EX.NO.

1 VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM:
To study the effect of voltage series feedback on Gain of the Amplifier.
APPARATUS:
TransistorBC107-1no
Breadboard
Regulated Power Supply (0-30V,1A)
Function Generator
CRO (30MHz, Dual trace)
Resistors 33kΩ, 3.3kΩ, 1.5kΩ, 1kΩ-2nos
Capacitors 10µF- 3Nos
DESIGN:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
When any increase in the output signal results into the input in such a way as to cause the
decrease in the output signal, the amplifier is said to have negative feedback. The
advantages of providing negative feedback are that the transfer gain of the amplifier with
feedback can be stabilised against variations in the hybrid parameters of the transistor or the
parameters of the other active devices used in the circuit. The most advantage of the
negative feedback is that by proper use of this, there is significant improvement in the
frequency response and in the linearity of the operation of the amplifier. This disadvantage of
the negative feedback is that the voltage gain is decreased. In Voltage-Series feedback, the
input impedance of the amplifier decreases, while the output impedance increases.
Additionally, noise and distortions are significantly reduced.
Procedure:
1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the input voltage to a fixed value.
3. Keeping the input voltage as constant and measure the output voltage by varying the input
frequency ranges
from 10 Hz to 3MHz. (With feedback)
4. Connect CE across RE in the circuit.
5. Measure the output voltage by varying the input frequency ranges from 10 Hz to 3MHz.
(Without
feedback)
6. The gain of the amplifier with and without feedback is calculated by using the formulae 20
log(Vo/Vi)
7. The graph is drawn between gain and frequency.
8. From the graph, the mid band gain, cutoff frequencies and bandwidths are calculated.

OBSERVATIONS:
Frequency Response with feedback: Vi=20mV
Result:
Thus the voltage series feedback amplifier was designed and constructed and the effect of
voltage -series feedback on the amplifier is observed. The voltage gain and frequency
response of the amplifier are obtained. The mid band gain, cut off frequencies and
bandwidths were calculated and compared with and without feedback amplifiers.
EX.NO. 2 CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM: To observe the performance of a current shunt feedback amplifier and obtain its bandwidth.

EQUIPMENT RQUIRED:
Power supply 0-30V- 1 No.
CRO 20MHz - 1 No.
Digital multimeter - 1 No.
Signal generator 1Hz - 1MHz - 1 No.
COMPONENTS:
Resistors: 47KΩ - 2 Nos., 2.2KΩ - 2 Nos., 1KΩ - 2 No, 10KΩ - 1No.
Capacitors 22µF - 3Nos., 0.1µF - 1No.
Transistors BC 107-2No.
THEORY:

Current shunt feedback circuit shows two transistors in cascade with feedback from
the second emitter to the first base through the resistor RF. we verify that this connection
produces negative feedback. The voltage Vi2 is much larger than Vi1 because of the voltage
gain of Q1. Also Vi2 is 1800 out of phase with Vi1. Because of emitter follower action Ve2 is
only slightly smaller than Vi2, and these voltages are in phase. Hence Ve2 is larger in
magnitude than Vi1 and is 1800 out of phase with Vi1. If the input signal increases so that IS
increases, If also increases, and Ii = IS - If is smaller than it would be their were no feedback.
This action is characteristics of negative feedback.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
2. The operating points VCEQ , IEQ and VBE are measured.
3. Connect the signal generator with a sine wave of 1KHz frequency to the input and
increase the input to such a level that the output waveform of the signal as
observed on CRO is not distorted.
4. Measure the input and output voltages and calculate the gain of the amplifier. Av =
(VO/P / VI/P).
5. To measure the input impedance, find the voltage drop across the known
resistance RS. The input current therefore is measured as the voltage across Rs /
Rs value. Input impedance Zi = Vi / Ii
6. To measure the input impedance, measure the output signal voltage VO/P without
any load. Connect a resistive load and then adjust the load until the new output
signal VO/P equal to the one half of the original signal. Remove the ROUT from the
circuit and measure its value. The measured value is the output impedance of the
circuit.
7. To measure the current gain AI, note down the output signal voltage when Ro is
connected and divide it by Ro to get the output current. Now current gain = output
current / input current. The power gain is the product of voltage gain and current
gain.
8. Vary the frequency of the input signal from 50Hz to 1MHz in suitable steps and
calculate gain at each step. Plot the graph between voltage gain Vs frequency.
Note down the half power points and find the bandwidth of the amplifier.
9. Repeat the above steps by connecting (disconnecting) the emitter bypass
capacitor CE. The readings with CE give the response of the amplifier without out
feedback. The readings without the CE give the performance of the amplifier in
current series feedback mode.

