LIÊN TỪ

Trong tiếng anh có 4 loại câu cơ bản

Câu đơn: I went to the cenima lastnight
S V O
Câu ghép đẳng lập: My mother is a doctor, my father is a engineer
Câu ghép chính phụ: I don’t like tea so I don’t buy it
Although I like camping, I haven’t had the time to go recently, I
haven’t found anyone to go with
Câu phức tổng hợp là loại câu có một vế chính và một hoặc nhiều vế phụ, LIÊN TỪ
được sử dụng để liên kết giữa các vế
I. Khái niệm
Liên từ trong tiếng anh là từ vựng được sử dụng để liên kết 2 từ, cụm từ hoặc
mệnh đề lại với nhau
Vd: I like drinking tea, so I put a lot of tea in my house
I like playing with dog, but I don’t like raising dog
II. Các loại liên từ
1. Liên từ được chia làm 3 loại
Liên từ kết hợp (Co-ordinating conjunctions)
Liên từ tương quan (Correlative Conjunctions)
Liên từ phụ thuộc (Subordinating conjunctions)
III. Liên từ kết hợp: Co-ordinating conjunctions)
 Khái niệm: Dùng để nối các từ, nhóm từ có chức năng giống nhau hoặc các mệnh
đề độc lập về mặt ngữ pháp.
 Có 7 liên từ kết hợp
For: reason (chỉ lý do)
And: equal (chỉ sự ngang bằng)
Nor: negative choice or alternative (bổ sung ý phủ định)
But: contrast (sự đối lập)
Or: choice (lựa chọn)
Yet: contrast (sự đối lập)
So: a result (Kết quả)
=> FANBOYS
 Cách dùng các liên từ kết hợp

Liên từ Cách dùng Ví dụ

FOR Giải thích lý do hoặc I do morning exercise every day, for I want to keep
mục đích, dùng như fit.
‘Because’
AND Chỉ sự thêm vào, bổ I do morning exercise every day to keep
sung vào fit and relax.
NOR = Dùng để bổ sung một I don’t like listening to music nor playing sports.
not + or ý phủ định vào ý phủ I’m just keen on reading.
định đã được nêu
trước đó.
BUT Dùng để diễn tả sự He works quickly but inaccurately.
 đối lập, ngược nghĩa
OR Thêm một lựa chọn You can play games or watch TV.
khác.
YET Giới thiệu một ý I took a book with me on my holiday, yet I didn’t
ngược lại so với ý read a single page.
trước đó (tương tự
but)
SO Dùng để nói về một I’ve started dating one soccer player, so now I can
kết quả hoặc một ảnh watch the game each week.
hưởng của hành
động/sự việc được
nhắc đến trước đó.

BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG

Exercise 1: Choose the correct answer
1. Deserts are harsh and dry, ________ many plants grow there.
A. For B. So C. Yet

2. Pat looked at the antique rocker, ________ she couldn’t afford to buy it.
A. And B. But C. Or

3. Constance might go to the library, ________ she might stay home.

A. But B. So C. Nor

4. Sue jogs every day, _______ she wants to stay in shape.

A. But B. Yet C. For

5. His shoes are worn, _______ he has no socks.

A. For B. So C. Or

6. Guy is a contractor, _______ he knows the construction business.

A. So B. And C. But

7. Bill went to work, _______ he didn’t punch in.

A. Or B. But C. So

8. My brother is in the play, _______ I want to attend the first performance.

A. Or B. So C. For

9. Annette couldn’t go, ________ she was tired.

A. Nor B. Yet C. For

10. Your niece and I went out to lunch, ________ we both ordered fish.
A. And B. Or C. Yet
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences
1. My car has a radio _________ a CD player.
2. Sharon hates to listen to rap music, _______ will she tolerate heavy metal.
3. Carol wanted to drive to Colorado, _________ Bill insisted that they fly.
4. Carol wanted to drive to Colorado, _________ Bill insisted that they fly.
5. I have to be on time, _________ my boss will be annoyed if I’m late.
6. Do you like chocolate _________ vanilla ice cream better?
7. I have to go to work at six, _________ I’m waking up at four.
8. I was on time, _________ everyone else was late.
9. Nadia doesn’t like to drive, _________ she takes the bus everywhere.
10. Our trip to the museum was interesting, _________ there were several new
artifacts on display.

