1. Pure Imaginary Unit i 9.

i2 = -1, i = (0, 1)
= z1z2-1
2. product – of two complex numbers (x1, y1), (x2, y2) are defined as follows: 10. the length of the line segment from O to z is r
the absolute value of z is r and is denoted by |z|.
Equality (x1, y1) = (x2, y2) if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 angle , measured in radians, is an angle with positive x - axis and the line
Sum (x1, y1) + (x2, y2) = (x1 + x2, y1 + y2) segment.
Product (x1, y1) (x2, y2) = (x1x2 - y1y2, x1y2 + y1x2)

3. Real Numbers Complex Numbers r= √ x 2+ y 2 , x = r cos , y = r sin 

x (x, 0)
y (y, 0) z = r (cos  + i sin )
x+y (x, 0) + (y, 0)
xy (x, 0) (y, 0) which is called the trigonometric form of a complex number. z = (r, ) is called the
Note that sum and product of complex numbers satisfy commutative, associative polar form of z.
and distributive properties. ဖလွယ္ရ ဖက္ဆက္ရ ျဖန္႕ေ၀ရ

4. i 1 = = i
i2 = -1
i 3 = i2 i = (-1) i =-i
i4 = i2 i2 = (-1) (-1) =1
5. z = x + y i = (x, y)

6. The conjugate z̄ of a complex number z = x + y i = (x, y) is defined by

z̄ = x - y i = (x, -y) 11. Product in Trigonometric Form

Let z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1) and z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2).
7. z z̄ = (x + y i) (x – y i) = x + y2 2

1
y
z1z2 = r1 r2 (cos (1 + 2) + i sin (1 + 2))
z z = (x, y) = x + y i
8. is the multiplicative inverse of z and is denoted by z-1. 12.Multiplicative inverse in Trigonometric Form
r

1|Page Only Teaching-Aids For B.E.H.S (Hlegu)Students


x
O
 1 sin (-) = - sin , cos (-) = cos , [Negative angles]
z = r (cos (-) + i sin (-))
-1 sin ( π -) = sin , cos ( π -) = - cos , [Second quadrant]
sin ( π +) = - sin , cos ( π +) = - cos , [third quadrant]
13. Division in Trigonometric Form
sin (2 π -) = - sin , cos (2 π -) = cos , [fourth quadrant]
z1 r 1
15. Roots of Complex Numbers
z2 = r 2 (cos ( -  ) + i sin ( -  ))
1 2 1 2

1. x,y ကို ရွ => 2. r ကို ရွ => 3. Cosθ, sinθ ကို ရွ => 4. Θ ကို ရွ θ+2 kπ θ+2 kπ
n
=>5. Z=rcis မွအစသြင္ wk = √ r (cos n + i sin n ), k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n – 1.
14. Powers of complex numbers

√ √ √
zn = rn (cos n + i sin n ), n is an integer. π π √2 2+ √ 2

√
1+ cos 1+
π 4 4 2 2 2+ √ 2
cos 8 = cos 2 = 2 = 2 = 2 = 4 =
π π π π 5π π π
0 12 6 4 3 12 2 π -2 √2+ √2
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ ∘ 2
(90 ) ∘
(15 ) (30 ) (45 ) (60 ) (75 ) (180 ) (-90 ~0.9

√ √ √
π π √2 2− √ 2

√
1−cos 1− 2−√ 2
π 4 4 2 2
sin 0
√6−√ 2 1 1 √3 √6 + √ 2 1 0
sin 8 = sin 2 = 2 = 2 = 2 = 4 =
4 2 √2 2 4
√2−√ 2
2
cos 1
√6 + √ 2 √3 1 1 √6−√ 2 0 -1 ~0.3
4 2 √2 2 4

