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    Notes Topograph

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    jsinchuke

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    Notes Topograph

    Uploaded by

    jsinchuke
    2 views2 pages

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    2 views2 pages

    Notes Topograph

    Uploaded by

    jsinchuke

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    Notes: Topographic Maps and Orienteering

    1. What is a topographic map, and what do you find on it?


    • A map showing detailed features of the Earth’s surface, including natural and man-
    made features.
    • Features include: Elevation (contour lines), bodies of water, forests, roads, buildings,
    and landmarks.
    • Uses:
    1. Navigation for hiking, camping, or orienteering.
    2. Planning construction or land development.
    3. Military operations and emergency services.

    2. 20 signs and symbols on topographic maps:


    • Contour lines
    • Water bodies (lakes, rivers)
    • Forests
    • Buildings
    • Roads (highways, trails)
    • Railroads
    • Bridges
    • Elevation markers
    • Fences
    • Quarries
    • Marsh/swamp areas
    • Boundaries (state, park, etc.)
    • Power lines
    • Mines
    • Campsites
    • Cliffs
    • Dams
    • Wells
    • Schools
    • Churches

    3. Nomenclature of an orienteering compass:


    • Baseplate
    • Magnetic needle
    • Compass housing with degree markings
    • Direction of travel arrow
    • Index line
    • Rotating bezel
    • Orienting lines
    • Orienting arrow
    4. Terms and Definitions:
    • Elevation: Height above sea level.
    • Contour interval: Vertical distance between contour lines.
    • Magnetic North: Direction indicated by a compass needle.
    • Declination: Difference between Magnetic North and True North.
    • Scale: Ratio of map distance to actual ground distance.
    • Measuring: Determining distance or angle on a map.
    • Back-azimuth: Reverse direction of an azimuth, calculated by adding/subtracting 180°.
    • True North: Geographic North Pole direction.
    • Azimuth: Compass direction from one point to another, measured in degrees.
    • Distance: Linear measurement between two points.
    • Ground forms: Physical features of the Earth’s surface (hills, valleys, etc.).

    5. Shooting a magnetic azimuth:


    • Hold the compass flat and level.
    • Align the direction of travel arrow with your target.
    • Rotate the compass housing until the magnetic needle aligns with the orienting arrow.
    • Read the degree marking at the index line.

    6. Marching on a magnetic azimuth:


    • Align the compass with your azimuth bearing.
    • Choose a visible landmark on your path.
    • Walk towards the landmark, rechecking the compass periodically.

    7. Two methods to correct for declination:


    • Adjustable compass: Set the declination adjustment directly on the compass.
    • Manual correction: Add or subtract declination from your compass reading.
    • When necessary: Correct declination when the difference between Magnetic and True
    North affects accuracy (e.g., in regions with significant declination).

    8. Orienting yourself and a map:


    • By inspection: Match landmarks on the map to visible surroundings.
    • By compass: Align the map’s North with Magnetic North on the compass.

    9. Resection and its use:


    • Definition: Determining your position by using two or more known landmarks.
    • Use: Draw lines from landmarks’ bearings on the map; the intersection is your location.

    10. Proving map/compass skills:


    • Successfully navigate a 1-mile (1.6 km) course with five control points using bearings
    and map landmarks.

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