COMPLEX NUMBERS

1 Introduction
√
Whenever x is thought to give a real value,
it has been,
till now,
x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 − x + 4 = x2 + 10x + 41 x2 − x + 4 − 160 insisted that
x ≥ 0. In other words, in the set of real
√ numbers it is We know, not possible
to provide a value for the existence of x when x < 0. To make this possible,
we extend the number system so as to include and cover yet another class of
numbers called imaginary numbers.

Let us take the quadratic equation, x2 − 2x + 10 = 0. The formal √

Hence,
the value of given expression is -160 . solution of this equation is 2± 24−40 , that
√
± 3 −1, which is not meaningful in the set of real numbers. So, a symbol
is, 1√
i = −1 is introduced.

It combines with itself and with real numbers satisfying the laws of algebra.

Whenever we come across -1 we may substitute i2 .

In the light of the foregoing, the roots of the equation discussed earlier may
be taken as 1 + 3i and 1 − 3i.
It is considered that 1 is the real part and 3 (or -3 ) is the imaginary part of
the complex number 1 + 3i (or 1 − 3i).

It has now to be mentioned that the ”+” symbol appearing between 1 and
31 does not seem to be meaningful, though the following are true:

(x1 + iy1 ) ± (x2 + iy2 ) = (x1 ± x2 ) + i (y1 ± y2 )

The real parts are added (or subtracted) separately and so in fact a complex
number, it is not possible to have two different forms are the imaginary parts.

Also,
(x1 + iy1 ) (x2 + iy2 ) = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i (x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
x1 + iy1 x1 x2 + y1 y2 i (x2 y1 − x1 y2 )
= +
x2 + iy2 x22 + y22 x22 + y22

1
2 Complex Numbers
A complex number, represented by an expression in the form x + iy (where
x, y are the real numbers), is considered to be an ordered pair (x, y) of two
real numbers, combined to form a complex number, and an algebra is defined
on set of such numbers represented by ordered pair (x, y) to satisfy the following:

(addition) (x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )

(subtraction) (x1 , y1 ) − (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 − x2 , y1 − y2 )
(multiplication) (x1 , y1 ) × (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 , x1 y2 + x2 y1 )
−x1 y2 )
(division) xx21 +iy
+iy1
2
= x1xx22+y
+y1 y2
2 + i(x2xy21+y 2
2 2 2 2

For any real number α, α(x, y) = (αx, αy) and if (x, y) = (x′ , y ′ ), then

(x1 + iy1 ) ± (x2 + iy2 ) = (x1 ± x2 ) + i (y1 ± y2 )

Based on the above discussion, the following cases have been observed:

1. If z = a + ib, then the real part of z = Re(z) = a and the imaginary

part of z = lm(z) = b.
2. If Re(z) = 0, then the complex number is purely imaginary.
3. If lm(z) = 0, then the complex number is real.
4. The complex number 0 = 0 + 0i is both purely imaginary and real.
5. Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts and imaginary
parts are separately equal, that is, a + ib = c + id ⇔ a = c and b = d.
6. There is no order relation between complex numbers, that is,
(a + ib) > or < (c + id) is a meaningless expression.

3 Representation of a Complex Number

1. Geometrical representation: It is known, from the coordinate geometry,
that the ordered pair (x, y) represents a point in the Cartesian plane.
It is now seen that the ordered pair (x, y) considered as Z represents a complex
number.
It is therefore observed that to every complex number Z = (x, y), one can as-
sociate, a point P = (x, y) in the Cartesian plane. The point may be called
to be a geometrical representation of Z. This association is a bijection - in the
mapping language whereby the correspondence between Z and P is ONE-ONE
and ONTO. It is therefore possible to go over to a point from Z, or reversing
the roles, come back to Z from the point.