MODEL GRAPHS:

AV
-3 dB point.
Gain in

fL Bandwidth = fH - fH
f
Tabulation:
Without feedback:

S.No Frequency (Input VoltageOutput Voltage Gain(V0/Vi) 20 log10 (V0/Vi)

With feedback:

S.No Frequency (Input VoltageOutput Voltage Gain(V0/Vi) 20 log10 (V0/Vi)

RESULTS:

Without feedback
Input voltage (Vi) =
Input frequency =
Output voltage (V0) =
Voltage gain =
Gain in dB = (20log10(V0/Vi) =

With feedback
Input voltage (Vi) =
Output voltage (V0) =
Voltage Gain =
Gain in dB = (20log10(V0/Vi) =
EX.NO. 3 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

AIM:
To study and calculate frequency of oscillations of Hartley oscillator. Compare
the frequency of oscillations, theoretically and practically.

APPARATUS:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
Hartley oscillator is very popular and is commonly used as a local oscillator in
radio receivers. It has two main advantages viz... Adaptability to wide range of
frequencies and easy to tune. The tank circuit is made up of L1, L2, and C1. The coil
L1 is inductively coupled to coil L2, the combination functions as auto transformer.
The resistances R2 and R3 provide the necessary biasing. The capacitance C2
blocks the d.c component. The frequency of oscillations is determined by the values
of L1, L2 and C1 and is given by,
F=1/(2Π(C1(√L1+L2)))
The energy supplied to the tank circuit is of correct phase. The auto
transformer provides 180˚ out of phase. Also another 180˚ is produced by the
transistor. In this way, energy feedback to the tank circuit is in phase with the
generated oscillations.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect CRO at output terminals and observe wave form.
3. Calculate practically the frequency of oscillations by using the Expression.
F=1/T, Where T= Time period of the waveform
4. Repeat the above steps 2, 3 for different values of L1 and note down practical
values of
oscillations of hartley oscillator.
5. Compare the values of frequency of oscillations both theoretically and practically.
OBSERVATIONS:

RESULT:
Frequency of oscillations is calculated and compared with theoretical values.
F(theoretical) = 1/2ΠГLC=
F(practical) =

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the applications of LC oscillations?
2. What type of feedback is used in oscillators?
3. What the expression for frequency of oscillations?
4. Whether an oscillator is dc to ac converter?
5. What is the loop gain of an oscillator?
6. What is the difference between amplifier and oscillator?
7. What is the condition for oscillations?
8. How many inductors and capacitors are used in Hartley Oscillator?
9. How the oscillations are produced in Hartley oscillator?
10. What is the difference between damped oscillations undamped oscillations?
EX.NO. 4 DESIGN OF COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

Aim:
To design and construct colpitts oscillator and find the frequency of oscillations
Apparatus required:
Transistor, Resistors, Capacitors, CRO, RPS

Circuit Diagram :

Model Graph:
Design:
Oscillation Frequency:
The oscillation frequency is determined by the feedback network and is given by:

where:

Specifications:
 Desired frequency (f): 1 MHz
 Power supply (VCC): 12V
Calculations:
1. Assume C1=100 pF, C2=200 pF