Exercise 3: Complete the sentences

1. It was raining, ______ we still had fun.
2. I could not go into the store, ______ it was closed.
3. She was quite sleepy, ______ she continued to study.
4. Tina didn’t want to exercise, ______ did she want to study.
5. The children saw lions ______ tigers at the zoo.
6. Tomorrow it might be cloudy, ______ it might be sunny.
7. It was cold outside, ______ we stayed inside.
8. They visited the museum ______ went to a restaurant afterwards.
9. The boy wanted to go swimming with his friends, _______ he had household
chores to do before he could go.
10. She doesn't eat cheese, ______ does she eat yogurt because she is lactose
intolerant.
11. He can buy a brand new connector, ______ he can ask his brother to lend him his.
12. Linda studied hard for her final Psychology test, _______ she didn’t pass with a
grade higher than C.
IV. Liên từ tương quan
 Khái niệm: Liên từ tương quan được sử dụng để kết nối 2 đơn vị từ với nhau và
luôn đi thành cặp không thể tách rời.
Vd: He’s not only affluent but also good-looking
Not + or = nor
Not + either = neither
Liên từ Cách dùng Ví dụ
EITHER hoặc là cái này, hoặc - Either + N/S + or + N/S + V + O
… OR là cái kia. => Either Quan or Thanh will be there.
=> Hoặc người này hoặc người kia
- S + V + either + O + or + O
=> I want to eat either the pizza or the sandwich.
=> Hoặc cái này hoặc cái kia
- S + either + V + O + or + V + O
=> Lan either stays at home or goes out with his
friends.
=> Hoặc hành động này hoặc hành động kia
1. Either + S + V + O + or + S + V + O
=> Either you stop talking or teacher will punish
you.
=> Hoặc người này làm việc này hoặc người kia
làm việc kia
NEITHER diễn tả phủ định kép: - Neither + N/S + Nor + N/S + V + O
… NOR không cái này cũng =>Neither I nor my brother likes coffee.
không cái kia. => Không người này cũng không người kia
- S + V + Neither + O + Nor + O
=> I want neither the pizza nor the sandwich. I
just need some biscuits.
=> Không cái này cũng không cái kia
- S + neither + V + O + nor + V + O
=> He neither drinks alcohol nor smokes.
=> Không hành động này cũng không hành động
kia
- Neither + S + V + O + nor + S + V + O
=> Neither they invited me to the party nor I
want to go there.
=> Người này không làm việc này, người kia
không làm việc kia

Đảo ngữ Neither = not + either Đảo ngữ Either

S1 + V(phủ định) + Neither + trợ động S1 + V(phủ định). S2 + trợ động từ +
từ + S2 either
=> Kim didn’t go to work. Neither did his => Lan didn’t go to the cinema. Her
sister. friend didn’t, either.
Exercise 4: Fill in the blank with “either … or” or “neither … nor”
1. In this game, you _______ win _______ lose. It depends on you.
2. _______ Tuan _______ Tu will help you with your homework. They are both busy
at the moment.
3. This is my offer. You _______ take it _______ leave it.
4. When I go to the restaurant, I eat _______ meat _______ roast chicken. These are
my favorite meals.
5. His mother believed _______ her son _______ his friend. She thought that both
were lying.
6. I need _______ your help _______ your compassion. I can perfectly handle my
problems all alone.
7. _______ Hoa _______ Hue will write the report. Just ask one of them.
8. _______ you return the money you had stolen _______ I’ll call the police.
9. My mum can _______ read _______ write. She is illiterate.
10. You can use _______ this computer _______ the other one. Someone must fix
them first.

