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Complex Numbers

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Kamal Suren
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20 views

Complex Numbers

Uploaded by

Kamal Suren
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LJMU HD in Biomedical

Engineering
Module Name with Code -Medical instrumentation (5501ICBTBE )
Semester - 03
Batch Number -
Lecture Name - Introduction to Medical Devices
Session NO - 05
Center Name - Kandy

LJMU Higher Diploma

0
COMPLEX NUMBERS
2
Complex Algebra
• Standard form of a complex number (Rectangular form)

𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅

𝑅𝑒 𝑍 = 𝑥 𝐼𝑚 𝑍 = 𝑦
Complex Algebra – Complex Conjugate
The complex conjugate of a complex number is formed by changing the sign between the real and
imaginary components of the complex number.
Given a complex number of the form, z = a + b i where a is the real component and b i is the imaginary
component, the complex conjugate, z*, of z is: z* = a - b i

Z* = a - b i

• Conjugate of a complex number 𝑍*

If 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 then 𝑍* = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
•Step 1: Segregate the real and imaginary parts of the complex

Complex Algebra numbers.


•Step 2: Add (subtract) the real parts of the complex numbers.
•Step 3: Add (subtract) the imaginary parts of the complex numbers.
•Step 4: Give the final answer in a + ib format.

• Addition & Subtraction


While performing the operation of addition of For subtracting complex numbers, we consider
complex numbers, we combine the real parts and the real and imaginary parts of the complex
imaginary parts of the complex numbers and add numbers separately and subtract the real and
them. The formula for adding complex numbers imaginary parts of one complex number from
is given by, the real and imaginary parts, respectively, of the
other complex number. The formula for
z1 + z2 = a + ib + c + id subtraction of complex numbers is given by,

= (a + c) + (ib + id) z1 - z2 = (a + ib) - (c + id)


= a + ib - c - id
= (a + c) + i(b + d) = (a - c) + (ib - id)
= (a - c) + i(b - d)
Hence we have (a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) + i(b + d) Hence we have (a + ib) - (c + id) = (a - c) + i(b - d)
Complex Algebra
• Multiplication
(𝑎+𝑏𝑖)×(𝑐+𝑑𝑖)=(𝑎𝑐−𝑏𝑑)+(𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐)𝑖
Solve: (2−3𝑖)(4−3𝑖)

• Division

Imaginary number rule:


Example
Complex Algebra
• Geometrical representation of a complex number (Argand
diagram)

Geometrical Representation of Conjugate of Complex Numbers on


Complex Numbers on Argand Argand Plane
Plane
Complex Algebra
• Modulus and Argument of a complex number
The modulus is the distance of the complex number from the origin on the argand diagram. For any
complex number z = a + bi, the modulus is calculated using the Pythagorean theorem with the formula
|z| = √(a2 + b2).
The modulus (also known as the magnitude or absolute value) of a complex number is a scalar value that
represents the distance of the complex number from the origin on the complex plane. It is a non-negative real
number as it represents a distance.
• Principal argument ?

• Polar form
z=r(cosθ+I sinθ)

10
Trigonometric Form/Polar form
of a Complex Number

• Standard Form 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊

• 𝒂 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
• 𝒂 = 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

• Trig. Form 𝒂 = 𝒓 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 )


Converting Rectangular form into Polar form
Let us see some examples of conversion of the rectangular form of complex numbers into polar
form.
Example: Find the polar form of complex number 7-5i.
Solution:7-5i is the rectangular form of a complex number.
To convert into polar form modulus and argument of the given complex number, i.e. r and θ.
We know, the modulus or absolute value of the complex number is given by:
r=|z|=√x2+y2
r=√(72+(-5)2
r=√49+25
r=√74
r=8.6
To find the argument of a complex number, we need to check the condition first, such as:
Here x>0, therefore, we will use the formula,
θ=tan-1(b/a) = θ=tan-1(5/7) = 35.54°
Since 7−5i is in the fourth quadrant, so
θ=360°−35.54° = 324.46°
Hence, the polar form of 7-5i is represented by: 12

7−5i=8.6(cos 324.5°+i sin 324.5°)


Example

1. Write the trigonometric form on 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

I. −3 − 5𝑖
II. −2 − 2 3 𝑖
• The argument of a complex number is defined as the angle inclined from the
real axis in the direction of the complex number represented on the complex
plane. It is denoted by “θ” or “φ”. It is measured in the standard unit called
“radians”.