2. Calculate L for f=1 MHz:

3.
 4. RFC: 1mH or higher

Theory:
A Colpitts oscillator is a type of LC oscillator that uses a combination of
inductors and capacitors to produce oscillations at a desired frequency. In Colpitts
oscillator, the tank circuit consists of two capacitors in series and an inductor
connected in parallel to the serial combination. The frequency of the oscillations is
determined by the value of the capacitors and inductor in the tank circuit. In Colpitts
oscillator, the capacitive voltage divider setup in the tank circuit works as the feed
back source and this arrangement gives better frequency stability when compared to
the Hartley oscillator. When power supply is switched ON, capacitors C1 and C2
starts charging. When they are fully charged, they start discharging through the
inductor L1. When the capacitors are fully discharged, the electrostatic energy stored
in the capacitors gets transferred to the inductor as magnetic flux. The inductor
starts discharging and capacitors gets charged again. This transfer of energy back
and forth between capacitors and inductor is the basis of oscillation. Voltage across
C2 is phase opposite to that of the voltage across the C1 and it is fed back to the
transistor. The feedback signal at the base of transistor appears in the amplified
form across the collector and emitter of the transistor.
The energy lost in the tank circuit is compensated by the transistor and the
oscillations are sustained. The tank circuit produces 180° phase shift and the
transistor itself produces another 180° phase shift. That means the input and output
are in phase and it is a necessary condition of positive feedback for maintaining
sustained oscillations. The frequency of oscillations of the Colpitts oscillator can be
determined using the equation below.

Where L is the inductance of the inductor in the tank circuit and C is the effective
capacitance of the capacitors in the tank circuit. If C1 and C2 are the individual
capacitance, then the effective capacitance of the serial combination C= (C1C2)
/(C1+C2).
Procedure:
1. The circuit is constructed as per the given circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO( sine wave)
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare it with the theoretical
frequency
Result :
Thus the colpitts oscillator was designed and constructed and the frequency
of oscillation is calculated.
Theoretical frequency:
Practical frequency :

EX.NO.5 CLIPPERS & CLAMPER

Aim:
To construct wave shaping circuits like Clipper and Clamping circuits and to
observe the waveforms.

Apparatus required:

Diodes, Resistor, Capacitor, CRO, RPS, Function Generator.

Circuit Diagram:
Model Graph:
Theory:
CLIPPER:
A clipper is a circuit in which the output of an input sinusoidal (or any time-
dependent signal) waveform can be clipped at different levels. A clipping circuit
requires at least two fundamental components, a diode and a resistor. A DC battery,
however, is also frequently used. The output waveform can be clipped at different
levels simply by interchanging the position of the various elements and changing the
magnitude of the DC battery. Generally, ideal diodes are considered and the
complete analysis can be based on non-ideal diodes with specific V-I characteristic.

CLAMPER:
A clamper is a circuit which will add or subtract a DC component from any input
voltage. The clamping circuit has a minimum requirement of three elements: a diode,
a capacitor, and a resistor. The clamping circuit may also include a DC battery. The
magnitude of R and C must be chosen such that the time constant = R·C is large
enough to ensure that the voltage across the capacitor does not change significantly
during the interval of time, determined by the input, that both R and C affect the
output waveform.
Tabulation:

Input Output
Types
Vamp Freq Shift Vamp Freq Shift
Positive Clipper

Negative Clipper

Positive Clamper

Negative Clamper

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the square or sine input signal at high frequency using AFO.
3. Note the corresponding output waveforms and plot the graph.

Result :
Thus the Clipper and Clamper circuits were constructed and the waveforms
were obtained.
EX.NO. 6 DESIGN OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Aim :
To design a astable multivibrator and draw their performance characteristics.

Apparatus required:
Transistor, Resistor, Capacitor, CRO, RPS & Function generator

Circuit Diagram
Waveforms

Design :
Given
SET-1
Vcc = 10V ; Ic = 2 mA; hfe = 200 ; f = 1 kHz

SET-2
Vcc = 10V ; Ic = 1.5mA; hfe = 200 ; f = 2 kHz

SET-3
Vcc = 10V ; Ic = 1 mA; hfe = 200 ; f = 1.5 kHz
R  h FE Rc

–3
RC = VCC – VC2(sat) / IC = 10 – 0.2 / 2x 10 = 4. 9 K
3
R  200 x 4.9 x 10 = 980 K
T = 1.38 RC
-3 3
1 x 10 = 1.38 x 980 x 10 x C
C =0.74 nF

