — Angular acceleration is designed by the Greek letter alpha (α).
The strain gage bridge is symbolized by a small square, with diagonals x by x, centered in the
large square. The diagonals of the small square are drawn perpendicular to the sides of the
large square. Lines from each apex of the small square projected to the right side of the large
square represent the electrical leads.

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 9
NOTE — This symbol is not ANSI approved at this time. It has been submitted to the ANSI Y32
Committee on Graphic Symbols for their consideration and approval.

3.2 Outline drawings

Orthogrographic projection outline drawings, with tolerances should include the following
information:
a) The outline dimensions
b) The location and size of the mounting holes
c) The identification and location of the electrical connections; where a commercial
connector is used, it and the mating connector should be identified

d) The location of the center of the seismic mass (using the following symbol, )

e) The direction and polarity of the sensitive axis (using the following symbol, + , to
indicate the direction in which the case must be accelerated to produce a positive
electrical output) (see 4.1.1.3, Identification, and 4.1.3.6, Polarity of Electrical Output).

3.3 Electrical connections

Whether the electrical termination is by means of a connector or a cable, the pin designations or
wire color code shall conform to the following transducer wiring standard promulgated by the
Western Regional Strain Gage Committee, as approved September 18, 1957, and revised May 6,
1960.

10 ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995)
 NOTES
1. The bridge elements shall be arranged so that functions producing positive electrical
output will cause increasing resistance in arms 1 and 3 of the bridge.
2. For shielded transducers, pins 5, 7, and 9 shall be shield terminals for 4, 6, and 8 wire
systems respectively.

4 Specification characteristics

4.1 Design characteristics

4.1.1 Basic mechanical design characteristics

4.1.1.1 Dimensions
Drawings giving dimensions (as well as other information) shall be provided as described in 3.2,
Outline Drawings. Dimensions shall be given in millimeters (inches).

4.1.1.2 Mass
The mass of the transducer shall be given in grams (ounces).

4.1.1.3 Identification
The following characteristics shall be permanently inscribed on the outside of the transducer
case or on a suitable nameplate permanently attached to the case:
a) Nomenclature of the transducer per ISA-S37.1, Electrical Transducer Nomenclature
and Terminology (see 3, Nomenclature).
b) Name of the manufacturer
c) Model or part number

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 11
 d) Serial number
e) Range
f) Excitation
g) Identification of electrical connections
h) Direction and polarity of the sensitive axis (see 3.2, Outline Drawings)
i) (Optional) Customer specification or part number
j) (Optional) Temperature range
k) (Optional) Input and output impedance
l) (Optional) Approximate sensitivity
m) (Optional) Marking "delicate instrument"

4.1.1.4 Temperature range

The following temperature ranges shall be listed in °Fahrenheit or °Celsius
a) The operating or compensated temperature range*
b) The usable temperature (if the accelerometer can be used beyond the compensated
temperature range)
c) The maximum (minimum) ambient temperature range* (storage temperature range)

4.1.2 Supplemental mechanical design characteristics

Listing of the following mechanical design characteristics is optional.

4.1.2.1 Type of strain gage

For example: metallic or semiconductor; bonded, unbonded, or diffused.

4.1.2.2 Location of strain gage

For example: strain gages attached to the cantilevers supporting the seismic mass; strain gages
attached between the seismic mass and the transducer case. Indicate method of attachment.

4.1.2.3 Number of active strain gage elements

For example: two-arm bridge; four-arm bridge.

4.1.2.4 Damping
Specify type of damping (pneumatic, magnetic, or fluid); also, if fluid damping is used, specify
type and characteristics of fluid.

4.1.2.5 Movement of the seismic mass with acceleration

Approximate displacement in millimeters (inches) of the seismic mass due to full scale
acceleration.

4.1.2.6 Mechanical stops

The location of the stops relative to the range of the transducer.

*Defined in ISA-S37.1

12 ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995)
4.1.3 Basic electrical design characteristics
These characteristics are applicable at 24 ± 3°C (75 ± 5°F).

4.1.3.1 Excitation*
Expressed as ____ volts (milliamperes) dc; or ____ volts (milliamperes) ac rms at ____ Hz.

4.1.3.2 Maximum excitation*

Expressed as ____ volts (milliamperes) dc; or ____ volts (milliamperes) ac rms at ____ Hz.

4.1.3.3 Input impedance*

Expressed as ____ ±____ ohms at ____ ± ____ Hz; or ____ ± ____ ohms (dc).

4.1.3.4 Output impedance*

Expressed as ____ ± ____ ohms at ____ ± ____Hz; or____ ± ____ ohms (dc).

4.1.3.5 Electrical connections

Electrical connections shall be made as described in 3.3, Electrical Connections.

4.1.3.6 Polarity of electrical output

A positive output is produced by applying a positive acceleration to the case of the
accelerometer. (See 3.2, Outline Drawings(5), and 3.3, Electrical Connections.)

4.1.3.7 Insulation resistance*

Expressed as ____ megohms, minimum, at ____ volts dc between all terminals in parallel and
the transducer case.

