CN - Roll No 123

Name : Fatima
Roll No : 123
Department : BS-SE
Section : Blue
Semester : 5th
Date : 27-10-2023
Submitted to : Mam Saima
//….. Assignment #1….//

What is Computer network
A computer network is a collection of interconnected computers and other devices that can
communicate and share resources with each other.
 Analyzing
 Organizing
 Disseminating
Define network
Network refers to a system of interconnected entities, which can be computers, devices,
people, or even organizations, that are linked together to facilitate communication, data
exchange, or resource sharing.
. Some examples of such Physical networks are:
 → CD-ROMs
 → Hard drives
 → Fax-modems.
 → Printers
The aspects of a computer network are Discussed under:
Number of Components:
For the successful establishment of a Computer networks it is necessary to have at Least two
physical devices
Wireless Communication:
Wireless communication is gaining more Recognition although cables that can connect two
computers to each other are still used.
Network Interface Device (NIC)
It is necessary for two physical devices that Need to be connected to have an NIC,Network
Interface Device
Switch:
Unlike a traditional switch, the switch in Computer networking allows the switching
Of information from one device to another

Types of Networks:
A network can be divided on the basis of the Geographical area sit covers; hence, the Major
categories of networks are as follows:
 Wireless networks
 Local Area Network
 Wide Area Network
 Metropolitan Area Networks
Computer Networking Layers
In terms of computer networking, a layer Refers to a library or programming interface
Computer networking layers constitute the Following:
 Local Area Networks (LANs): This Is the Link Layer

 Internet Protocol (IP): This is the Internetwork Layer
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): This is the Transport Layer It is the understanding
that communication Between various layer
Physical topology
The physical topology of a Local Area Network (LAN) refers to how devices in the network are
physically connected to one another. The most common LAN topologies include:
1. Bus Topology: In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a central cable (the
bus). Data is transmitted along the cable, and devices receive the data, but only the
intended recipient processes it.
2. Star Topology: In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or
switch. The central hub manages the traffic and ensures that data is directed to the
appropriate device.
3. Ring Topology: In a ring topology, each device is connected to exactly two other
devices, forming a closed loop. Data circulates around the ring until it reaches its
intended destination.
4. Mesh Topology: In a mesh topology, every device is connected to every other

device. This provides redundancy and high fault tolerance but can be expensive and
challenging to set up in larger networks.
5. Hybrid Topology: Many real-world LANs use a combination of these basic topologies
to meet their specific needs. For example, a network might have a star-bus hybrid or
a ring-bus hybrid.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
The transport layer is the layer directly Above the IP layer. TCP deals with issues by Creating
connection abstraction.
 Reliability
 Stream-Orientation
 Reliability
 Throughput Management
What is OSI model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand
and standardize how different networking protocols and technologies interact in a computer
network. It is divided into seven layers, each with a specific function:
1. Physical Layer: This layer deals with the physical medium and transmission of raw binary
data over a physical connection.
2. Data Link Layer: Responsible for node-to-node communication and error detection and
correction. It includes sublayers like MAC (Media Access Control) and LLC (Logical Link
Control).
The data link layer consists of two sub Layers:
Media Access Control (MAC) Layer:
This deals with the acquisition of Data and controls the transmission of That data.
Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer:

This layer deals with:
 → Error checking
 → Flow control
 → Frame
3. Network Layer: Handles routing and forwarding of data packets between different
networks. IP (Internet Protocol) operates at this layer.
4. Transport Layer: Ensures end-to-end communication and data flow control. It includes
protocols like TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
5. Session Layer: Manages the establishment, maintenance, and termination of sessions or
connections in a network.
6. Presentation Layer: Deals with data translation, encryption, and compression to ensure
data is presented in a readable format.
Main functions of the presentation layer Include:

 Transformation of Data
 Independence from Data Representation Differences:
7. Application Layer: Provides application-level services and interfaces for network
applications. This is where user applications like web browsers, email clients, and others
operate.
Advantages of OSI Model
The OSI Model creates makes life easier in Following manner:
 Provides visual depiction of a Computer networking System

 Helps narrow down problems to aid Network managers
 Aids computer programmers in Developing new applications
 Allows tech vendors to better Communicate with their clients
 Enables customers to better grasp the Concept of computer networks before
Investing in one

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Name : Fatima

//….. Assignment #1….//

. Some examples of such Physical networks are:

Network Interface Device (NIC)

Of information from one device to another

In terms of computer networking, a layer Refers to a library or programming interface

Computer networking layers constitute the Following:

 Local Area Networks (LANs): This Is the Link Layer

4. Mesh Topology: In a mesh topology, every device is connected to every other

Media Access Control (MAC) Layer:

Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer:

Main functions of the presentation layer Include:

The OSI Model creates makes life easier in Following manner:

 Provides visual depiction of a Computer networking System

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