2. Argand diagram: The graphical representation of a complex number

Z = (x, y) by a point P (x, y) is called representation in the Argand diagram,
which is also called Gaussian plane. In this representation, all complex numbers

2
such as (2, 0), (3, 0), (−1, 0), (α, 0) with the imaginary part 0 will be represented
by points on the x-axis. Since the real number α is represented as a complex
number (α, 0), all real numbers will get marked on the x-axis. For this reason,
the x-axis is called the real axis. Similarly, all purely imaginary numbers (with
the real part 0 ) such as (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, −3), (0, β) will be marked on the y-axis.
Hence, the y-axis is also called the imaginary axis in this context. The Cartesian
plane (two-dimensional plane) is also called the complex plane.

3. Polar representation: Let P (x, y) be any point on the complex plane

representing the complex number z = (x, y), with XOX and Y OY as the axes
of coordinates. Let OP = r and ∠XOP = θ (measured anticlockwise). Then
from △OM P , we find that
x = OM = r cos θ
and
y = M P = r sin θ
Thus, z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) can be written as
z = reiθ
This form of representation of Z is called the trigonometric form or the polar
form or the modulus amplitude form. When z is written in the form r(cos θ +
i sin θ), r is called the modulus of z and is written as |z|, where
p
|z| = r = x2 + y 2
a non-negative number. |x| = 0 for the only number (0, 0).

1
Example 1 Express (1−cos θ+i sin θ) in the form a + ib.

Solution:
1 (1 − cos θ) − i sin θ
=
(1 − cos θ + i sin θ) (1 − cos θ + i sin θ)(1 − cos θ − i sin θ)
{(1 − cos θ) − i sin θ} (1 − cos θ) − i sin θ
= =
(1 − cos θ)2 + sin2 θ 2 − 2 cos θ
1 − cos θ 1 · 2 sin θ2 cos θ2 1 θ
= − 2 θ
= − i · cot
2(1 − cos θ) 2 sin 2 2 2

4 Corollaries
4.1 Corollary 1:
If Z1 , ZZ , Z3 are the vertices of a triangle ABC described in the counter-clockwise
direction, then
Z3 − Z1 CA
= (cos α + i sin α),
Z2 − Z1 BA

3
where
α = ∠BAC

4.2 Corollary 2:
If Z1 , Z2 , Z3 are represented by A, B, C, then
 
Z3 − Z1
arg = ∠BAC
z2 − z1
 
Z2 − Z3
arg = ∠ACB
Z1 − Z3
 
Z1 − Z2
arg = ∠CBA
Z3 − Z2

5 Conjugate of a Complex Number

The complex numbers z = (a,√ b) = a + ib and z̄ = (a, −b) = a − ib, where a and
b are the real numbers, i = −1 and b ̸= 0, are called to be complex conjugate
of each other. (Here, the complex conjugate is obtained by just changing the
sign of i.
Note that,

sum = (a + ib) + (a − ib) = 2a which is real, and

product = (a+ib)(a−ib) = a2 −(ib)2 = a2 −i2 b2 = a2 −(−1)b2 = a2 +b2 , which is real

Properties of conjugate

- (z̄) = z
- z = z̄ ⇔ z is real
- z = −z̄ ⇔ z is purely imaginary
- Re(z) = Re(z̄) = z+z̄
2
- Im(z) = z−z̄
2i
- z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
- z1 −z2 = z1 − z2
z1 z1
- z2 = z2 (z2 ̸= 0)

6 Modulus of a Complex Number

Modulus
p of a complex number z = x + iy is a real number given by |z| =
x2 + y 2 . It is always non-negative and |z| = 0 only for z = 0, that is, origin of

4
the Argand plane. Geometrically, it represents the distance of the point z (xq y)
from origin.

Properties of modulus

- |z| ≥ 0 ⇒ |z| = 0 iff z = 0, and |z| > 0 iff z ̸= 0.

