SEC-02

1a) Charles Babbage

b) False
c) Word Processor
d) Section Breaks
e) View Tab
f) Ctrl+Space
g) Notes Pane
h) Equal Sign (=)
i) Spreadsheet
j) Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

2a) To Open an Existing Document from Text Editor:

Choose Open from the File menu.

The Open a File dialog box lists files and folders in your current folder.

Select the name of the document you want to open, or type the document name in the Enter file name field.

Press Return or click OK.

b) Text alignment is a paragraph formatting attribute that determines the appearance of the text in a whole
paragraph. For example, in a paragraph that is left-aligned (the most common alignment), text is aligned with the left
margin. In a paragraph that is justified, text is aligned with both margins.

c) If you need to use an equation, add or write it in Word:

1. Select Insert > Equation or press Alt + =.

2. To use a built-in formula, select Design > Equation.
3. To create your own, select Design > Equation > Ink Equation.
4. Use your finger, stylus, or mouse to write your equation.

d) The steps to split a cell inside a table in MS-Word are:

1. Select the cell that you want to split.

2. Select Layout > Split Cells.
3. Enter the number of columns or rows that you want to split the selected cell into, and then select OK.

e) There are nine tabs on the Excel Ribbon: File, Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data, Review, View, and
Help.

f) With these simple steps we can control exactly where the line breaks will be:
1. Click on the cell where you need to enter multiple lines of text.
2. Type the first line.
3. Press Alt + Enter to add another line to the cell. Tip. ...
4. Type the next line of text you would like in the cell.
5. Press Enter to finish up.

g) Some basic functions are:

COUNTA Function: Statistical: Counts how many values are in the list of arguments.
COUNTBLANK Function: Statistical Counts the number of blank cells within a range.
COUNTIF Function: Statistical: Counts the number of cells within a range that meet the given criteria.

h) Here's how to do a custom sort:

1. Select Custom Sort.

2. Select Add Level.
 3. For Column, select the column you want to Sort by from the drop-down, and then select the second column
you Then by want to sort.
4. For Sort On, select Values.
5. For Order, select an option, like A to Z, Smallest to Largest, or Largest to Smallest.

i) The Page Layout Tab holds all the options that allow you to arrange your document pages just the way you want
them. You can set margins, apply themes, control of page orientation and size, add sections and line breaks, display
line numbers, and set paragraph indentation and lines.

j) Computer systems consist of three components as shown in below image: Central Processing Unit, Input devices
and Output devices. Input devices provide data input to processor, which processes data and generates useful
information that's displayed to the user through output devices. This is stored in computer's memory.

3a) Speed: A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans while performing
mathematical calculations. Computers can process millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second. The time taken
by computers for their operations is microseconds and nanoseconds.
Accuracy: Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data inconsistency or
inaccuracy.
Diligence: A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and accuracy. It
doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration. Its memory also makes it superior to that of human beings.

b) A header is text that is placed at the top of a page, while a footer is placed at the bottom, or foot, of a
page. Typically these areas are used for inserting document information, such as the name of the document, the
chapter heading, page numbers, creation date and the like. The header/footer will be represented by a dotted line.
While in header/footer mode (when the dotted lines are visible), you cannot edit the main text. You can go back to
editing the main text by selecting the Close Header and Footer option on the right side of the ribbon.

c) Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the
internet. Each computer -- known as a host -- on the internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it
from all other computers on the internet.IP is the defining set of protocols that enable the modern internet. It was
initially defined in May 1974 in a paper titled, "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication," published by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and authored by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn.

d) A presentation should stick to a few key messages only, otherwise it becomes overwhelming for the audience. A
document can contain many more messages, since the reader can review sections easily and come back to the
document a number of times.

e) To use your template for a new presentation:

1. click File > New.
2. Then click My templates.
3. In the New Presentation dialog box, select the template you saved, and click OK.
4. If you need assistance applying your new template to a presentation, see Apply a template to your
presentation.
f) AutoFill in excel can fill a range in a specific direction by using the fill handle. The range is filled with values
(numerical, textual or a mix) which are either copied from the initially selected cell or based on the pattern of the
selected cells. The range can be filled downwards, upwards, rightwards or leftwards. A fill handle is a small square
appearing at the bottom-right corner of a selected cell or range.For example, type “abc” (without the double
quotation marks) in cell E8. Select cell E8 and a fill handle appears at the bottom-right corner. Drag the fill handle in
the following directions and the given output is displayed.

g) Apply a predefined cell border

 1. On a worksheet, select the cell or range of cells that you want to add a border to, change the border style on, or
remove a border from.

2. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do one of the following: To apply a new or different border style, click the
arrow next to Borders.

h) Computers are classified on different parameters, such as, storage capacity, processing speed and component
(CPU) used in computers. Depending upon the components used and features of different computers, they are
classified into four groups, Microcomputers, Minicomputers, Mainframe computers and Supercomputers.

i) A scanner is essentially an input contraption invented to take pictures of sources like posters, printed images,
documents like magazine pages, notices, or any other material produced on paper. These can be procured to display
the relevant information within seconds at another address or display point. The documents that are scanned get
converted into a digital format that is further edited or modified on any computer. Different types of scanners are:
Sheetfeed Scanners
Drum Scanner
Microfilm Scanners
Slide Scanners

j) A register is a temporary storage area built into a CPU. Some registers are used internally and cannot be accessed
outside the processor, while others are user-accessible. Most modern CPU architectures include both types of
registers.Internal registers include the instruction register (IR), memory buffer register (MBR), memory data register
(MDR), and memory address register (MAR). The instruction register fetches instructions from the program counter
(PC) and holds each instruction as it is executed by the processor.

4a) Word deals with formatting on three levels encompassing small and specific on up to big and broad—through
characters, paragraphs, and sections. You apply different types of formatting to each of these parts. Character
formatting includes selecting a font, a font size, bold or italics, and so on. At the paragraph level, you apply indents,
bullets, and line spacing. For each section of your document (even if there’s only one), you set the page size,
orientation, and margins, as described in the previous chapter. Sometimes it helps to think of the parts of a
document as Russian nesting dolls: Characters go inside paragraphs, which go inside sections, which fit inside your
document. Use the Font dialog box (Alt+H, FN) to format characters. Letters, numbers, and punctuation marks are all
printable characters and, as such, you can format them. Once you select a character or a group of characters, you
can apply any of the formatting commands on the Home tab’s Font group (Alt+H). You can choose a font and a size
for any character in your document. You can make characters bold, underlined, superscript, or change them to just
about any color of the rainbow. Every character in your document is formatted. The formatting describes the
typeface, the size of the character, the color, and whether or not the character is underlined, bold, or capitalized. It’s
easy to change the formatting, and Word gives you quite a few different ways to do it. The easiest and most visual
way is with the ribbon (Home → Font). You can further fine-tune the font formatting using the Font dialog box
(Alt+H, FN).

For quick formatting, you may not need to go any further than the mini-toolbar that pops up when you select text
for formatting. And when you get really good, you can do most of your formatting with keyboard shortcuts, never
even slowing down long enough to reach for the mouse.

Whichever method you use, formatting is a two-step process. First, tell Word which text you want to format by
selecting it. Then format away. Or, you can set up your formatting options first, and then begin to type. Your letters
and words will be beautifully formatted from the get-go. Since character formatting is one of the most often used
Word features, Microsoft put the most popular settings right on the Home tab. If you don’t see what you’re looking
for there, then you must open the Font dialog box. The good thing about the dialog box is that it puts all your
character formatting options in one place so you can quickly make multiple changes. It’s one-stop shopping if you
want to change the typeface and the size, and add that pink double-underline.

Here are the steps:

Select a group of characters .

You can use any of the selection methods described in Chapter 2. You can drag to select a single character. You can
double-click to select a word. Or you can move the mouse cursor to the left side of a paragraph, and then double-
click to select the whole paragraph.