Exercise 5: Rewrite the sentences with “either … or” or “neither … nor”

1. Thu was late. So was Xuan
=>
2. He didn’t learn English and he didn’t play games
=>
3. Jane is on holiday and so is Sam
=>
4. John hasn’t got a bicycle. Peter hasn’t got one either
=>
5. Janny doesn’t read book and he doesn’t read newspapers.
=>
6. It was boring film. It was long too
=>
7. I’m not in Ho Chi Minh city. I’m not in Ha Noi city
=>
8. She can leave England today or she can leave England tomorrow - whichever she
prefer.
=> m

BOTH dùng để diễn tả lựa - Both + S + and + S + V + O

… AND chọn kép: cả cái => Both hamburgers and fries are my sister’s
này lẫn cả cái kia. favourite dishes.
- S + V + both + O1 + and + O2
=> Patricia is both beautiful and smart.
=> I want both the pizza and the sandwich. I’m very
hungry now.
NOT dùng để diễn tả lựa - S + V + not only + O + but also + O
ONLY chọn kép: không => I’ll eat them both: not only the pizza but also the
… BUT những cái này mà sandwich
ALSO cả cái kia - S + not only + V + but also + V + O
=> Jimmy not only sing well but also dance
perfectly

Exercise 5: Rewrite the sentences

1. Jim is on holiday and so is Carol. (Both)
=> ...........................................................................................................................
2. George doesn't smoke and he doesn't drink. (Neither)
=> ...........................................................................................................................
.
3. Jim hasn't got a car Carol hasn't got a car, either. (Neither)
=> ...........................................................................................................................
4. It is a very boring film. It is very long too. (Not only)
=> ........................................................................................................................
5. She didn't write and she didn't phone. (Neither)
=> ..........................................................................................................................
6. His parents as well as his brother are going to Halong Bay next Sunday. (Both)
=> .......................................................................................................................
7. Helen lost her passport at the airport. She also lost her wallet there. (Not only)
=> ...........................................................................................................................
.
8. I haven't got time to go on holiday and I haven't got any money. (Either/Neither)
=> .........................................................................................................................
9. On Friday evening, sometimes I go to the cinema, sometimes I stay at home and
watch TV. (Either)
=> ..........................................................................................................................
10.She was really frightened when hearing the noise from the forest and so did I.
(Both)/ (Together with)
=> .......................................................................................................................
=> ...........................................................................................................................
11.I like Tom and I also like Peter. (both)
=> .........................................................................................................................
12.It is the cheapest as well as the nicest watch. (Not only)
=> .........................................................................................................................
13.I don't like either horror film or action film. (Neither)
=> .........................................................................................................................
14.He doesn't come on time and his wife doesn't come on time. (Neither)
=> ......................................................................................................................
15.I like neither watching TV nor reading a novel before going to bed. (Either)
=> ........................................................................................................................
16.They can't begin working on Monday. They can't begin working on Wednesday.
(Neither)/ (Either)
=> ..........................................................................................................................
 => ...........................................................................................................................
.
17.My sister didn't watch TV last night. She didn't listen to music last night.
(Either)
=> ..........................................................................................................................
18.We go to school in the morning and we also go to school in the afternoon. (not
only ... but... as well)
=> ...........................................................................................................................

WHETHER … OR dùng để diễn tả nghi - whether + S + V + O1 + or + O2

vấn giữa 2 đối tượng: => I don’t know whether he will hang
liệu cái này hay cái kia. out or play basketball.
AS … AS dùng để so sánh ngang - S + V + as + O1 + as + O2
bằng: bằng, như => Bowling isn’t as fun as soccer.
SO … THAT dùng để diễn tả quan hệ - S + V + such + a/an + (adj) + N +
SUCH … THAT nhân – quả: that …
Quá … đến nỗi mà => It was such a good movie
that many people watched it.
=> This is such difficult homework
that I can’t finish it.