- −|z| ≤ Re(z) ≤ |z|, and −|z| ≤ Im(z) ≤ |z| |z| = |z̄| = | − z| = | − z̄|

- z z̄ = |z|2

- |z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 |

In general, |z1 z2 z3 . . . zn | = |z1 | |z2 | |z3 | . . . |zn |
z1 |z1 |
- z2 = |z2 | (z2 ̸= 0) − |z1 ± z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |
In particular, if |z1 + z2 | = |z1 | + |z2 |, then origin, z1 and z2 are collinear with
origin at one of the ends.

- |z1 ± z2 | ≥ ||z1 | − |z2 ||

In particular, if |z1 − z2 | = ||z1 | − |z2 ||, then origin, z1 and z2 are collinear with
origin at one of the ends.

- |z n | = |z|n

- |z1 | − |z2 || ≤ |z1 | + |z2 |

Thus, |z1 | + |z2 | is the greatest possible value of |z1 + z2 | and ——z1 | − |z2 || is
the least possible value of |z1 + z2 |.
2 2 2 2 2
- |z1 ± z2 | = (z1 ± z2 ) (z1 ± z2 ) = |z1 | + |z2 | ± (z1 z2 + z1 z2 ) or |z1 | + |z2 | ±
2 Re (z1 z2 )

- z1 z2 + z1 z2 = 2 |z1 | |z2 | cos (θ1 − θ2 ) where θ1 = arg (z1 ) and θ2 = arg (z2 )
2 2 2
- |z1 + z2 | = |z1 | + |z2 | ⇔ zz21 is purely imaginary
n o
2 2 2 2
- |z1 + z2 | + |z1 − z2 | = 2 |z1 | + |z2 |
2 2
 2 2

- |az1 − bz2 | + |bz1 + az2 | = a2 + b2 |z1 | + |z2 | where a, b ∈ R

Example 2: If |z − 2 + i| ≤ 2, then find the greatest and the least value

of |z|.

Solution: Given that

|z − 2 + i| ≤ 2

5
(Using |z1 − z1 | ≥ ||z1 | − |z2 || )

|z − 2 + i| ≥ ||z| − |2 − i||
√
⇒ |z − 2 + i| ≥ ||z| − 5|

From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get

√
||z| − 5| ≤ |z − 2 + i| ≤ 2

Therefore, √
||z| − 5| ≤ 2
√
⇒ −2 ≤ |z| − 5 ≤ 2
√ √
⇒ 5 − 2 ≤ |z| ≤ 5 + 2
√ √
Hence, the greatest value of |z| is 5 + 2 and the least value of |z| is 5 − 2.

6.1 Argument of a Complex Number

p
If z = x + iy = r(cos θ + i sin θ), where r = x2 + y 2 , then θ is called the
argument of Z or the amplitude of Z. Since x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, θ is such
that cos θ = √ 2x 2 and sin θ = √ 2y 2 . Since there can be many values of θ
x +y x +y
satisfying these conditions, by convention, θ such that −π < θ ≤ π is defined
as the principal argument of Z and is denoted by arg Z. The argument of a
complex number a + ib is given by α, π − α1 − π + α or −α if a + ib is in the
first, second, third or fourth quadrant, respectively, where α = tan−1 ab .
For example,

- Z = 1 + i = (1, 1) and
√ is marked by point P (1, 1) that lies in first quad-
rant. Therefore, |Z| = 2 and arg Z = π/4
√
- If Z = 1 − i = (1, −1), then P lies in the fourth quadrant and |Z| = 2
and arg Z = −π/4.

3π
- If Z = −1 + i = (−1, 1), then P lies in the second quadrant and arg Z = 4 .

- If Z = −1 − l, then P lies in the third quadrant and arg Z = − 3π

4 .

- Argument of all positive real numbers such as 1, 2, 3, 12 , . . . is 0 since they

are marked on the positive x-axis. The argument of all negative real numbers
such as −1, −2, −3, . . . is π since they are marked on negative x-axis. The ar-
gument of purely imaginary numbers such as i, 2i, 3i, . . . is π2 since these are
marked on the positive y-axis. The argument of purely imaginary numbers like
−i, −2i, −3i, . . ., is − π2 , Since these are marked on negative y-axis.