Of course, if you haven’t typed anything yet, you can always go right to the ribbon and make your formatting choices
first. Then type away.

Go to Home → Font or the Font dialog box (click the little launcher button or press Alt+H, FN) and make your
formatting choices.

Many of the buttons in the Font group act like toggles. So, when you select text and click the underline button, Word
underlines all the characters in the selection. When you click the underline button again, the underline goes away.

If you can’t find the command you want on the ribbon, or if you want to make several character formatting changes
at once, then open the Font box.

c) Use LOOKUP, one of the lookup and reference functions, when you need to look in a single row or column and find
a value from the same position in a second row or column.

For example, let's say you know the part number for an auto part, but you don't know the price. You can use the
LOOKUP function to return the price in cell H2 when you enter the auto part number in cell H1.

Use the LOOKUP function to search one row or one column. In the above example, we're searching prices in column
D.

There are two ways to use LOOKUP: Vector form and Array form

Vector form: Use this form of LOOKUP to search one row or one column for a value. Use the vector form when you
want to specify the range that contains the values that you want to match. For example, if you want to search for a
value in column A, down to row 6.

Array form: We strongly recommend using VLOOKUP or HLOOKUP instead of the array form. Watch this video
about using VLOOKUP. The array form is provided for compatibility with other spreadsheet programs, but it's
functionality is limited.

An array is a collection of values in rows and columns (like a table) that you want to search. For example, if you want
to search columns A and B, down to row 6. LOOKUP will return the nearest match. To use the array form, your data
must be sorted.

Vector form
The vector form of LOOKUP looks in a one-row or one-column range (known as a vector) for a value and returns a
value from the same position in a second one-row or one-column range.

Syntax

LOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_vector, [result_vector])

The LOOKUP function vector form syntax has the following arguments:

lookup_value Required. A value that LOOKUP searches for in the first vector. Lookup_value can be a number, text,
a logical value, or a name or reference that refers to a value.
lookup_vector Required. A range that contains only one row or one column. The values in lookup_vector can be
text, numbers, or logical values.

Important: The values in lookup_vector must be placed in ascending order: ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., A-Z, FALSE, TRUE;
otherwise, LOOKUP might not return the correct value. Uppercase and lowercase text are equivalent.

result_vector Optional. A range that contains only one row or column. The result_vector argument must be the
same size as lookup_vector. It has to be the same size.

Remarks

If the LOOKUP function can't find the lookup_value, the function matches the largest value in lookup_vector that is
less than or equal to lookup_value.

If lookup_value is smaller than the smallest value in lookup_vector, LOOKUP returns the #N/A error value.

Vector examples

You can try out these examples in your own Excel worksheet to learn how the LOOKUP function works. In the first
example, you're going to end up with a spreadsheet that looks similar to this one:

Copy the data in following table, and paste it into a new Excel worksheet.

Next, copy the LOOKUP formulas from the following table into column D of your worksheet.

For these formulas to show results, you may need to select them in your Excel worksheet, press F2, and then press
Enter. If you need to, adjust the column widths to see all the data.

Array form

The array form of LOOKUP looks in the first row or column of an array for the specified value and returns a value
from the same position in the last row or column of the array. Use this form of LOOKUP when the values that you
want to match are in the first row or column of the array.

Syntax

LOOKUP(lookup_value, array)

The LOOKUP function array form syntax has these arguments:

lookup_value Required. A value that LOOKUP searches for in an array. The lookup_value argument can be a
number, text, a logical value, or a name or reference that refers to a value.

If LOOKUP can't find the value of lookup_value, it uses the largest value in the array that is less than or equal
to lookup_value.

If the value of lookup_value is smaller than the smallest value in the first row or column (depending on the array
dimensions), LOOKUP returns the #N/A error value.
array Required. A range of cells that contains text, numbers, or logical values that you want to compare with
lookup_value.
The array form of LOOKUP is very similar to the HLOOKUP and VLOOKUP functions. The difference is
that HLOOKUP searches for the value of lookup_value in the first row, VLOOKUP searches in the first column,
and LOOKUP searches according to the dimensions of array.