4.1.3.8 Shunt calibration resistor**

(Optional) Expressed as ___ ohms for___ % of full scale output.
NOTE — The circuit arrangement shall be defined.

4.1.3.9 Interference
The design characteristics incorporated in the accelerometer construction to minimize any radio
frequency interference or electromagnetic interference signals being induced into the transducer
or generated by the transducer by either conduction or radiation shall be described.

4.1.3.10 Load impedance*

Performance characteristics values apply only for load impedance values of ____ ohms,
minimum or ____ ± ____ ohms.

4.2 Performance characteristics

The pertinent performance characteristics of strain gage accelerometers should be tabulated in
the order shown. Unless otherwise specified they apply at 24 ± 3°C (75 ± 5°F); Relative
Humidity, 90% maximum; Barometric Pressure, 73 ± 7 cm Hg (29 ± 3 inches Hg).

*Defined in ISA-S37.1
**Defined in 4.3, Additional Terminology

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 13
4.2.1 Range*
Expressed as ± ____g or ____ g to ____ g.
NOTE — The standard g shall be considered to be 9.806650 meters/s2 (32.17405 ft/s2. The SI
unit of acceleration is the meter per second squared (m/s2).

4.2.2 Acceleration overload*

Expressed as ± ____ g or____ g to ____ g (see 4.2.1, Range).

4.2.3 End points*

Expressed as ____ ± ____mV and ____ ± ____mV at ____ volts (milliamperes) excitation.

4.2.4 Full-scale output*

Expressed as ____ ± ____ mV per volt (milliampere) excitation; or ____ ± ____mV at ____ volts
(milliamperes) excitation.
NOTE — At the specified load impedance.

4.2.5 Zero-measurand output*

Expressed as ____ ± ____ mV per volt (milliampere) excitation; or ____ ± ____ mV at ____volts
(milliamperes) excitation.
NOTE — At the specified load impedance.

4.2.6 Linearity*
Expressed as ____ linearity within ± ____% of full scale output.
NOTE — The type of linearity specified shall be one of the straight line types defined in ISA-S37.1;
namely, end point, independent, least squares, terminal, or theoretical slope.

4.2.7 Hysteresis*
Expressed as ____% of full scale output. Alternately 4.2.6 and 4.2.7 may be combined as 4.2.8.

4.2.8 Hysteresis and linearity*

Expressed as combined hysteresis and linearity within ± ____ % of full scale output.
NOTE — The type of linearity shall be stated (see 4.2.6, Linearity).

4.2.9 Repeatability*
Expressed as within ____% of full scale.

4.2.10 Stability*
Expressed as within ____% of full scale output over a period of ____ (hours, days, months).
Alternately 4.2.6, 4.2.7, 4.2.9, and 4.2.10 may be combined as 4.2.11.

4.2.11 Static error band*

Expressed as ± ____% of full scale output as referred to ____ line.
NOTE — See ISA-S37.1 for listing of reference lines. The calibration cycle(s) used to establish
this reference line shall be clearly identified. A least squares or end point line is preferred.

*Defined in ISA-S37.1

14 ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995)
4.2.12 Warmup period*
Expressed as ____minutes for subsequent sensitivity shift and zero shift not to exceed ____% of
full scale output, or for the static error band not to be exceeded.

4.2.13 Output regulations*

Expressed as sensitivity shift of ± ____% for a change in bridge excitation of ±10%; zero
balance (mV/V) variation of ± ____% full scale for a change in bridge excitation of ± 10%.

4.2.14 Frequency response*

Expressed as output within ± ____% of the output obtained in a static calibration or at a stated
reference frequency over a frequency range from ____ Hz to ____ Hz at a temperature of
± ____ °C(°F).

4.2.15 Natural frequency and damping ratio (alternate)*

The natural frequency and damping ratio shall be expressed as ____ ± ____ Hz and ____ ±
____ of critical damping respectively when the instrument temperature is ____ ± ____ °C(°F).
NOTE — At fn a phase shift of 90 degrees will be observed between the input acceleration and
the output signal.

4.2.16 Phase shift**

Expressed as phase shift linear within ± ____ degrees from zero Hz to ____ Hz.

4.2.17 Temperature error*

Expressed as temperature from ____ °C(°F) to ____ °C(°F) which will not cause a sensitivity
shift of more than ____% or zero shift of more than ____% of full scale output. Alternately the
following may be specified (4.2.18 and 4.2.19):

4.2.18 Thermal sensitivity shift for static acceleration*

Expressed as ____ % per ____ °C(°F) temperature change over a temperature range from
____ °C(°F) to ____ °C(°F).

4.2.19 Thermal zero shift for static acceleration*

Expressed as ____% of full scale output ____ °C(°F) temperature change over the temperature
range from ____ °C(°F) to ____ °C(°F). Alternately sections 4.2.17, 4.2.18, and 4.2.19 may be
specified by:

4.2.20 Temperature error band for static acceleration*

Expressed as output values are within ± ____% of full scale output from the straight line or curve
establishing the static error band, over temperature range from ____ °C(°F) to ____ °C(°F).