14
Product and Quotient of Complex Number

𝑍1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑖

𝑍2 = 𝑐 + 𝑑 𝑖

𝑍1 𝑍2 = ?
Product and Quotient of Complex Number

𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1
𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 cos ( 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin( 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )
Example

1.Evaluate 𝑧1𝑧2
De Moivre’s Theorem
De Moivre's theorem is one of the fundamental theorem of complex numbers which is used to solve
various problems of complex numbers. This theorem is also widely used for solving trigonometric
functions of multiple angles. De Moivre's Theorem is also called “De Moivre's Identity” and “De Moivre's
Formula”.

,n is an integer
• a complex number in polar form
to a positive integer power is a
repeated application of the
product theorem,
De Moivre’s theorem

• For any complex number in polar form:

• And any real number n, we can state the following:

• In compact form:

cos x + i sin x is sometimes abbreviated to cis x


Example

• Simplify, write the answer in polar form.


Uses of De Moivre’s Theorem
• To find the roots of complex numbers
• To obtain relationships between powers of trigonometric functions and
trigonometric angles.
• Raising to a Power

• https://byjus.com/jee/de-moviers-theorem/

22
Complex Algebra

• N th root theorem
𝑍 = 𝑟(𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴)
Then
1 1/ 𝐴+360𝐾 𝐴+360𝐾
𝑍 = 𝑟 [𝐶𝑜𝑠
𝑛 𝑛
+ 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛 ] (360k-=πk)
𝑛 𝑛
The nth Root Theorem

• Given a complex number 𝒛 = 𝒓 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶 ) , z has exactly n distinct nth


roots determined by
Example

1.Determine all fourth roots of 𝑧 = −8 + 8 3𝑖

2.Evaluate the cube roots of


Cartesian Complex Numbers
• There are two main forms of complex number – Cartesian form (named
after Descartes∗) and polar form

• If we can add, subtract, multiply and divide complex numbers in both forms
and represent the numbers on an Argand diagram then a.c. theory and
vector analysis become considerably easier.
Example
The Argand diagram
• A complex number may be represented pictorially
on rectangular or Cartesian axes.
• The horizontal (or x) axis issued to represent the
real axis and the vertical(or y)axis is used to
represent the imaginary axis. Such a diagram is
called an Argand diagram∗.
• In Fig, the point A represents the complex number
(3+ j2) and is obtained by plotting the co-ordinates
(3, j2) as in graphical work.
• Fig. also shows the Argand points B,C and D
representing the complex numbers (−2+ j4), (−3− j5)
and (1− j3) respectively.
Addition and subtraction of complex numbers

• Two complex numbers are added/subtracted by adding/ subtracting


separately the two real parts and the two imaginary parts.
• Locus of a variable complex number
In mathematics, the locus represents the set of points in the complex plane that satisfy a given condition or set
of conditions. It’s like connecting the dots to form a shape, but with mathematical precision. The locus plays a
crucial role in geometry and helps us visualize complex numbers meaningfully.
The locus of Complex Numbers is obtained by letting ( z = x+yi ) and simplifying the expressions.
Operations of modulus, conjugate pairs and arguments are used to determine the locus of complex
numbers.
• The locus is a set of points that satisfy a certain condition.

• For example, the locus of points that are, say, 2 units from point C, refers to the set of
all points that are 2 units from C; this would be a circle with centre C as shown in Fig.
• It is sometimes needed to find the locus of a point which moves in the Argand diagram
according to some stated condition.

Example 1 :
P represents the variable complex number z, find the locus of P if
Re (z + 1/z + i) = 1
Example 2 :
P represents the variable complex number z, find the locus of P if
|z - 5i| = |z + 5i|
Complex equations

• If two complex numbers are equal, then their real parts are equal and their
imaginary parts are equal.
• Hence if a+ jb=c+ jd, then a=c and b=d
Example

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