If array covers an area that is wider than it is tall (more columns than rows), LOOKUP searches for the value
of lookup_value in the first row.

If an array is square or is taller than it is wide (more rows than columns), LOOKUP searches in the first column.
With the HLOOKUP and VLOOKUP functions, you can index down or across, but LOOKUP always selects the last
value in the row or column.

d) LAN(Local Area Network)

Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as building, office.

LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication medium such as twisted pair,
coaxial cable, etc.

It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables.

The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.

Local Area Network provides higher security.

PAN(Personal Area Network)

Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters.

Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use is known as Personal Area
Network.

Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the Personal Area Network.

Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.

Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the laptop, mobile phones,
media player and play stations.

There are two types of Personal Area Network:

Wired Personal Area Network

Wireless Personal Area Network

Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is developed by simply using wireless
technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range network.

Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using the USB.

Examples Of Personal Area Network:

Body Area Network: Body Area Network is a network that moves with a person. For example, a mobile network
moves with a person. Suppose a person establishes a network connection and then creates a connection with
another device to share the information.

Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the home, so it is also known as a home network. A home
network is designed to integrate the devices such as printers, computer, television but they are not connected to the
internet.

Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of devices to the internet and to a corporate network using a VPN

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to
form a larger network.

Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.

In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.

The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.

It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:

MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.

It can be used in an Airline Reservation.

It can be used in a college within a city.

It can also be used for communication in the military.

WAN(Wide Area Network)

A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries.

A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.

A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical area through a
telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.

The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.

A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education.

Examples Of Wide Area Network:

Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region or country.

Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet services to the customers in hundreds of cities by
connecting their home with fiber.

Private network: A bank provides a private network that connects the 44 offices. This network is made by using the
telephone leased line provided by the telecom company.

e) A pivot table is a table which is used to store the summary of a certain data set in a condensed manner. The table
consists of rows, columns, data fields, and pages. These components can be moved around and it helps the user to
expand, isolate, sum, and group the particular data in real time. This table enables the user to view the differences in
a very big set of information. It is very helpful in organizing a large amount of data in Microsoft Excel.

Working of the Table

A pivot table takes a user-specified data field and converts the header of each column into a data option which can
be easily manipulated by the user. Columns containing data can be removed from, added to, or moved around the
table quite easily. Here, user friendly and informative summaries can be created from long spreadsheets of raw data.
The data can be summarized in various ways including frequencies and averages. Using the pivot table in excel has
many benefits which are described below.

Easy to Use
An important advantage of pivot tables is that it is easy to use. You can easily summarize data by dragging the
columns to different sections of the table. The columns can also be re-arranged as you wish with the click of a
mouse.

Easy Data Analysis

With the help of excel pivot tables, you can handle large quantities of data in one single go. These tables allow you to
take a large amount of data and work on it in such a way that you need to view only a few data fields. This helps in
the easy analysis of large amount of data.

Easy Summary of Data

Another important benefit of pivot tables is that it helps to summarize data in a quick and easy manner. The table
helps in making a concise summary out of thousands of rows and columns of unorganized data. With the help of
these tables you can summarize large amounts of information into a small space. The data can be summarized in a
simple format which is easily understandable. Users can arrange rows and columns of the data according to their
needs and they can label it and sort it in any way they want to.

Find Data Patterns

Excel pivot tables help you to create customized tables from large data groups. Manipulating data in this manner will
help to find recurring patterns in the data, if any. This in turn will help in accurate data forecast.

Quick Report Creation

One of the important features of excel pivot tables is that it helps to create reports in an efficient way. This saves you
the long and strenuous hours that you need to spend for creating reports manually. Apart from this, the table also
helps you provide links to external sources if any, in the report created.

Helps in Quick Decision Making

A pivot table can be considered to be a valuable Excel reporting tool as it allows users to easily analyze the data and
arrive at quick decisions. This serves as a huge advantage in the industrial world, where it is crucial to make precise
and quick decisions.