4.2.21 Temperature gradient error for static acceleration*

Expressed as less than ± ____% of full scale output while subjected to a step function
temperature change from ____ °C(°F) to ____ °C(°F), lasting for ____ minutes and applied to
____ (specify particular part of the transducer).

*Defined in ISA-S37.1
**Defined in 4.3, Additional Terminology

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 15
4.2.22 Proof transverse acceleration (static)**
Expressed as, shall withstand transverse static accelerations of ____ g.

4.2.23 Proof transverse acceleration (vibrational)**

Expressed as, shall withstand transverse vibrational acceleration of ____ g over a frequency
range of ____to ____ Hz.

4.2.24 Transverse sensitivity (static)*

Expressed as a maximum of ____% of the accelerometer sensitivity for a transverse acceleration
of ____ g.

4.2.25 Transverse sensitivity (compound, static)

(Optional) Expressed as a maximum of ____% of the accelerometer sensitivity for a transverse
acceleration component of ____ g and a sensitive axis acceleration component of____ g.

4.2.26 Transverse sensitivity (vibrational)

Expressed as a maximum of ____% of the accelerometer sensitivity for a transverse vibrational
acceleration of ____ g and covering a frequency range of ____Hz to ____Hz.

4.2.27 Transverse sensitivity (compound, vibrational)

(Optional) Expressed as a maximum of ____% of the accelerometer sensitivity for a transverse
acceleration component of ____ g and a sensitive axis acceleration component of____ g and
covering a frequency range of ____Hz to ____Hz.

4.2.28 Alignment of the sensitive axis

Expressed as within ± ____ degrees as referenced to the mounting surface.

4.2.29 Damping integrity**

(Optional) Expressed as no error in the predicted output greater than ____% of full scale output
(or Response Ratio) due to changes in accelerometer attitude (position relative to the field of
gravity).

4.2.30 Storage life

Expressed as ____ months (years) without changing performance characteristics beyond
specified tolerances.
NOTE — Environmental storage conditions shall be described in detail.

4.2.31 Life, cycling*

Expressed as _____ full range cycles over which the transducer shall operate without change in
characteristics beyond their specified tolerances.

*Defined in ISA-S37.1
**Defined in 4.3, Additional Terminology

16 ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995)
4.2.32 Other conditions
Other pertinent conditions which shall not change transducer performance beyond specified
limits should be listed. Examples are:

Humidity High Level Acoustic Excitation

Salt Atmosphere Explosive Atmosphere
Nuclear Radiation Magnetic Fields
Shock Sand and Dust
Over Range Total Immersion
Fungus Resistance (and in what medium)
Ambient Pressure Solar (or other) Heat Radiation
(Altitude)

4.3 Additional terminology

4.3.1 phase shift: The phase angle by which the output of a transducer lags a sinusoidal varying
measurand.
NOTE — Expressed as a fraction of a cycle of the frequency, usually in degrees, or radians.

4.3.2 shunt calibration resistor: A shunt resistor which, when placed across specified points of
the electrical circuit of the transducer, will electrically simulate a specified percentage of the full
scale output of the transducer at room conditions.

4.3.3 damping integrity: The ability of the accelerometer to produce a predicted output, with no
transients, during or after changes in the attitude of the transducer, due to bubbles, contamination,
etc.

4.3.4 proof transverse acceleration (static): The maximum transverse static acceleration that
can be applied without causing permanent degradation in performance beyond specified tolerance.

4.3.5 proof transverse acceleration (vibrational): The maximum transverse dynamic acceler-
ation(s) over a specified frequency range(s) that can be applied without causing permanent deg-
radation in performance beyond specified tolerances.

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 17
4.4 Tabulated characteristics versus test requirements
This table is intended for use as a quick reference for design and performance characteristics
and test of their proper verification as contained in this standard.

