Solar Panel

Solar panel
The Solar energy is a renewable source of energy which is abundantly

available, used for various purposes. A solar panel consists of multiple
solar cells built in series. Solar photovoltaic system or solar power system
is one of renewable energy system which uses PV modules to convert
sunlight into electricity. The electricity generated can be stored or used
directly, fed back into grid line or combined with one or more other
electricity generators or more renewable energy source. Solar PV system
is very reliable and clean source of electricity that can suit a wide range of
applications such as residence, industry, agriculture, livestock
Major system components

Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected
according to our system type and applications. The major components for
solar PV system are solar charge controller, inverter, battery bank,
auxiliary energy sources and loads (appliances).
PV module: Converts sunlight into DC electricity.
Solar charge controller regulates the voltage and current coming
from the PV panels going to battery and prevents battery
overcharging and prolongs the battery life.
Inverter 􀳦 converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine into a
clean AC current for AC appliances or fed back into grid line.
Battery 􀳦 stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances when
there is a demand.
Load 􀳦 is electrical appliances that connected to solar PV system
such asmovmont of the machine,
Auxiliary energy sources - is diesel generator or other renewable
energy sources.
Solar PV system sizing
1. Determine power consumption demands
The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power
and energy consumption of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar
PV system as follows:
1.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day for each appliance used. Add the
Watt-hours needed for all appliances together to get the total Watt-hours
per day which must be delivered to the appliances.
1.2 Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules.
Multiply the total appliances Watt-hours per day times
1.3 (the energy lost in the system) to get the total Watt-hours per day
which must be provided by the panels.
2. Size the PV modules
Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To
find out the sizing of PV module, the total peak watt produced needs. The
peak watt (Wp) produced depends on size of the PV module and climate of
site location. We have to consider
panel generation factor: which is different in each site location. For
Thailand, the panel generation factor is 3.43. To determine the
sizing of PV modules, calculate as follows:
2.1 Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules Divide the
total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules (from item 1.2) by
3.43 to get the total Watt-peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to
operate the appliances.
2.2 Calculate the number of PV panels for the system Divide the answer
obtained in item 2.1 by the rated output Watt-peak of the PV modules
available to you. Increase any fractional part of result to the next highest
full number and that will be the number of PV modules required.
Result of the calculation is the minimum number of PV panels. If more PV
modules are installed, the system will performbetter and battery life will
be improved. If fewer PV modules are used, the system may not work at
all during cloudyperiods and battery life will be shortened
.3. Inverter sizing
An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The
input rating of the inverter should never belower than the total watt of
appliances. The inverter must have the same nominal voltage as your
battery.
For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the
total amount of Watts you will be using at onetime. The inverter size
should be 25-30% bigger than total Watts of appliances. In case of
appliance type is motor orcompressor then inverter size should be
minimum 3 times the capacity of those appliances and must be added to
theinverter capacity to handle surge current during starting.
For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the
inverter should be same as PV array rating toallow for safe and efficient
operation.
4. Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle
battery. Deep cycle battery is specificallydesigned for to be discharged to
low energy level and rapid recharged or cycle charged and discharged
day after day foryears. The battery should be large,
Selection of batteries
The use of batteries is indispensable in stand-alone photovoltaic (PV)
systems, and the physical integration of a battery pack and a PV panel in
one device enables this concept while easing the installation and system
scaling. A battery is a device that stores energy and then discharges it by converting chemical
energy into electricity.

Solar Panel

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Solar panel

The Solar energy is a renewable source of energy which is abundantly

Major system components

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