6
Properties of arguments

- arg (z1 z2 ) = arg (z1 ) + arg (z2 ) + 2kπ(k = 0 or 1 or -1)

In general arg (z1 z2 z3. . .zn ) = arg (z1 )+arg (z2 )+arg (z3 )+· · · + arg (zn )+2kπ
z1
(where k ∈ I ) - arg z2 = arg z1 − arg z2 + 2kπ (k = 0 or 1 or -1)

- arg z̄z = 2 arg z + 2kπ

(k = 0 or 1 or -1) - arg (z n ) = n arg z + 2kπ (k = 0 or 1 or -1)

   
- If arg zz12 = θ, then arg zz21 = 2kπ − θ where k ∈ I.

- arg z̄ = − arg z

- If arg z = 0, then z is real.

Note: Proper value of k must be chosen in above results so that arguments

lies in (−π, π].

All the above formulae are written on the basis of the principal argument.

Example 3: If |Z| ≤ 1 and |W | ≤ 1, then show that

|Z − W |2 | − |W |)2 + (arg Z − arg W )2

Solution: Let
Z = |Z|(cos θ + i sin θ)
and
W = |W |(cos φ + i sin φ)

7 De Moivre’s Theorem
For any rational number n, the value or one of the values of (cos θ + sin θ)n is
(cos nθ + sin nθ). The following may also be noted:

1. (cos θ + i sin θ)−n = (cos nθ − sin nθ) = (cos θ − i sin θ)n

2. (cos θ + i sin θ)n = (cos nθ + sin nθ) = (cos θ − i sin θ)−n

3. If x + x1 = 2 cos θ, and if the equation is solved for x, then

x = cos θ + i sin θ = eiθ ⇒ x1 = cos θ − i sin θ = e−iθ or

x = cos θ − i sin θ = e−iθ

1
⇒ = cos θ + i sin θ = eiθ
x

7
Example 4: If n be a positive integer, prove that

0
 if n be odd
(1 + i)2n + (1 − i)2n = 2n+1 if n2 be even
if n2 be odd

 n+1
−2

Solution:
 π π 2n  nπ nπ 
(1 + i)2n = 2n cos + i sin = 2n cos + i sin
4 4 2 2
2n n
 π π 2n n
 nπ nπ 
(1 − i) = 2 cos − i sin = 2 cos − i sin
4 4 2 2
Therefore,
 nπ nπ nπ nπ 
(1 + i)2n + (1 − i)2n = 2n cos + i sin + cos − i sin
2  2 2 2
n+1
 nπ
=2 cos
2
If n be odd = 2m + 1, then
π
RHS = 2n+1 cos(2m + 1) =0
2
n
If n be even and 2 also even so that n = 4k, then

RHS = 2n+1 cos(2kπ) = 2n+1

n
If 2 is odd, then  nπ 
RHS = 2n+1 cos = −2n+1
2

If z = r(cos θ + i sin θ), and n is a positive integer, then

 
1/n 1/n 2kπ + θ 2kπ + θ
z =r cos + i sin , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . n − 1
n n

8 Roots of Unity
1. Cube roots of unity: Consider the cubic (third degree) equation

x3 = 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ

8
Therefore, √
1 = (cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ)1/3
3
x=
   
2kπ 2kπ
= cos + i sin
3 3
To get three roots of the cubic equation, we give k = 0, giving the real root,
cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1 k = 1, giving one imaginary root, cos 2π 2π
3 + i sin 3 = ω k = 2,
4π 4π
giving the other imaginary root, cos 3 + i sin 3 = ω 2 .
It is said that 1, ω, ω 2 are the three cubic roots of unity satisfying

(a) 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0

(b) ω 3 = 1

(c) 1, ω, ω 2 are represented respectively by points A, B, C lying on the unit

circle |Z| √
= 1 and forming the corners of an equilateral triangle with each side
of length 3.

