Maths for Engineers

(EEAC021IU)

Lecture 1: Introduction to Complex Number

Lecturer: Dr. Huynh Vo Trung Dung
School of Electrical Engineering

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 Course Information
• Textbook: Higher Engineering Mathematics John Bird, 8th Edition.
• Lecturer: Dr. Huynh Vo Trung Dung, hvtdung@hcmiu.edu.vn
• Materials: http://blackboard.hcmiu.edu.vn/
• Course grading
ü 30%: attendance, quiz + homework
ü 30%: midterm exam
ü 40%: final exam
• Attendance is mandatory on Blackboard (please choose TRUE option). You
cannot take the exams if you are absent more than 3 days during a
semester!

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Ø Complex Numbers and Their Properties

A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form a + bi,

where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit, that satisfies
the equation i2 = −1. In this expression, a is the real part and b is the
imaginary part of the complex number.

ü The notations a + ib and a + bi are used interchangeably.

ü The real number a in z = a + ib is called the real part of z and the real
number b is called the imaginary part of z .
ü The real and imaginary parts of a complex number z are abbreviated
Re(z) and Im(z), respectively.
Example: If z = 4 − 9i , then Re(z ) = 4 and Im(z ) = − 9.
ü A real constant multiple of the imaginary unit is called a pure
imaginary number.
Example: z = 6i is a pure imaginary number.

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Complex Numbers and Their Properties
Ø Equality of Complex Numbers

Two complex numbers are equal if the corresponding real and

imaginary parts are equal.

Definition (Equality)
Complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal, written
z1 = z2, if a1 = a2 and b1 = b2.
In terms of the symbols Re(z ) and Im(z ), we have

z1 = z2 if Re(z1) = Re(z2) and Im(z1) = Im(z2).

The totality of complex numbers or the set of complex numbers is

usually denoted by the symbol C.
Because any real number a can be written as z = a + 0i , the set R of
real numbers is a subset of C.

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Complex Numbers and Their Properties
Ø Manipulation of complex numbers

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Complex Numbers and Their Properties
Ø Laws of Arithmetic

giao hoán

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Complex Numbers and Their Properties
Ø How to Add, Subtract and Multiply

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Complex Numbers and Their Properties
Ø Zero and Unity

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Complex Numbers and Their Properties
Ø Conjugates

De morgan law

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Complex Numbers and Their Properties
Ø More Properties of Conjugates

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Complex Numbers and Their Properties
Ø How to Divide

commonly used

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Complex Numbers and Their Properties
Ø Additive and Multiplicative Inverses

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Complex Numbers and Their Properties
Ø Comparison with Real Analysis

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 Complex Plane Mặt phẳng

Ø Complex Numbers and Points

• A complex number z = x + iy is uniquely determined by an ordered pair of real numbers (x ,
y ).
• The first and second entries of the ordered pairs correspond, in turn, to the real and
imaginary parts of the complex number.
y
z = x + iy or

imaginary axis
Example: The ordered pair (2, −3) (0, y) (x, y)
corresponds to the complex number z
= 2 − 3i . Conversely, z = 2 − 3i Real axis
determines the ordered (7, 0), (0, 1), (0,
−5) respectively.
O (x, 0) x
Complex plane

Because of the correspondence between a complex number z = x + iy and one and only
one point (x , y ) in a coordinate plane, we shall use the terms complex number and
point interchangeably.
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Complex Plane

Ø Complex Numbers and Vectors: Modulus

A complex number z = x + iy can also

be viewed as a two-dimensional position
vector, i.e., a vector whose initial point is
the origin and whose terminal point is the
point (x, y).

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Complex Plane
Ø Properties of the Modulus

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 Complex Plane
Ø Properties of the Modulus y (Imaginary)
z1
5i
You can represent complex numbers
√29
on an Argand diagram
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z3
Represent the following complex √17
numbers on an Argand diagram: 1 2 x (Real)
-5 4 3 5
4
5

z2
-5i
Find the magnitude of |OA|, |OB| and
|OC|, where O is the origin of the Argand
diagram, and A, B and C are z1, z2 and z3
respectively

à You can use Pythagoras’ Theorem to

find the magnitude of the distances

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Complex Plane
Ø Addition and Subtraction Geometrically

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 Complex Plane
Ø Addition and Subtraction Geometrically
y (Imaginary)
Addition of Two Complex 10i
Numbers
z1+z2
z2

z1
x (Real)
-10 10

-10i

Notice that vector z1 + z2 is effectively the

diagonal of a parallelogram

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Complex Plane
Ø Addition and Subtraction Geometrically
y (Imaginary)
z1
Subtraction of Two Complex 5i

Numbers z1-z2

z2

x (Real)
-5 5

-z2

-5i

Vector z1 – z2 is still the diagram of a

parallelogram

à One side is z1 and the other side is –z2

(shown on the diagram)
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Complex Plane
Ø Sets of Points in the Complex Plane

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Complex Plane
Ø Comparing Moduli

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Complex Plane
Ø The Triangle Inequality
Consider the triangle
The length of the side of the triangle corresponding to
z1 + z2 cannot be longer than the sum of the lengths
of the remaining two sides. In symbols

|z1 + z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2|.

|z1 + z2| ≥ ||z1| − |z2||.

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Complex Plane
Ø The Triangle Inequality: More Consequences

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 Polar Form of Complex Number

Ø Polar Coordinates

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Ø The Polar Form of a Complex Number

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Ø The Polar Form of a Complex Number

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Ø Example: Expressing a Complex Number in Polar Form

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Ø Example: Expressing a Complex Number in Polar Form

Conversion Between Forms

x = r cos q
Polar to Rectangular:
y = r sin q

r = x2 + y 2
Rectangular to Polar:
y
q = ang(z ) = tan -1

Interactive Graph - Convert polar to rectangular and vice-versa:

https://www.intmath.com/complex-numbers/convert-polar-
rectangular-interactive.php
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Ø Example: Expressing a Complex Number in Polar Form

Example: Convert the following complex number

to polar form:
z = 4 + i3
r = x + y = (4) + (3) = 5
2 2 2 2

3
q = tan -1
= 36.87 = 0.6435 rad
4
z = 5Ð36.87 or 

z = 5e i 0.6435

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Polar Form of Complex Number
Ø The Principal Argument

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Polar Form of Complex Number
Ø Multiplying and Dividing in Polar Form

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Polar Form of Complex Number
Ø Example of Multiplication and Division in Polar Form

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 Ø Multiplying and Dividing in Polar Form

Multiplication in Polar Form Division in Polar Form

iq1
z1 = r1e z1 = r1eiq1
iq 2 iq 2
z 2 = r2 e z 2 = r2 e

z div =
z1
=
(1 )
r e iq1

z prod = z1 z 2
z 2 ( r2 eiq2 )
= ( r1e iq1
)( r e )
2
iq 2
r1 i (q1 -q2 )
= e
= r1r2 ei (q1 +q2 ) r2

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Polar Form of Complex Number
Ø Integer Powers of a Complex Number

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Polar Form of Complex Number
Ø Calculating the Power of a Complex Number

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Polar Form of Complex Number
Ø De Moivre’s Formula

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Powers and Roots of Complex Number
Ø n-th Complex Roots of a Complex Number

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Powers and Roots of Complex Number
Ø Roots of a Complex Number

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Powers and Roots of Complex Number
Ø Example: Finding Cube Roots

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Powers and Roots of Complex Number
Ø The Principal n-th Root

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Powers and Roots of Complex Number
Ø Geometry of the n Complex n-th Roots

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