- S + V + so + adj/adv + that …
=> The soup tastes so well that
everyone will ask for more.
=> There are so many people in the
room that I feel tired.
WOULD RATHER Thà làm gì còn hơn làm - S + would rather + V + O + than +
… THAN gì V+O
=> I would rather go to bed than go
out to play in the rain.
NO SOONER … Ngay khi … thì… - No sooner + S + V + O + than + S
THAN +V+O
=> No sooner I knew the test scores
than I showed off to my dad.

- No sooner + N + than + S + V + O
=> No sooner his divorce than he had
a new wife.
HARDLY … Khó lòng … khi - S + can/could + hardly + V + when
WHEN +S+V+O
=> She cans hardly walk when she
had the accident
=> I can hardly forgive him when
lying to me.
Exercise 6: Combine the pairs of sentences using "So......that"
S + V + so + adj/adv + that …
1. I got up early. I could walk to the meeting on time.
=> I got up so early that I could walk to the meeting on time
2. He practices speaking English well. He can speak English to a foreign person.
=>
3. The girl is very nice. Everyone looks at her.
=> …
4. The flowers are very fresh. They can be sold in 15 minutes.
=> …
5. The work was very difficult. No one could do it.
=> …
6. The football match was very boring. We left the stadium after the first half.
=> …
7. The ticket was very expensive. We had to stay at home to watch TV.
=>
8. The water is very polluted. Fish can't live in it.
=>
9. The woman is very kind. She always help the poor.
=>
10. Minh spoke very fast. I couldn't hear any thing.
=>

Exercise 7: Combine the pairs of sentences using "SUCH....THAT"

S + V + such + a/an + (adj) + N + that …

1. The river is very large. I can't swim across it.

=> It is such a very large river that I can’t swim across it
=> This is such a very large river that I can’t swim across it
2. The table is heavy. She can't move it.
=>
3. The books are interesting. He bought all of them.
=>
4. The man is very generous. We all love him.
=>
5. The girl is very happy. She always smiles at everybody.
=>
6. The teachers are very good. The students love them.
=>
7. The tiger is very dangerous. We can't feed it at home.
=>
8. The coffee is hot. I can't drink it.
=>
9. The story is long. She can't read it in one hour.
=>
10. The boy is very naughty. He is usually absent from class.
=>

Exercise 8: Choose the correct answer

1. She is neither polite _______ funny.
A. Or B. nor C. not D. yet

2. Has she made a decision about _______ to go on the picnic _______ not?
A. If/ then B. Either/ or C. Whether/ or D. What with/ and

3. _______ that is the case, _______ I’m not surprised about what’s happening.
A. If/ then B. Scarcely/ when C. Whether/ or

4. _______ had I put my rain pond away, _______ it started raining.

A. No sooner/ than B. If/ then C. What with/ and D. Neither/ nor

5. _________husband ____________ wife loved going to the cinema

A. both/ and B. either/ or C. neither/ nor D.whether/ or

6. This salad is _______ delicious _______ healthy.

A. Whether/ or B. Both/ and C. Scarcely/ when D. Rather/ than

7. What is her name? It’s _____________ Ann _______ Annalisa.

A. both/ and B. either/ or C. neither/ nor D. whether/ or

8. Andrew wasn’t sure __________ to go on holiday ____________ stay at home

A. both/ and B. either/ or C. neither/ nor D. whether/ or

9. I’m vegan, I eat ___________ dairy __________ eggs

A. both/ and B. either/ or C. neither/ nor D. whether/ or

10. It snowed ___________ in L.A, ____________ in neighboring cities

A. both/ and B. either/ or C. neither/ nor D. not only/ but also

Exercise 9: Complete each sentence using the correct correlative conjunction pair
from the parenthesis.