2. The nth Root of Unity Let x be the nth root of unity. Then

xn = 1 = cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ (where k is an integer)

2kπ 2kπ
⇒ x = cos + i sin k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1
n n
Let α = cos 2π 2π
n + i sin n . Then the n
th
roots of unity are αt (t = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n −
1), that is, the n roots of unity are 1, α, α2 , . . . , αn−1 .
th

Sum of the Roots

1 − αn
1 + α + α2 + · · · + αn−1 = =0
1−α
n−1 n−1
X 2kπ X 2kπ
⇒ cos = 0 and sin =0
n n
k=0 k=0

Thus, the sum of the roots of unity is zero.

Product of the Roots

α · α2 . . . . . . .αn−1 = (−1)n (−1) = (−1)n+1

9 Concept of rotation
If z1 , z2 , z3 , are the three vertices of a triangle ABC described in the counter-
clockwise sense, then
z3 − z1 OQ CA jα |z3 − z1 | iα
= (cos α + i sin α) = ·e = ·e
z2 − z1 OP BA |z2 − z1 |

9
Note that arg (z3 − z1 ) − arg (z2 − z1 ) = α is the angle through which OP must
be rotated in the anticlockwise direction so that it becomes parallel to OQ.

10 Equations Theory with Complex Coefficients

An nth degree equation with complex coefficients ann′ an−1 , . . . , a0 is given as

an z n + an−1 zn−1 + · · · + a1 z + a0 = 0

It has n roots say α1 , α2 , . . . αn , and

X an−1
α1 = −
an
X an−2
α1 α2 = +
an
a0
α1 α2 . . . αn = (−1)n
an
In the case of quadratic equations with complex coefficients having non-zero
imaginary part, the discriminant has no role for the existence of roots.

11 Logarithms of a Complex Number

Let loge (x + iy) = α + iβ
Suppose
x + iy = r(cos θ + i sin θ) = reiθ
then
x = r cos θy y = r sin θ
so that p
r= (x2 + y 2 )
and y
θ = tan−1
x
We get
loge (x + iy) = loge reeiθ = loge r + loge eiθ

= loge r + iθ
p y
= loge (x2 + y 2 ) + i tan−1
x
or
loge (z) = loge |z| + i amp z
So, the general value of log(z) = loge |z| + 2nπi (−π < amp(z) < π).

10
12 Section Formula
Let z1 and z2 represent any two complex number representing the points A
and B, respectively, in the Argand plane. Let C be the point dividing the line
AC
AB internally in ratio m:n, that is, BC = m:n and let the complex number
associated with point C be z. Then, let us rotate the line BC about C so that
it becomes parallel to CA. Then, the corresponding equation after rotation will
be
z1 − z |z1 − z| iz̄ m
= e = (−1)
z2 − z |z2 − z| n
nz1 + mz2
⇒z=
m+n

Thus,

1. If Z1 , Z2 are divided at P in the ratio man internally, then P has the complex
number mZm+n 2 +nZ1
. Particularly, the mid-point of the join of Z1 and Z2 is Z1 +Z
2
2
.

2. If Z1 , Z2 , Z3 be three points A, B, C forming a triangle ABC, then the

centroid G of the triangle ABC has an associated complex number Z1 +Z32 +Z3 .

13 Locus in an Argand Plane

13.1 Equation of a Straight Line
- Equation of a straight line with the help of rotation formula: Let A (z1 ) and
B (z2 ) be any two points lying on any line and we have to obtain the equation
of this line. For this purpose, let us take any point C(z) on this line. Since
 
z − z1 z − z1 z̄ − z̄1
arg = 0 or π ⇒ =
z2 − z1 z2 − z1 z̄2 − z̄1
- General equation of the line:

zā + z̄a + b = 0,

where
ā = (z1 − z2 ) , b = z1 z̄2 − z2 z̄1
This is the general equation of a line in the complex plane.
Re(a)
- Slope of a given line: If zā+ z̄a+b = 0 is the given line, then its slope = − Im(a)

- Equation of a line parallel to the line zā + z̄a + b = 0 is zā + z̄a + λ = 0

(where λ is a real number).