I II III IV Solve ပု စၦ => ညဘက္ကို trigo ေျပင္ =>θ ကို 2kπ ေပင္ => ေပ=ရွင္ =>ပံ ု ေသနည္သြင္
=>ပံ ု ဆြဲ
0   < 2 .  π - π+ 2 π -
Chapter-2
-  <   .  π - -π +  -
1. To apply this principle, there are two steps:
The initial step: Prove that the statement is true for n = 1.
For 0   < 2.
2|Page Only Teaching-Aids For B.E.H.S (Hlegu)Students
 The inductive step: Assume that the statement is true for n = k, and use this 3. Planes parallel to yz-plane: Equation of any plane parallel to the yz-plane is x
assumption to prove that the statement is true for n = k + 1. = a, and the coordinates of the points on that plane are of the form (a, y, z).
2. the statement is true for n = k, is called the induction hypothesis. 4. Planes parallel to zx-plane: Equation of any plane parallel to the zx-plane is y
3. when the natural numbers n  m, we will prove that the statement is true for n = = b, and the coordinates of the points on that plane are of the form (x, b, z).
m in the initial step. 5. The point of intersection of the line through the point (2, 3, -4) and xy –
plane is (2, 3, 0).
The point of intersection of the line through the point (2, 3, -4) and yz –
Let P(n) denote the statement _________________
plane is (0, 3, -4).
6. The point of intersection on the line PQ and zx-plane , y = 0.
(1) For n = 1, L.H.S = ________
R.H.S = _________
L.H.S = R.H.S 7.
The statement is true for n = 1.
Plane Equation Coordinates Example
(2) Assume that the statement is true for n = k, that is
Equation Coordinates
______________________________
We will show that the statement is true for n = k + 1, that is Parallel to xy-plane z=c (x, y, c) z=1 (x, y, 1)
we have to show that ___________________________________
It is proved that __________________________ Parallel to yz-plane x=a (a, y, z) x=5 (5, y, z)
______________________________
Parallel to zx-plane y=b (x, b, z) y=2 (x, 2, z)
_____________________________
8. Lines perpendicular to xy-plane: Equation of any line perpendicular to the xy-
(3) Hence, by principle of mathematical induction, the statement P(n) is true for all plane and passing through the point (a, b, c) is x = a, y = b , and the coordinates of
natural numbers n, the points on that line are of the form
line eq (a, b,Constant
ေရရင္ z). 2 လံ ု နဲ႕ေရ
9. Lines Perpendicular to yz-plane: Equation of any line perpendicular to the yz-
Chapter 3 plane and passing through the point (a, b, c) is y = b, z = c, and the coordinates
of the points on that line are of the form (x, b, c).
Analytical Solid Geometry
10. Lines Perpendicular to zx-plane: Equation of any line perpendicular to the zx-
1. The xy-plane consists of the x-axis and the y-axis, the z-axis is perpendicular
plane and passing through the point (a, b, c) is x = a, z = c, and the coordinates
to the xy-plane. Plane eq ေရရင္ Constant 1 လံ ု နဲ႕ေရ
of the points on that line are of the form (a, y, c).
The coordinates of the points on the xy-plane are of the form (x, y, 0).
11. the distance between point P(x1, y1, z1) and point Q(x2, y2, z2) is
Plane eq ေရရင္ Constant 1 လံ ု နဲ႕ေရ
2. Planes parallel to xy-plane: Equation of any plane parallel to the xy-plane is z
= c, and the coordinates of the points on that plane are of the form (x, y, c) PQ = √( x 2 −x1 )2 +( y 2 − y 1 )2 +( z 2 −z 1 )2
3|Page Only Teaching-Aids For B.E.H.S (Hlegu)Students
Note:
 AB2 + CA2 = BC2
By Pythagoras Theorem, ABC is a right triangle.Hence, the given points are the
vertices of a right triangle. 18. By the law of cosines,
 Here PQ + QR = PR. Hence point P, Qand R are collinear. l 1 l 2 +m1 m2 +n 1 n2
12. Directed values of a line segment: (အမွတ္ ၂ မွတ္ သိဖို ႕လို ပတယ္ )=> DV=ေန ∠
ဦတည္ရဘက္ျပတန္ဖို cos PAQ = √
l 2+m2 + n2 l2 +m2 + n2 √
For a line segment PQ, directed values ⟨l,m,n⟩ of PQ, where P is (x1, y1, z1) and Q
1 1 1 2 2 2
က္အမွတ္ - ေရွ႕အမွတ္
If l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0, the cos ∠PAQ = 0 and hence ∠PAQ = 90°.
is (x2, y2, z2), is defined by
19. Perpendicular lines: Two lines are perpendicular if and only if they are intersect
⟨PQ⟩ = ⟨l,m,n⟩ = ⟨ x2−x 1 , y 2− y 1 ,z 2−z 1⟩ and
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 ၁. DV မ်အခ်ိဳ ခ် => မတူ လွ်င္ မ်
13. coordinate form of the equation of line PQ ( အမွတ္ 1 မွတ္ သိဖို ႕လို ပတယ္ ) DV တစ္ခုသိ ပ
ဖို ႕လို ပတယ္ ⟨l ,m ,n ⟩ ⟨l ,m ,n ⟩
for any directed values 1 1 1 and 2 2 2 of the lines.
၂. မ်ဥ္နွစ္ေျကင္လံ ု အတြက္
(x, y, z) = (x1 + kl, y1 + km, z1 + kn) k is called a parameter. ေရ
၃. Eq (!) ႏွင့္ (2) ကို သံ ု ပီ s နဲ႕
14. parametric form ၄. S နဲ႕ t ကို eq(3) မွအစသြင္ =>
20. Cartesian form of the plane equation င္ =>ျဖတ္
x= x1 + kl,
y= y1 + km parametric equation ax + by + cz= d
z= z1 + kn 21. the line l with equation
15. Symmetric or Cartesian Form
x−x 1 y− y 1 z−z 1 x−x 1 y− y 1 z−z 1 l
l = m = n a b c
= =
⟨a,b,c⟩
16. Parallel lines;
Two lines are parallel if and only if their directed values are
is perpendicular to both of the lines AB and .
ax + by +Bcz= d
AC. So the line l is perpendicular to the
multiples of each other by some real number. plane ABC. Hence any line with directed
DV မ်အခ်ိ
မ်
ဥ္းျဳ တူ လွ်င္မ်ဥ္ပိဳ
ပိဳ values ⟨ka,kb,kc⟩ , for some parameter k, is
.
A(x1,y1,z1) C
.
င္ျကသည္။
17. Slew Lines : In space , there are pairs of lines that are neither parallel nor perpendicular to the plane ABC.
intersect. မျပိဳင္ မျဖက္ skew
For example 9
These pairs of lines are called skew lines. မွတ္ 1.ေပထသPlane eq မွ ⊥ line ရဲ႕ DV ရွပ
2.⊥ line ရဲ႕ line equation ဆက္ေ၇ပ။
၁. DV မ်အခ်ိဳ ခ် => မတူ လွ်င္ မ်ဥ္ မျပိဳင္ျကပ
3.coordinate form (x,y,z) ပံ ဳစံ ေျပင္ပ
၂. မ်ဥ္နွစ္ေျကင္လံ ု အတြက္ parametric eq ေရ
4.plane equation ထဲမွအစသြင္ပီ k ကို ရေအင္ရွပ
4 | P a g၃e. EqO(!)nႏွင့္
l y T(2)eကိုaသံ
c hု ပီi ns နဲ႕
g - tAကိုi ရွပ
ds For B.E.H.S (Hlegu)Students
5. k ရရင္ (x,y,z) မွ အစသြင္ပီ
၄. S နဲ႕ t ကို eq(3) မွအစသြင္ =>ဘယ္ ည ညီရင္
Point of intersection ကို ဆက္ရွပ
=>ျဖတ္
=>ဘယ္ ည မညီရင္ =>မျဖတ္
 Three mutually perpendicular lines are the x-axis, the y-axis and z-axis. A point P in
space is
determined by an ordered triple (x, y, z)
22.Spheres