1. I plan to take my vacation _________ in June _________ in July. (whether/ or,

either/ or, as/ if)
2. _________ I’m feeling happy _________ sad, I try to keep a positive attitude.
(either/ or, whether/ or, when/ I’m)
3. _________ had I taken my shoes off _________ I found out we had to leave again.
(no sooner/ than, rather/ than, whether/ or)
4. _________ only is dark chocolate delicious, _________ it can be healthy. (whether/
or, not/ but, just as/ so)
5. _________ I have salad for dinner, _____________________I can have ice cream
for dessert. (if/ then, when/ than, whether/ or)
6. _________ flowers _________ trees grow during warm weather. (not only/ or, both/
and, not/ but)
7. _________ do we enjoy summer vacation, _________ we _________ enjoy winter
break. (whether/ or, not only/ but also, either/ or)
8. Calculus is _________ easy _________ difficult. (not/ but, both/ and, either/ or)
9. It’s _________ going to rain _________ snow tonight. (as/ if, either/ or, as/ as)
10. Savory flavors are _________ sweet _________ sour. (often/ and, neither/ nor,
both/ and)

V. Liên từ phụ thuộc

1. Khái niệm:
Liên từ phụ thuộc được sử dụng để bắt đầu mệnh đề phụ thuộc, gắn kết mệnh đề
phụ thuộc vào mệnh đề chính trong câu. Mệnh đề phụ thuộc có thể đứng trước
hoặc đứng sau mệnh đề chính nhưng phải luôn được bắt đầu bằng liên từ phụ
thuộc
Example: Although I studied hard, I couldn’t pass the exam.
2. Cách dùng các liên từ phụ thuộc
Liên từ Cách dùng Ví dụ
AFTER Sau khi - He watches TV after he finishes his work.
BEFORE Trước khi - Mike did not forget to greet
everyone before leaving
ALTHOUGH Mặc dù Although + S + V + O, S + V + O
EVEN THOUGH => Although Peter stayed up late to do his
THOUGH S V O
homework last night, he got up early to do
S V O
exercises today.
S + V + O + although S + V + O
=> Lan still came to visit me although she was
very busy.
DESPITE Mặc dù Despite + N/V.ing, S + V + O
IN SPITE OF => Despite the bad weather, we still play
basketball.
S + V + O + despite + N/V.ing
=> Linda still goes to school in spite of/despite
being sick.

Exercise 10: Fill in the blank with Although/ despite/ In spite

1.Alisa went to school alone________ she knew that it was very unsafe.
2. They liked their camping holiday_____ of the rain.
3. _____ the pain in her leg, she still won the marathon excellent.
4. My father decided to buy the car ____ he didn’t really have enough money.
5. _______ she was very sick, she still try to complete this job.
6. ________ his age, he still plays badminton every morning.
7. _____ Land and Mike went to university together, they weren’t close friend.
8. We still play football outside _____ of the heavily rain.
9. _____ her illness, she must go to school.
10. Loan knew what she wanted _____ of not understanding anything.

Exercise 11: Rewrite the sentence without changing the meaning

1. The house isn't nice, but I like the garden.
=> Even though
2. It was raining, but we went out.
=> Though
3. Everyone likes Bob even though he is talkative.
=> Even though
5. We enjoyed the vacation although it rained a lot.
=> In spite of
6. Although she doesn't earn much money, she spends like a millionaire.
=> Despite
7. Tom will not pass the examination although he studies well.
=> In spite of
8. He is still fat though he has been on a diet for 2 years.
=> In spite of
9. Although his English was good, he wasn't chosen.
=> Despite
10. Although Judy was severely disabled, she participated in many sports.
=> Despite...
11. Although there was a big storm, they decided not to stay at home.
=> Despite
12. I always try my best but I never succeed.
=> Although..
13. In spite of her beautiful house, she will move to another house.
=> Although........
14. Melissa's father was very busy, but he still played with her.
=> In spite of.......
15. Although she eats lots of food, she is still very slim.
=>In spite of..
16. Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn't succeed in repairing this
machine.
=> Despite…