- Equation of a line perpendicular to the line zā + z̄a + b = 0 is zā − z̄a + iλ = 0

11
(where λ is a real number).

- Equation of perpendicular bisector: Consider a line segment joining A (z1 )

and B (z2 ). Let the line ’L’ be its perpendicular bisector. If P (z) be any point
on the ’ L;’ we have P A = P B.

⇒ |z − z1 | = |z − z2 |
⇒ z (z̄2 − z̄1 ) + z̄ (z2 − z1 ) + z1 z̄1 − z2 z̄2 = 0

- Distance of a given point from a given line: Let the given line be zā+ z̄a+b = 0
and the given point be ze then the distance of zc from this line is |zc ā+z̄ c a+b|
2|a| .

13.2 Equation of a Circle

- Equation of a circle of radius r and having centre at z0 is |z − z0 | = r. It
represents general equation of circle in a complex plane.

- Equation of a circle described on a line segment AB, A(z1 ), B(z2 ) as diameter

is (z − z1 )(z̄ − z¯2 ) + (z − z2 )(z̄ − z¯1 ) = 0.

- Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers and z be any complex number such
that arg z−z
z−z2 = α, where α ∈ (0, π), then z will lie on the arc of the circle.
1

12
14 Level-1 (Objective Questions)
Q1. The roots of the equation z n = (z + 1)n
1
a) lie on a circle with radius 2
b) lie on the line 2x + 1 = 0
c) lie on a regular polygon with n sides
d) lie on a regular polygon with 2n sides
√
Q2. How many solutions are possible for Re(z)2 = 0 and |z| = a 2(a > 0) ?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
1
Q3. If x = cos θ + i sin θ and y = cos ϕ + i sin ϕ, then xm y n + xm y n = . . . ..

a) cos(mθ + nϕ)
b) cos(mθ − nϕ)
c) 2 cos(mθ + nϕ)
d) 2 cos(mθ − nϕ)
Q4. The roots of the equation az 2 + z + 1 = 0 are purely imaginary numbers,
where a = cos θ + i sin θ. Which of the following is true for the function f (x) =
x3 − 3x2 + 3(1 + cos θ)x + 5 ?

a) f (x) = 0 has three real roots.

b) f (x) = 0 has one positive real root.
c) f (x) = 0 has one negative real root.
d) f (x) = 0 has three distinct real roots.

Q5. If z1 , z2 , z3 ∈ C, Σz1 Im (z2 z3 ) = . . . . . .

a) z1 + z2 + z3
b) 0
1
c) 2i (z1 + z2 + z3 )
d) z1 z2 z3

2 2
Q6. If z1 , z2 are non-zero complex numbers such that, |2z1 − 3z2 | = |2z1 | +
2
|3z2 | , then

13
 a) z1 z̄2 + z2 z̄1 = 0
z2
b) z1 is purely imaginary
z2
c) is purely real
z1
 
d) arg zz21 = ± π2

P 
n Pn zj
Q7. If z1 , z2 , . . . zn lie on the circle |z| = r and Re j=1 k=1 zk = 0, then
Pn
a) j=1 zj =0
Pn
b) j=1 zj =0
Pn
c) j=1 z̄j =0
Pn
d) j=1 zj =n

Q8.
P(x) and
Q(x) are polynomials. If x2 + x + 1 is a factor of f (x) =

P x3 + xQ x3 , then
a) (x − 1) is a factor of P(x) but not a factor of Q(x).
b) (x − 1) is a factor of Q(x) but not a factor of P(x).
c) (x − 1) is a factor of P(x) and Q(x).
d) (x − 1) is a factor of f (x).