()
1
0
(x, y, z)
i = 0
^ represents the unit vector in the positive x direction.
r
.
()
(x1,y1,z1)
0
1
^j =
0 represents the unit vector in the positive y direction and
The distance between center (x1, y1, z1) and any point (x, y, z) of a sphere is radius r.

()
0
√( x−x 1 )2+( y− y 1 )2+( z− z1 )2 = r
0
Therefore the equation of the sphere with center (x1, y1, z1) and radius r is k^ =
1 represents the unit vector in the positive z direction.

()
2
( x−x 1 )2 +( y − y 1 )2 +( z−z 1 )2 = r2 3
OA = 2 ^i + 3
⃗ 4 => 3 dimentional form⃗
point A (2, 3, 4)=> position vector formOA =

Note: center C is a midpoint of diameter AB = 2 (

x 1+ x2 y1+ y 2 z1+ z2
,
2
,
2 ) ^j + 4k^ .

()
a
For ex 3.5 No.4 b
Sphere eq မွ center ရွ
P(3,2,-2)
⃗ p = c is |⃗p | = √ a2 +b2 + c 2
The magnitude of a vector OP = ⃗
1. ⊥ line ရဲ႕ DV ရွပ

( )
2 plane equation ဆက္ေ၇ပ။ x2 −x 1
3.သိတဲ႕အမွတ္ကိုသံ ု
4.plane equation
ပီအစသြင္ပီ ိ d ကို ရွ .
C (-2,1, –3)
y 2− y 1
AB = ⃗
⃗ OB – ⃗
OA = z 2 −z 1
and ⃗
AB is called the position vector of B relative to A.
P(3,4,1)