Optional Verified During

Characteristic Paragraph Basic Design Design Acceptance Qualification
Characteristics Charateristics Test Test
Dimensions 4.1.1.1 x 5.2.1
Weight 4.1.1.2 x No Test
Identification 4.1.1.3 x 5.2.1
Temperature Range 4.1.1.4 x No Test
Type of Strain Gage 4.1.2.1 x No Test
Location of Strain Gage 4.1.2.2 x No Test
Number of Active Strain Gage Elements 4.1.2.3 x No Test
Damping Fluid 4.1.2.4 x No Test
Movement of the Seismic Mass with 4.1.2.5 x No Test
Acceleration
Mechanical Stops 4.1.2.6 x No Test
Excitation 4.1.3.1 x No Test
Maximum Excitation 4.1.3.2 x No Test
Input Impedance 4.1.3.3 x 5.2.2
Output Impedance 4.1.3.4 x 5.2.2
Electrical Connection 4.1.3.5 x 5.2.1
Polarity of Electrical Output 4.1.3.6 x 5.2.4, 5.2.5
Insulation Resistance 4.1.3.7 x 5.2.3
Shunt Calibration Resistor 4.1.3.8 x No Test
Interference 4.1.3.9 x No Test
Load Impedance 4.1.3.10 x No Test
Range 4.2.1 x 5.2.4, 5.2.5
Acceleration Overload 4.2.2 x 6.16
End Points 4.2.3 x 5.2.4, 5.2.5
Full Scale Output 4.2.4 x 5.2.4, 5.2.5
Zero Measurand 4.2.5 x 5.2.4, 5.2.5
Linearity 4.2.6 x 5.2.4, 5.2.5
Hysteresis 4.2.7 x 5.2.4, 5.2.5
Hysteresis and Linearity 4.2.8 x 5.2.4, 5.2.5
Repeatability 4.2.9 x 5.2.4, 5.2.5
Stability 4.2.10 x 5.2.4, 5.2.5 6.17
Static Error Band 4.2.11 x 5.2.4, 5.2.5
Warmup Period 4.2.12 x 6.2
Output Regulation 4.2.13 x 6.3
Frequency Response 4.2.14 x 6.4
Natural Frequency and Damping Ratio (alt.) 4.2.15 x 6.4
Phase Shift 4.2.16 x 6.4
Temperature Error 4.2.17 x 6.5
Thermal Sensitivity Shift 4.2.18 x 6.5
Thermal Zero Shift 4.2.19 x 6.5
Temperature Error Band 4.2.20 x 6.5
Temperature Gradient Error 4.2.21 x 6.7
Proof Transverse Acceleraton (Static) 4.2.22 x 6.8
Proof Transverse Acceleration (Vibrational) 4.2.23 x 6.9
Transverse Sensitivity (Static) 4.2.24 x 6.10
Transverse Sensitivity (Compund Static) 4.2.25 x 6.11
(Optional)
Transverse Sensitivity (Vibrational) 4.2.26 x 6.12
Transverse Sensitivity (Compound 4.2.27 x 6.13
Vibrational)
Alignment of the Sensitive Axis 4.2.28 x 6.14
Damping Integrity 4.2.29 x 6.15
Storage Life 4.2.30 x 6.19
Life Cycling 4.2.31 x 6.18
Other Conditions 4.2.32 x No Test 6.20

18 ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995)
5 Individual acceptance tests and calibrations

5.1 Basic equipment necessary to perform individual acceptance tests and

calibrations of strain gage linear accelerometers
The basic equipment for acceptance tests and calibration consists of a source of acceleration, a
monitored source of electrical excitation and a device which measures the electrical output of the
transducer. The cumulative errors and uncertainties of the measuring system comprising these
components should be less than 1/10, where feasible, of the permissible tolerance of the
transducer performance characteristic under evaluation. The traceability to the national
standards for this measuring system should be well known.

5.1.1 Source of acceleration

The range of the instrument supplying or monitoring the calibration acceleration should be
selected to provide the necessary accuracy to 125% of the full scale range of the transducer.
The source of calibration signal may be either continuously variable over the range of the
instrument or provided in discrete steps. The steps must be programmed in such a manner that
the transition from one value of acceleration to the next value of acceleration is accomplished
without overshoot. Typical accelerometer calibrating devices are as follows.

5.1.1.1 Earth's field static calibrator

Range 0 g to ± 1 g.
Accuracy*

5.1.1.2 Centrifuge static calibrator

Typical Range, 0.1 g to 1000 g.
Accuracy*

5.1.1.3 Electromagnetic shaker calibrator

Typical Range, up to 100 g (except as limited by displacement, velocity, and table weight), 5 Hz
to 10,000 Hz, 1.3 cm (0.5 inch) double amplitude.
Accuracy*

5.1.2 Stable source of excitation

Commonly used sources are primary and secondary batteries, such as dry cells, and storage
batteries or line-powered, electronically regulated power supplies.

5.1.3 Read-out instrument

Examples of suitable devices are as follows.

*Conservative, obtainable accuracies of the applied calibration acceleration are shown below; they are
taken for illustrative purposes from the NBS Miscellaneous Publication #250, 1965, entitled "Calibra-
tion and Test Services." Static calibration in the earth's field, error no greater than 0.001 g. Static cali-
bration on a centrifuge, error no greater than 0.2% of the applied acceleration. Dynamic calibration on
an electromagnetic shaker, error no greater than 1% of the applied acceleration.

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 19
5.1.3.1 Manually balanced potentiometer
Typical range: 0 to 11 mV, ± (0.008% ± 0.5 µV) limit of error; 0 to 111 mV, ± (0.006% ± 1 µV) limit
of error; 0 to 1.111 V ± (0.004% ± 10 µV) limit of error; 0 to 11.110 V, ± (0.006% ± 100 µV) limit
of error.

