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    homework 4

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    homework 4

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    of 3

    ODE: Homework Set 4

    October 7, 2024

    Homework Overview
    This homework set covers the following topics:
    • General ideas and Theorems
    • Second-order linear ODEs: the homogeneous cases

    Review Chapters
    To successfully complete this problem set, it is recommended to review the following chapters
    from the textbook:

    • Chapters 2.1 and 2.2

    We have covered these chapters in our Monday and Wednesday sessions, and they will
    provide essential guidance for solving the homework problems.

    Deadline
    Monday, October 14th

    Exercises:

    4. Homework 4

    Exercise 4.1 (2.1.3). Show that the operator L defined by


    Z t
    L[y](t) = s2 y(s) ds
    a

    is linear; that is, L[cy] = cL[y] and L[y1 + y2 ] = L[y1 ] + L[y2 ].

    1
    Exercise 4.2 (2.1.5).
    √
    1. Show that y1 (t) = t and y2 (t) = 1/t are solutions of the differential equation

    2t2 y ′′ + 3ty ′ − y = 0 (1)

    on the interval 0 < t < ∞.


    2. Compute W [y1 , y2 ](t). What happens as t approaches zero?
    3. Show that y1 (t) and y2 (t) form a fundamental set of solutions of (1) on the interval
    0 < t < ∞.
    4. Solve the initial-value problem

    2 ′′ ′
    2t y + 3ty − y = 0;

    y(1) = 2,
     ′

    y (1) = 1.

    Exercise 4.3 (2.1.7). Compute the Wronskian of the following pairs of functions.
    1. sin(at), cos(bt)
    2. sin2 (t), 1 − cos(2t)
    3. eat , ebt
    4. eat , teat
    5. t, t ln(t)
    6. eat sin(bt), eat cos(bt)

    Exercise 4.4 (2.2.5). Solve the following initial value problem:



    ′′ ′
    y − 3y − 4y = 0;

    y(0) = 1,
     ′

    y (0) = 0.

    Exercise 4.5 (2.2.9). Let y(t) be the solution of the initial value problem

    ′′ ′
    y + 5y + 6y = 0;

    y(0) = 1,
     ′

    y (0) = V.

    2
    For what values of V does y(t) remain nonnegative for all t ≥ 0?

    Exercise 4.6 (2.2.1.3). Find the general solution of

    y ′′ + 2y ′ + 3y = 0.

    Exercise 4.7 (2.2.1.5). Solve the initial value problem



    ′′ ′
    y + y + 2y = 0;

    y(0) = 1,
     ′

    y (0) = −2.

    Exercise 4.8 (2.2.2.3). Solve the initial value problem



    ′′ ′
    9y + 6y + y = 0;

    y(0) = 1,
     ′

    y (0) = 0.

    Exercise 4.9 (2.2.2.9). Here is an alternate and very elegant way of finding a second
    solution y2 (t) of
    ay ′′ + by ′ + cy = 0
    when
    ar2 + br + c = 0
    has a double root.
    1. Assume that b2 = 4ac. Show that
    b
    L[ert ] = a(ert )′′ + b(ert )′ + cert = a(r − r1 )2 ert for r1 = − .
    2a
    2. Show that
     
    ∂ rt ∂ rt
    L[e ] = L e = L[tert ] = 2a(r − r1 )ert + at(r − r1 )2 ert .
    ∂r ∂r

    3. Conclude that L[ter1 t ] = 0. Hence, y2 (t) = ter1 t is a second solution of the above
    constant coefficient equation in the double root case.

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