()
For ex 3.5 No.5
1.ေပထသPlane eq မွ ⊥ line ရဲ႕ DV ရွပ 0
2.⊥ line ရဲ႕ line equation ဆက္ေ၇ပ။ 0
3.coordinate form (x,y,z) ပံ ဳစံ ေျပင္ပ C (2,1, –1) . 0⃗ = 0 .
4.plane equation ထဲမွအစသြင္ပီ k ကို ရေအင္ရွပ
In three dimensional space, the zero vector is denoted
Chapter-4
5. k ရရင္ (x,y,z) မွ အစသြင္ပီ
Point of intersection ကို ဆက္ရွပ
5 | P a g e O n l y T e a6. cradius
h i nရွပီရင္
g - A sphere
i d s eqF ေရပ
or B.E.H.S (Hlegu)Students
 () ()
two vectors for addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication of two vectors, x1 x2
respectively.
y1 y2
⃗ = z1 ⃗ z2
a⃗ a⃗ If a and b = ,
⃗
ka x1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 + z 1 z 2
b⃗ b⃗ a⃗ - b⃗
a⃗ + b⃗ b⃗ b⃗ cos  = |⃗a||⃗b| …….. (3)
a⃗

Unit Vectora⃗ a⃗ a ⃗
⃗ b ¿ = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z2

A vector with magnitude 1 is called a unit vector. ⃗ is called the scalar product or dot product of the vectors
⃗
The expression a ¿ b
⃗ , the unit vector in the (same) direction of a⃗ , denoted by a^ ⃗
a ⃗
and b .
For a nonzero vectora
is given by
a⃗ Algebraic Properties of the Scalar Product
a^ = |⃗a| The scalar product of two vectors has the following algebraic properties.
⃗ , denoted by a^
the unit vector in the(opposite) direction of a is given by
a⃗ If a
⃗
⃗ , b and c
⃗ are vectors in space and k is a scalar, then
a^ = |⃗a| 1. ⃗ b
a ⃗ =b
¿
⃗ a ⃗, ¿

2. (–a
⃗ =a
⃗) b ¿⃗ (–b ⃗ ) = – (a ⃗ ),
⃗ b¿ ¿

⃗ , denoted by ±a^ is given by

the unit vector to the parallel to the direction of a ⃗ (b
a ⃗ +c
⃗ )=a ⃗ b ⃗ +a ⃗ c⃗
3. ¿ ¿ ¿

a⃗ ⃗) b⃗ = k (a
⃗ b ⃗)=a ⃗ ),
⃗ (k b
4. (k a ¿ ¿ ¿

a^ |⃗a| ⃗ =0
± =± 5. 0 a
¿

Collinear points
. Geometric Properties of the Scalar Product
Three or more points are said to be collinear if
they lie on the same straight line.
. . C
⃗
⃗ and b are perpendicular, thena
⃗ ⃗ = 0.
1. If nonzero vectors a
A
¿ b
AB = k⃗
A, B and C are collinear if ⃗ BC for some scalar k. ⃗
⃗ and b are parallel in same direction, then
2. If nonzero vectors a
scalar product or dot product
⃗
a ¿
⃗ = |a
b ⃗ |, in particular, a
⃗ | |b ⃗ ¿ ⃗
a ⃗ |2.
= |a
6|Page Only Teaching-Aids For B.E.H.S (Hlegu)Students
 3. If nonzero vectors, a and b are parallel in opposite directions, then ⃗ a
In particular, a ⃗.
⃗ =0
⃗
a ⃗ = – |a
b ⃗ |.
⃗ | |b ⃗ ⃗
¿
⃗ and b are perpendicular, then |a
2. If two nonzero vectors a ⃗ b|=|
⃗ |.
⃗ | |b
a
Area of a Parallelogram and Vector Product
product (or cross product)

()()( )
x1 x2 y1 z 2 −z 1 y 2
y1 y2 z1 x 2 −x 1 z 2
Lines and Planes in Space
⃗ b
a ⃗ = z1  z 2 = x 1 y 2− y 1 x 2 Lines in Three-Dimensional Space

{
x1 y1 z1 x1 y1 A direction vector of a straight line is a vector parallel to the line.