5.1.3.2 Self balancing potentiometer

Typical Range, 0 to 6 mV, limit of error ± 0.3%; 0 to 100 mV, limit of error ± 0.3%

5.1.3.3 Digital electronic voltmeter

Typical ranges, ± 10 mV ± 0.01% of the reading and ± 0.01% full scale; ± 100 mV or ± 1000 mV,
± 0.02% of the reading and ± 0.002% full scale.
NOTE — The input impedance of the readout instrument should be as high as possible and shall
be in compliance with the load impedance specified for the transducer.

5.2 Calibration and test procedures

Results obtained during the calibration and test procedures should be reported on data sheets
similar to the sample data sheet, Figure 1. These procedures shall be performed at 24 ± 3°C
(75 ± 5°F) unless otherwise indicated.

5.2.1 Visual inspection

The transducer shall be inspected visually for mechanical defects, poor finish, improper
dimensions and improper identification markings. The electrical connector shall also be
inspected.

5.2.2 Impedance measurement

A Wheatstone bridge (or other type bridge) shall be used to measure the input and output
impedances of the instrument. See 4.1.3.3 and 4.1.3.4.

5.2.3 Insulation resistance

Measure the insulation resistance between all transduction element terminals (or leads)
connected in parallel and the case (and ground pin) of the transducer with a megohmmeter or
similar acceptable device, using a potential of 50 volts dc, unless otherwise specified.

5.2.4 Earth's field static calibration

The transducer shall be attached to an earth's field static calibrator. The excitation source and
readout instrument shall be connected to the transducer and turned on. Adequate warmup time
for the test equipment and instrument shall be allowed before tests are conducted.
NOTE — The earth's field calibration may be waived if the range of the instrument is so high that
the ± 1 g calibration will not yield useful information. Two or more calibration cycles shall
be run consecutively. If the range of the instrument is greater than ± 1 g the calibration
cycle shall consist of at least the ± 1 g, 0 g, and –1 g points; if the range of the instruments
is ± 1 g or less, the calibration cycle shall consist of a minimum of nine equally spaced
data points. This calibration cycle shall include both ascending and descending direc-
tions, and, in the case of bi-directional accelerometers, both positive and negative ac-
celerations. For example, a ±1 g instrument would be tested at the following points: 1 g,
0.5 g, 0 g, –0.5 g, –1 g, –0.5 g, 0 g, 0.5 g, and 1 g. (See Lederer and Hilten reference.)

20 ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995)
 Figure 1 — Acceptance test and calibration record, strain gage accelerometer

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 21
5.2.5 Static calibration on the centrifuge

5.2.5.1 Incremental
The transducer shall then be attached to a centrifuge; the excitation source and readout
instrument shall be connected to the transducer and turned on. Adequate warmup time for the
test equipment and instrument shall be allowed before tests are conducted.
NOTE — The centrifuge calibration may be waived if the range of the instrument is ± 1 g or less.
Two or more complete calibration cycles shall be run on the instrument in the centrifuge. A
complete calibration shall include both ascending and descending directions and in the case of
bi-directional accelerometers, both positive and negative accelerations. It will include a minimum
of nine equally spaced points. For example, a ± 4 g instrument would be tested at the following
points: 0 g, 2 g, 4 g, 2 g, 0 g, (and then reversing the instrument on the centrifuge) –2 g, –4 g,
–2 g, and 0 g. The interruption of the calibration for reversing the instrument on the centrifuge
should require a minimum of time.

5.2.5.2 Continuous comparison (alternate)

The transducer under test is mounted on the centrifuge, as is a high precision reference
accelerometer having a well established low error. Both instruments are carefully positioned so
as to sense the same value of acceleration. The electrical outputs of both instruments are added
in opposition, using attenuation where necessary, so that the net signal represents the deviation
of the test accelerometer from that of the reference accelerometer. This signal is fed into the y-
axis circuit of an x-y recorder and the full output of the reference accelerometer is fed into the x-
axis circuit of the recorder.
By increasing the applied acceleration from zero to full scale and then decreasing it to zero again,
a complete plot of test accelerometer response deviation versus applied acceleration is obtained.
For bi-directional accelerometers, the test instrument must be tested with reversed mounting
position.
The rate of application of acceleration may affect the shape of the plotted characteristic; the rate
should not exceed the time response capabilities of reference accelerometer, test accelerometer,
or recorder.
This method may also be used in conjunction with the earth's field static calibration. This
technique is rapid as well as valuable for uncovering the presence of such defects as air bubbles,
foreign particles, obstructions, etc., but its validity relies entirely on the complete knowledge of
the performance characteristics of the reference accelerometer and its continued stability (see
Finley reference).

5.2.6 (Optional) dynamic calibration

The transducer shall be mounted on the moving table of an electromagnetic or similar shaker.
The excitation source and readout instrument shall be connected to the transducer and turned
on. Provision shall be made for determining the phase of the acceleration input (an electronic
phase meter may be used). Adequate warmup time for the test equipment and instrument shall
be allowed before tests are conducted. A minimum of ten frequency points, approximately
equally spaced, shall be selected covering a frequency range extending to a frequency 1 1/2
times the estimated natural frequency of the instrument. The transducer shall then be calibrated
at each of the above frequencies at an acceleration level close to but not in excess of the
maximum range of the instrument (care must be taken when approaching the natural frequency
of high g instruments). Calibration data for the phase shift of the transducer can be taken at the
same time. See Figure 3.

