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Experiment 1

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Aryan Sakhare
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6 views

Experiment 1

Uploaded by

Aryan Sakhare
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT 1

CHARACTERISTICS OF LINEAR AND NON LINEAR ELEMENT


LINEAR ELEMENT

AIM: To conduct a suitable experiment for verifying the


characteristic of linear element and non linear elements.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Equipment Range Quantity

1 Ammeter 0-l0mA 1

2 Voltmeter 0-10V 1

3 Resistor 1Kohm 1

4 Diode -55 to 150 C 1

4 Bread board --- 1

5 Connecting wires --- As required

Part 1 (Linear Elements)

THEORY :-
Linear elements in electrical circuits refer to components
whose voltage-current (V-I) relationship is linear. This means
that the current flowing through the element is directly
proportional to the voltage across it. The primary linear
elements in circuits are resistors, inductors, and capacitors.
General Characteristics of Linear Elements:
 Superposition: Linear elements obey the principle of
superposition, meaning the response caused by multiple
sources is the sum of the responses due to each source
individually.
 Homogeneity: If the input (voltage or current) is scaled
by a factor, the output (current or voltage) is scaled by
the same factor.
 Time-Invariance: The characteristics of linear elements
do not change over time, i.e., their behavior remains
consistent regardless of when an input is applied.
 Linearity: The V-I relationship for linear elements is
represented by a straight line, reflecting a constant ratio
between voltage and current.
Resistors
 Ohm’s Law: The relationship between voltage (V),
current (I), and resistance (R) in a resistor is governed by
Ohm’s Law, which states V=IRV = IRV=IR. This is a linear
relationship, meaning if the voltage across a resistor is
doubled, the current through it also doubles.
 Linearity: The V-I characteristic curve of a resistor is a
straight line passing through the origin, indicating
constant resistance.
 Independence: The resistance value is independent of
the current and voltage applied, provided the
temperature remains constant (ideal resistor).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. For various values of Voltage V, note the values of
current I
4. Draw a graph of Voltage Vs Current.
5. The Slope of the graph gives the resistance value.
6. Ohm„s law is verified by measuring the value of R
using millimetre and comparing with experimental
values
OBSERVATION :-
Sr. No. Voltage(V) Current(mA) Resistance(Ω)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

RESULT :-
Part 2 (Non Linear)

THEORY :-
In non-linear elements, the voltage-current (V-I)
relationship is not a straight line when plotted on a graph.
This means the resistance or impedance of the element
varies with the applied voltage or current

General Characteristics of Non Linear Elements:


Forward Bias Region
 Definition: When the positive terminal of the voltage
source is connected to the anode and the negative
terminal to the cathode, the diode is forward biased.
o Threshold Voltage: The diode does not conduct
significantly until the applied voltage exceeds a
certain threshold, typically around 0.7V for silicon
diodes and 0.3V for germanium diodes.
o Exponential Increase: Once the threshold voltage is
surpassed, the current increases rapidly, following
an exponential relationship with the applied
voltage.
o Low Resistance: In this region, the diode offers very
low resistance to the current flow.
2. Reverse Bias Region
 Definition: When the positive terminal of the voltage
source is connected to the cathode and the negative
terminal to the anode, the diode is reverse biased.
o Very Small Current: The current in this region is
very small (typically in the microampere range),
often referred to as leakage current.
o High Resistance: The diode exhibits high resistance
in reverse bias, allowing only a tiny amount of
current to flow.
3. Breakdown Region
 Definition: If the reverse voltage is increased beyond a
certain point, the diode enters the breakdown region.
o Zener and Avalanche Breakdown: The current
increases sharply if the reverse voltage exceeds a
critical value, known as the breakdown voltage. This
can occur due to either Zener breakdown (in diodes
designed for this purpose) or avalanche breakdown.
o Controlled Current: In Zener diodes, this breakdown
is used to regulate voltage, as the current can
increase without damaging the diode, as long as
the power dissipation limits are respected.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FORWARD BIAS

Circuit Diagram of Forward Bias

REVERSE BIAS

Circuit Diagram of Reverse Bias


OBSERVATION:

Sr. No. FORWARD BIAS REVERSE BIAS


Current(nA Voltage(V) Current(pA) Voltage
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the ckt. as show in fig.
2. Vary the value of input dc supply in steps.
3. Note down the ammeter & voltmeter readings for
each step.
4. Plot the graph of Voltage Vs Current
5. Connect the ckt. as shown in fig.
6. Repeat the same steps for reverse biased

RESULT:

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