Q9. c is a complex number with |c| = 1. If the roots of cz 2 + z + 1 = 0 are

purely imaginary, then tan(arg c).....
√
5−1
a) 2
√
5+1
b) 2
q√
5+1
c) 2
q√
5−1
d) √
3− 5

Q9. If |z|2 ω − |ω|2 z = z − ω for distinct non-zero complex numbers z and ω,

then which of the following is NOT correct ?
a) z = −ω
b) z = ϕ̄
c) zω = 1
d) zω = 1

14
15 Level 1 (Answer Key)

Answer Key (SCQs)

1 (B)
2 (D)
3 (C)
4 (C)
5 (B)
6 (A, B, D)
7 (A, B, C)
8 (C, D)
9 (C)
10 (A, B, D)

16 Solutions
16.1 Single Correct Questions
S1. B

z n = (z + 1)n
 n
1
1+ =1
z
1 2kπ 2kπ
1 + = cos + i sin , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1
z n n
1
For k = 0, = 0 is not possible.
z
1
z= , k = 1, 2, . . . , n − 1
−1 + cos n + i sin 2kπ
2kπ
n
−1 + cos 2kπ
n − i sin n
2kπ
= 2
−1 + cos 2kπ + sin2 2kπ


n n
− 1 − cos 2kπ 2kπ
i sin 2kπ


−
 
n i sin n −1 n −1 −i kπ
= = −
= − cot
2 1 − cos 2kπ 2 1 − cos 2kπ


n
2 n
2 2 n
−1 −1
Re(z) = gives x =
2 2

The roots of the equation z n = (z + 1)n lie on the line 2x + 1 = 0.

√
S2. D Let z = reiθ |z| = r = a 2 and z 2 = 2a2 e2iθ −π < θ ≤ π

15
Now, Re(z)2 = 2a2 cos 2θ = 0. So cos 2θ = 0 (a > 0)
π
2θ = nπ ± ; n ∈ Z
2
nπ π
θ= ± ;n ∈ Z
2 4
π 3π
θ = ± ,±
4 4
√ iπ √ iπ √ i3π √ −i3π
z = 2ae 4 , 2ae− 4 , 2ae 4 , 2ae 4
Hence, there are four solutions.

S3. C x = ein , y = eiϕ

1
xm y n + = eimθ einϕ + e−imθ e−inθ
xm y n
= ei(mθ+mϕ) + e−(kmθ+nϕ)
= cos(mθ + nϕ) + i sin(mθ + nϕ) + cos(mθ + nϕ) − i sin(mθ + nϕ)
= 2 cos(mθ + nϕ) Ans. : (C)

S4. C az 2 + z + 1 = 0, where a = cos θ + i sin θ Suppose z1 and z2 are purely

imaginary roots of the equation. Then, z1 = −z1 and z2 = −z2
1
z1 + z2 = −
a
1
z1 + z2 =
a
(z1 + z2 = − (z1 + z2 ))
1 1
z1 + z2 = . So, z1 + z2 =
ā ā
1 1 1 1
− = So, + = 0
a ā a ā
cos θ = 0
(a = cos θ + i sin θ)
π
θ=
2
Now f (x) = 0
 π
x3 − 3x2 + 3 1 + cos x+5=0
2
x3 − 3x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
(x − 1)3 + 6 = 0.
1
So, x = 1 + (−6) 3
f (x) = 0 has one negative real root.

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S5. B

Let z1 = r1 eθ1 ; z2 = r2 eθ2 ; z3 = r3 eθ3

 
Im (z2 z3 ) = Im r2 r3 ei(θ3 −θ2 ) = r2 r3 sin (θ3 − θ2 )
z1 Im (z2 z3 ) = r1 r2 r3 eiθ1 sin (θ3 − θ2 )
Σz1 Im (z2 z3 ) = r1 r2 r3 eθ1 sin (θ3 − θ2 ) + eiθ2 sin (θ1 − θ3 ) + eiθ3 sin (θ2 − θ1 )