22 ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995)
 NOTES
1. The low frequency amplitude capability of the shaker may require some of the initial
points in the ten point frequency response curve described above to be taken at a
reduced input.
2. Also see 4.3.3.

5.2.7 (Optional) temperature effects

The transducer shall be calibrated in the earth's field or on the centrifuge at a minimum of three
different temperatures [including 24 ± 3°C (75 ± 5°F)] covering the operating temperature range
of the instrument. These calibrations shall be carried out as described in 5.2.4 or 5.2.5 except
that only one calibration cycle shall be run. Care shall be taken to stabilize the instrument
temperature at each selected calibration temperature. See Figure 3.

6 Qualification tests

Qualification tests shall be summarized using a test form similar to that in Section 9. The
sequence of the tests must be conducted in a logical order. For example, a shock acceleration
may permanently distort the seismic mass suspension changing the initial alignment so the
alignment test may need to be performed before and after the shock acceleration tests.
Qualification tests are to be performed on a number of representative samples to measure a
transducer's performance characteristics against the values of the specification. These particular
characteristics are, in general, those which are a function of basic transducer design and are not
expected to vary significantly from unit to unit. However, as particular application requirements
dictate, it may be deemed prudent to include certain of these tests in the acceptance tests.

6.1 Initial performance tests

The tests of Section 5 shall be conducted to establish a reference performance; in addition, a
calibration cycle shall be performed between and after the individual qualification tests and the
results compared to the reference performance and the specifications.

6.2 Warmup period

The zero balance shall be measured repeatedly over a period of at least one hour starting with
the application of excitation voltage.
In a separate test the sensitivity shall be determined repeatedly over a period of at least one hour
starting with the application of excitation voltage using either the earth's field or the centrifuge as
an acceleration source.

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 23
24
Date Tests Started ___________________________
Date Tests Started ___________________________
Report No. ____________________________ Test Facility _______________________________ Test Type __________________________________
Vendor ________________________________ Vendor Part No. _______________________________ Serial No. __________________________________
Range ________________________________ P.O. No. ___________________________________ Part No. ___________________________________

SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Tested to Check Type of Failure Error
Proc. No. S37.5
Para. Error Band
Test No. Check if See
Test Waived by Acceptable Error Electr. Mechan. comments +%FSO –%FSO
1. Visual Inspection 5.2.1
2. Impedance Measurement 5.2.2
3. Insulation Resistance 5.2.3
4. Static Calibration (1 g) 5.2.4
5. Static Calibraion (>1 g) 5.2.5
6. Dynamic Calibration (Optional) 5.2.6
7. Temperature Effects (Optional) 5.2.7
8. Warmup Period 6.2
9. Output Regulation 6.3
10. Dynamic Characteristics 6.4
11. Steady State Temperature Effects 6.5
12. Dynamic Characterisitcs (High and Low Temp.) 6.6
13. Transient Thermal Effects 6.7
14. Proof Transverse Acceleration (Static) 6.8
15. Proof Transverse Acceleration (Vibrational) 6.9
16. Transverse Sensitivity (Static) 6.10
17. Transvers Sensitivity (Compound, Static) 6.11
18. Transvers Sensitivity (Vibrational) 6.12
19. Transvers Sensitivity (Compound, Vibrational) 6.13
20. Alignment 6.14
21. Damping Integrity 6.15
22. Acceleration Overload 6.16
23. Stability 6.17

Figure 2 — Qualification test summary strain gage accelerometer

24. Life Test 6.18
25. Storage Life Test 6.19

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995)
 NOTES
1. It is desirable to determine the warmup characteristics of the zero balance separately
from the sensitivity as this permits the series of zero measurements to be made
without disturbing the accelerometer.
2. In all tests, the equipment will have been previously warmed up.

6.3 Output regulation

Perform one static calibration cycle at 90%, 100%, and 110% of the rated excitation. Compare
the values of full scale output, zero balance, linearity, and hysteresis to those of the specifications
and of the initial acceptance tests.
NOTE — The 110% test above shall not be performed if it exceeds the maximum allowable exci-
tation.

6.4 Dynamic characteristics

The transducer shall be attached to a shaker. The excitation source and readout instrument shall
be connected to the transducer and turned on. Provision shall be made for determining the
phase of the accelerometer output with reference to the acceleration input. An electronic phase
meter may be used. Adequate warmup time for the test equipment and instrument shall be
allowed before tests are conducted. Frequency points shall be selected covering a frequency
range extending to a frequency 1 1/2 times the estimated natural frequency of the transducer.
These calibration points shall include at least the following (frequencies are listed as a
percentage of the natural frequency): 5, 10 (these points to tie in with the static calibration), 20,
30, 40, 50, 60 (these points to cover the maximum flat region), 70, 80, 90, 100, 125, 150% (these
points to establish damping and natural frequency). Calibrations shall be made at a minimum of
two values of amplitude (typically 50% of full scale and 100% of full scale). The transducer
phase shift shall be determined at enough of the above listed frequencies to determine the phase
linearity of the instrument and the point of 90 degree phase shift.
NOTES
1. Depending on the range of the instrument, the capability of the shaker may not permit
calibration of some of the values cited above.
2. The frequency response of the transducer is commonly very temperature dependent.
See 6.6.
3. See 6.15.