BECAUSE Bởi vì Because + S + V + O, S + V + O

=> Because it’s raining so hard, I can not come back
home now
S + V + O + because + S + V + O
=> I don’t know what happened because I wasn’t
there at that time
BECAUSE OF Bởi vì Because of + N/V.ing, S + V + O
=> Because of being lazy, you can not pass the exam
S + V + O + because of + N/V.ing
=> I can not come home because of the heavy rain

Exercise 12: Complete the sentences with “Because” or “Because of”

https://www.ieltsvietop.vn/blog/bai-tap-because-va-because-of-though-va-although/
1. We got into trouble ………………… you.
2. We canceled the trip ………………… bad weather.
3. We hurried indoors ………………… it was raining.
4. She passed the test ………………… her teacher.
5. She passed the test ………………… she had a good teacher.
6. I couldn’t arrive on time ………………… I missed the train.
7. He can’t walk ………………… arthritis.
8. She didn’t pass the test ………………… she hadn’t studied well.
9. Thousands of people lost their jobs ………………… the recession.
10. I couldn’t understand him ………………… his strange accent.
11. The government banned that movie ………………… the public opinion was
against it.
12. He met with an accident ………………… he was driving too fast.

Exercise 13: Choose the correct answer

1. He got wet_______ he forgot his umbrella.
A. because of B. because C. but D. and
2. He stops working _______ heavy raining.
A. in spite of B. although C. despite D. because of
3. They have a lot of difficulties in their life _______ their poverty.
A. in spite of B. although C. because D. because of
4. Tom wakes his parents up_______ playing the guitar very softly.
A. because B. in spite of C. because of D. although
5. Nobody could hear her_______ she spoke too quietly.
A. although B. because C. because of D. in spite of
6. We decided to leave early _______the party was boring.
A. although B. despite C. because D. because of
7. Many people believe him__________ he often tells a lie.
A. because B. in spite of C. although D. because of
8. _______she was very hard working; she hardly earned enough to feed her family.
A. In spite of B. Because C. Because of D. Although
9. _______her absence from class yesterday, she couldn’t understand the lesson.
A. Although B. In spite of C. Because of D. Because
10. ______her poorness, she feels happy.
A. Although B. Because C. If D. In spite of
Exercise 14: Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning
1. The train was late because the fog was thick.
→ Because of
2. The plane couldn’t take off because the weather was bad.
→ Because of
3. She stayed at home because her mother was sick.
→ Because of
4. All the teachers love him because his conduct is good.
→ Because of
5. We couldn’t study because it was noisy.
→ Because of
6. Mary can’t sleep because there was the noise.
→ Because of…………………………………………………………………….
7. His wife usually gives him a list because he often forgets things.
→ Because of…………………………………………………………………….
8. He left school because his life was hard.
→ Because of …………………………………………………………………….
9. He is dismissed because of being late for work often.
→ Because…………………………………………………………………….
10. Because of driving too fast, he caused a serious accident.
→ Because…………………………………………………………………….

Exercise 15: Rewrite the sentences

1. She stayed at home because her mother was sick.
=> Because of
2. Although he took a taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert.
=> In spite of
3. In spite of his suffering from a bad cold, William went to school.
=> Although
4. Despite the fact that it was snowing, I felt warm.
=> Although
5. Though he tried hard, he didn’t succeed.
=> Despite
6. Because of the development of birth-control, women could delay having children
=> Because
7. John is fat because he eats so many chips.
=> ……………………………………………. because of ………………………
8. He was very tired but he kept on working
=> Although
9. The trip was boring but we enjoyed it a lot.
=> ………………………………. even though …………………………………..
10. Because the medical care is improved, we live healthier.
=> Because of
11. Although he is rich, he feels unhappy.
=> Despite
12. She accepted the job because the salary was high.
=> ………………………….. because of …………………………………………..
13. We can study although it is noisy.
=> ……………………………… despite …………………………………………..
14. People want to learn English because it is important.
=> Because of