Now, using the formula of sin(α − β) and eθ = cos θ + i sin θ, we get

Σz1 Im (z2 z3 ) = 0

16.2 Multiple Correct Questions

S6. A,B,D

2 2 2
|2z1 − 3z2 | − |2z1 | + |3z2 |
2 2
(2z1 − 3z2 ) (2z̄1 − 3z̄2 ) = |2z1 | + |3z2 |
4z1 z̄1 − 6z̄1 z2 − 6z2 z̄1 + 9z2 z̄2 = 4z1 z̄1 + 9z2 z̄2
z̄1 z2 + z1 z̄2 = 0

z̄1 z2 = −z1 z̄2

 
z2 z2
=−
z1 z1
z2
is a purely imaginary number.
z1
 
z2 π
arg =±
z1 2
Ans. : (A), (B), (D)

S7. A,B,C Since z1 , z2 , . . . zn are on |z| = r, zi = r (cos θi + i sin θi ) Now,

P Pn zj 
n
Re j=1 k=1 zk =0
  
1 1 1
Re (z1 + z2 + . . . + zn ) + + ... + =0
z1 z2 zn
Re [{(cos θ1 + . . . + cos θn ) + i (sin θ1 + . . . + sin θn )}
{(cos θ1 + . . . + cos θn ) − i (sin θ1 + . . . + sin θn )}] = 0
2 2
(cos θ1 + . . . + cos θn ) + (sin θ1 + . . . + sin θn ) = 0
cos θ1 + . . . + cos θn = 0 = sin θ1 + . . . + sin θn Ans. : (A), (B), (C)

17
Ans. : (A), (B), (C)



S8. C,D f (x) = P x3 + xQ x3 Factors of 1 + x + x2 are also factors of
√ √
−1+i 3 −1−i 3
f (x). Roots of 1 + x + x2 are ω, ω 2 , where ω = 2 , ω2 = 2

f (ω) = 0
P ω 3 + ωQ ω 3 = 0

P(1) + ωQ(1) = 0


Now, f ω 2 = 0
P ω6 + ω2 Q ω6 = 0

P(1) + ω 2 Q(1) = 0
From (2) and (3),

P(1) = 0 and Q(1) = 0

(x − 1) is a factor of P(x) and Q(x).
f (1) = P(1) + Q(1) = 0
f (1) = 0
(x − 1) is a factor of f (x)

Ans. : (C), (D)

S9. C Suppose, z = iy is a root of the given equation.

18
Suppose c = cos α + i sin α
cz 2 + z + 1 = 0
− (cos α + i sin α)y 2 + iy + 1 = 0
cos α · y 2 − 1 + sin α · y 2 − y i = 0

y 2 cos α = 1, y sin α = 1, (y ̸= 0)
y cos α − y sin α = 0 ⇒ y 2 sin2 α − cos α = 0
2 2 2

1 − cos2 α − cos α = 0
cos2 α + cos α − 1 = 0
√
−1 ± 5
cos α =
√ 2
5−1
cos α =
2
√ !
− 5−1
cos α ̸=
2
4 2
sec2 α = √ = √
6−2 5 3− 5
√
2 5−1
tan2 α = √ −1= √
3− 5 3− 5
s√ s√ √ s √ s√
5−1 5−1 3+ 5 2 5+2 5+1
tan α = √ = √ × √ = =
3− 5 3− 5 3+ 5 4 2

S10. A,B,D By rearranging the terms of |z|2 ω − |ω|2 z = z − ω,

z 1 + |z|2
=
ω 1 + |ω|2
z z
is a purely real number. Let = k where k ∈ R
ω ω
kω 1 + k 2 |ω|2
=
ω 1 + |ω|2
2
k + k|ω|2 = 1 + k| |ω|2
k − 1 = k|ω|2 (k − 1)
k|ω|2 − 1 (k − 1) = 0

1
k = 1 or k =
|ω|2
z z 1 1
= 1 or = 2
=
ω0 ω |c · · · | c0 ω̄
z ω̄ = 1

19