6.5 Steady state temperature effects

A minimum of six calibrations utilizing the earth's field or centrifuge shall be performed on the
transducer (as described in 5.2.4 or 5.2.5 except that only one calibration cycle shall be run).
This series of calibrations shall begin and end with a calibration at 24 ± 3°C (75 ± 5°F) the
remaining four, or more calibrations shall cover the operating temperature range of the
accelerometer. Care should be taken to assure that the transducer is at a stabilized temperature.

6.6 Dynamic characteristics (high and low temperature)

The transducer shall be calibrated as described in 5.2.6 and at the maximum and minimum
temperatures of interest. Care should be taken that the transducer is fully stabilized at each test
temperature.

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 25
6.7 Transient thermal effects
6.7.1 Zero
With the transducer mounted to provide a zero g input, the transducer shall be brought rapidly to
a selected high or low temperature. The temperature and accelerometer output shall be
continually recorded during this transient. Heating or cooling can be accomplished by conduction
through the base, by directing heated or cooled air on the instrument, by placing the instrument
into a temperature controlled test chamber, or by other means.

6.7.2 Sensitivity
The test of 6.7.1 shall be repeated except that the earth's field or the centrifuge shall be used as
an acceleration source.

6.8 Proof transverse acceleration (static)

The specified maximum static transverse acceleration is applied in each of two orthogonal
transverse axes.

6.9 Proof transverse acceleration (vibrational)

The specified maximum transverse vibrational acceleration is imposed in each of two orthogonal
transverse axes over the specified frequency range.

6.10 Transverse sensitivity (static)

Mount the accelerometer with its sensitive axis perpendicular to the centrifuge table. Apply the
specified transverse static acceleration; keeping the location of the center of gravity of the
seismic mass constant, rotate the accelerometer about its sensitive axis and take data for
enough additional points to determine an approximate maximum accelerometer transverse
response. Repeat the above tests with the sensitive axis parallel to the centrifuge table and
perpendicular to the acceleration that will be applied by the centrifuge.
NOTE — For these tests, the sensitive axis is considered to be perpendicular (or parallel) to the
accelerometer mounting surface.

6.11 (Optional) transverse sensitivity (compound static)

Mount the accelerometer on the centrifuge table with the sensitive axis of the accelerometer
parallel to the centrifuge table and at a known angle with that table radius that intersects the
center of gravity of the seismic mass. Apply the specified transverse static acceleration; keeping
the location of the center of gravity of the seismic mass constant, rotate the accelerometer about
its sensitivity axis and take data for enough additional points to determine an approximate
maximum accelerometer transverse response.
NOTE — The transverse response is determined by subtracting the computed output resulting
from the sensitive axis acceleration component from the total accelerometer output. For
these tests, the sensitive axis is considered to be perpendicular (or parallel) to the ac-
celerometer mounting surface.

6.12 Transverse sensitivity (vibrational)

Mount the accelerometer with its sensitive axis perpendicular to the shaker motion. Apply the
specified transverse vibrational acceleration over the specified frequency range; rotate the
accelerometer about its sensitive axis; and take enough additional points to determine the
approximate maximum accelerometer transverse response.

26 ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995)
 NOTES
1. For these tests, the sensitive axis is considered to be perpendicular (or parallel) to
the accelerometer mounting surface.
2. The suspension design of some shakers creates a transverse component; care should
be taken to mount the accelerometer so that its sensitive axis is perpendicular to this
motion.
3. For a method of improved accuracy, see Finley reference.

6.13 (Optional) transverse sensitivity (compound, vibrational)

Mount the accelerometer with its sensitivity axis at a known angle to the motion that will be
applied by the shaker. Apply the specified vibrational acceleration over the specified frequency
range; rotate the accelerometer about its sensitive axis; and take additional points to determine
the approximate maximum accelerometer response.
NOTES
1. For these tests, the sensitive axis is considered to be perpendicular (or parallel) to
the accelerometer mounting surface. The suspension design of some shakers
creates a transverse component; care should be taken to mount the accelerometer
so that its sensitive axis is perpendicular to this motion. The transverse response is
determined by subtracting the computed output resulting from the sensitive axis
acceleration component from the total accelerometer output.
2. For a method of improved accuracy, see Hilten reference.