⃗ b
a ⃗ = x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 the equation of a line using its direction and any fixed point on the line.
⃗
a ⃗ ⃗ and b ⃗ ⃗
Let R be any point on the line with OR = r
⃗.
Note;  b is perpendicular to both a R

Area of a Parallelogram= |a ⃗ ⃗
b| ⃗r =a
⃗
⃗ + t b , t ∈ R is the vector equation of the line.
A

|a
⃗ | = |a
⃗ b ⃗ | sin  )
⃗ | (|b a⃗ r⃗
1 1
⃗ |.
the parametric equation of the line
O
.
( Δ ACB) = ⃗ b
2 ( (OACB)) = 2 |a
Algebraic Properties of the Vector Product

⃗ where t ∈ R is the parameter

⃗ , b and c
If a ⃗ are vectors in space and k is scalar, then
1. ⃗ b
a ⃗ = – (b
⃗ a⃗) Cartesian equation of the line

2. (ka
⃗ = k(a
⃗ )b ⃗ b⃗)
x−a 1 y−a 2 z−a 3
3. a ⃗ +c
⃗  (b ⃗ ) = (a ⃗ ) + (a
⃗ b ⃗ c
⃗ ), b1= b2 = b3
4. ⃗ 0
a ⃗ =0⃗ vector equation of the plane

Geometric Properties of the Vector Product ⃗ ⃗

⃗ + t1d 1 + t2 d 2
⃗
r =a
⃗
⃗ and b are parallel, then a
1. If two nonzero vectors a ⃗  b = 0.⃗

7|Page Only Teaching-Aids For B.E.H.S (Hlegu)Students

⃗
r ¿ ⃗
n = ⃗
a ¿ ⃗
n ⃗.
using the normal vector n
{ x1, x2, x3,…xn } က အစု ဝင် r ရှိပြီ နေရဦစပေပုံ စံ မရှိတဲ့ (သမန်) အစု ပို င်ပေင်ပဲဖြစ်တယ်။ ဆို လို တ
ကတေ နေရဦစပေပုံ စံ မထတဲ့ အစု ပို င်တွေရဲ့ အစု ဝင်တစ်ခု ခြင် အတွက် ယူ ထတဲ့ combination
ax + by + cz = ⃗
d were d = a ¿ ⃗
n . Note that d is a constant. အေရအတြက္ ကို "Cr လို့ သင်္ကေ တနဲ့ ရေမယ်။

The Cartesian equation of a plane has the form ax + by + cz = d where မျိုကွဲပစ္စည်ပေင် n အခု မှ ပစ္စည် r ခု ကို အတွဲပြုတဲ့ နည်ပေင်ဟ

()
a
b n
Cr ဖြစ်တယ်။
c is the normal vector of the plane. ပထမမျိုကွဲ ပစ္စည်ပေင် m ခု ကနေ r ခု ရယ်၊ ဒု တိယမျိုကွဲ ပစ္စည်ပေင် n ခု ကနေ s ခု ကို ယူ ပြီ အစီအစဉ်
ပြုတဲ့ နည်ပေင်ဟ mCr . nCs .(r + s)! ဖြစ်တယ်။
The Multiplication Principle
Suppose a task can be performed in m ways, and no matter how the task has
Chapter (5) been performed another task can then be performed in n ways. Then the number of
ways to perform these two tasks in succession is mn.
1. Permutation The principle can be extended to any finite number of such successive tasks.

မျိုကွဲပစ္စည်ပေင် n ခု မှ တစ်ကြိမ်ကို r ခု ယူ ပြီ အစီအစဉ်ပြုလျှင် နည်ပေင်မှ

n
Pr = n(n-1) (n-2)... (n-r+1)= ဟု သတ်မှ တ်သည်။
အကယ်၍ မျိုကွဲပစ္စည်ပေင် n ခု မှ တစ်ကြိမ်ကို အလုံ ယူ ပြီ အစီအစဉ်ပြုလျှင်နည်ပေင်မှ

P = n!ဟု သတ်မှ တ်သည်။

n n
Permutation with repetition
ပစ္စည်ပေင် n ခု မှ ပထမ မျိုတူ စု တစ်မျို၏ အရေအတွက်ဟ p ဒု တိယမျိုတူ စု တစ်မျို ဟ q ၊ တတိယမျို

တူ စု တစ်မျို ဟ r ၊ စသည်ဖြင့်ရှိကြရင် ပစ္စည်အလုံ ကို နည်ပေင် နဲ့ စီစဉ်နို င်တယ်။

2. Combination

မျိုကွဲပစ္စည်ပေင် n ခု ဖြစ်တဲ့ x1, x2, x3,…xn ကနေ ပစ္စည် r ခု ကို အတွဲပြုတဲ့ နည်ပေင်ဟ အစု

8|Page Only Teaching-Aids For B.E.H.S (Hlegu)Students