6.14 Alignment
The accelerometer shall be mounted with its sensitive axis (as defined by the case and its
mounting surface) perpendicular to the direction of applied acceleration. The accelerometer is
then turned about its sensitive axis until the points of maximum output deviations are found.
These will be two points 180 degrees apart so that one-half the difference between these points
represents the value of output caused by the misalignment for the acceleration applied. From
this data, the magnitude and direction of the maximum misalignment can be determined.
NOTE — The source of acceleration can be the field of gravity or a centrifuge depending on the
range of the accelerometer.

6.15 Damping integrity

Record the dynamic response of the accelerometer at a frequency approximately of 0.7 the
natural frequency. Now quickly invert the accelerometer relative to the field of gravity on the
vibration calibrator and, without delay, record the response at the same frequency. A significant
change in response may indicate the presence of a gas bubble or foreign matter. Alternatively
perform a calibration cycle on a centrifuge or in the field of gravity, then quickly invert the
accelerometer and repeat the calibration.
NOTES
1. If the gas bubble problem is accentuated by the addition of an external vacuum
environment, it is an indication of a defective case seal.
2. Vacuum and/or temperature, combined with high vibration amplitudes that are within
the accelerometers normal measuring range may permit cavitation and a change in
frequency response even though no appreciable amount of gas is present in the
damping fluid. Although liquids are incompressible at the pressures involved, sealing

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 27
 diaphragms, expansion chambers, and the damping chamber walls sometimes allow
for an increase in volume permitting cavitation.

6.16 Acceleration overload

The specified overload acceleration is applied in the directions and magnitudes specified; the
performance during overload is monitored. Where the overload recovery time is required to be
short, this time is best measured with an oscilloscope after application of a shock acceleration
overload. A post overload calibration cycle is performed and compared to the specifications and
the initial acceptance tests.

6.17 Stability
Calibrations shall be performed at suitable intervals of time to determine the ability of the
accelerometer to reproduce the initial calibrations at room temperature. Of particular interest will
be the repeatability of full scale output; additional characteristics of interest will be zero balance,
linearity, hysteresis, and frequency response.

6.18 Life test

After applying a specified number of full range excursions of measurand, at least one complete
calibration cycle shall be performed to establish a minimum value of cycling life.

6.19 Storage life test

After storing the transducer under specified conditions for a specified period of time, one
complete calibration cycle shall be performed to establish minimum storage life.

6.20 Effects of other environments

Expose the transducer to other specified environmental conditions followed in each case by one
complete calibration cycle to test ability of the transducer to perform satisfactorily after such
exposure.

28 ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995)
ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995)

5.2.6 DYNAMIC CALIBRATION

Acceleration Input = ___________________________g (CONSTANT)

Frequency Output Phase Angle Degrees

Hz mV (Lag)

Temperature _________________________°C(°F)
Natural Frequency_______________________Hz
Damping Ratio _____________________Of Critical
Figure 3

5.2.7 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

Low Temperature Full Scale Output Temperature __________°C (°F)
Zero _________________________________________________________mV
+ FS + _______________________________________________________mV
– FS – _______________________________________________________mV
Room Temperature Full Scale Output Temperature __________°C (°F)
Zero _________________________________________________________mV
+ FS + _______________________________________________________mV
– FS – _______________________________________________________mV
Upper Temperature Full Scale Output Temperature __________°C (°F)
Zero _________________________________________________________mV
+ FS + _______________________________________________________mV
– FS – _______________________________________________________mV
29
Annex A — References

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)

ANSI S2.2-1959 Methods for the Calibration of Shock and Vibration Pickups
(Revised 1971)

ANSI S2.11-1969 Selection of Calibrations and Tests for Electrical Transducers

(Revised 1973) used for Measuring Shock and Vibration

Available from: ANSI

11 West 42nd Street
New York, NY 10036 Tel. (212) 642-4900

ISA
Finley, Tom D., A Comparison Method to Measure Accelerometer Transverse Sensitivity, NASA
Langley Research Center; ISA Preprint 69-666, October 27-30, 1969, ISA Annual Conference.
Ingebritsen, Otis C., Methods for Calibrating Motion Transducers at Low Frequencies (0 to
20 Hz), NASA, Langley Research Center; ISA Paper MI8-4-MESTIND-67; September 11-14,
1967 Meeting.

Available from: ISA

67 Alexander Drive
PO Box 12277
Research Triangle Park, NC 27707 Tel. (919) 990-9220

MISCELLANEOUS
Hilten, J.S., Accelerometer Calibration with the Earth's Field Dynamic Calibrator, National Bureau
of Standards Technical Note 517; March, 1970.
Hilten, J. S., and Lederer, P. S., Earth’s Field Static Calibrator for Accelerometers, National
Bureau of Standards Technical Note 269; February 1, 1966.
Instrument Notes, Statham Instruments, Inc. Numbers 2, 6, 7, 9, 12, 19, 23, 29, 32, and 33.
MIL-STD-810 Environmental Test Methods.
Transducer Wiring-Standard, Western Regional Strain Gage Committee, Los Angeles, California;
May 1, 1960.

ISA-S37.5-1982 (R1995) 31
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ISBN: 0-87664-379-9