Theory :
The Astable circuit has two quasi-stable states. Without external triggering signal the
Astable configuration will make successive transitions from one quasi-stable state
to the other.It is also called as free running multivibrator and is used to generate
“Square Wave”. Since it does not require triggering signal, fast switching is possible.
When the power is applied, due to some imbalance in the circuit, the transistor
Q2 conducts more than Q1 i.e. current flowing through transistor Q2 is more than the
current flowing in transistor Q1. The voltage VC2 drops. This drop is coupled by the
capacitor C1 to the base by Q1 there by reducing its forward base-emitter voltage and
causing Q1 to conduct less. As the current through Q1 decreases, VC1 rises. This
rise is coupled by the capacitor C2 to the base of Q2. There by increasing its base-
emitter forward bias. This Q2 conducts more and more and Q1 conducts less and
less, each action reinforcing the other. Ultimately Q2 gets saturated and becomes
fully ON and Q1 becomes OFF. During this time C1 has been charging towards
VCC exponentially with a time constant T1 = R1C1. The polarity of C1 should be such
that it should supply voltage to the base of Q1. When C1 gains sufficient voltage, it
drives Q1 ON. Then VC1 decreases and makes Q2 OFF. VC2 increases and makes
Q1 fully saturated. During this time C2 has been charging through VCC, R2, C2 and
Q2 with a time constant T2 = R2C2. The polarity of C2 should be such that it should
supply voltage to the base of Q2. When C2 gains sufficient voltage, it drives Q2 On,
and the process repeats.

Procedure :
1. Make then connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Observe the Base Voltage and Collector Voltages of Q1 & Q2 on CRO in DC
mode and measure the frequency (f = 1/T).
3. Trace the waveforms at collector and base as each transistor with the help of
dual trace CRO and plot the waveforms.
4. Verify the practical output frequency with theoretical values f = 1/T, where T =
 1.38 RC

Observation

C (uf) Theoritical Practical T(ms)

Tabulation:

Vc1(Q1 ,Collector) Vc2 (Q2 ,Collector)

Vamp Ton Toff Shift Vamp Ton Toff Shift

Vb1(Q1, Base) Vb2(Q2, Base)

Vamp Ton Toff Shift Vamp Ton Toff Shift

Result:
Thus the square wave forms are generated using astable multivibrator.
EX.NO. 7 DESIGN OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Aim :
To design a monostable multivibrator and draw their performance characteristics.

Apparatus required:
Transistor, Resistor, Capacitor, CRO, RPS & Function generator

Circuit Diagram
WAVEFORMS:

Design :

Given
SET-1
Vcc = 12V ; VBB = - 2 V; Ic = 2 mA; VCE(sat) = 0.2 V ; h FE = 200 ; f = 1kHz.

SET-2
Vcc = 12V ; VBB = - 2 V; Ic = 1.5 mA; VCE(sat) = 0.2 V ; h FE = 200 ; f =2kHz.
SET-3
Vcc = 12V ; VBB = - 2 V; Ic = 2.5 mA; VCE(sat) = 0.2 V ; h FE = 200 ; f = 1.5kHz.

–3
RC = VCC – VCE(sat) / IC = 12 – 0.2 / 2x 10 = 5. 9 K
IB 2(min) = Ic2 / hfe = 2mA / 200 = 10 A Select IB 2 > IB 1(min) (say 25 A )
-6
Then R = VCC – VBE(sat) / I B 2 = 12 – 0.7 / 25 x 10 = 452 K
T = 0.69 RC
-3 3
1x10 = 0.69 x 452 x 10 C
C = 3.2 nF
VB1 = VBB R1 / R1 + R2 + VCE(sat) R2 / R1+R2
Since Q1 is off state, VB1 less than equal to 0.
Then VBB R1 / R1 + R2 = VCE(sat) R2 / R1+R2
VBB R1 = VCE(sat) R2
2R1 = 0.2R2

Assume R1 = 10 K. Then R2 = 100 K

C1 = 25pF (Commutative capacitor)

Observation

C (uf) Theoritical Practical T(ms)

Tabulation:
Vc1(Q1 ,Collector) Vc2 (Q2 ,Collector)
Vamp Ton Toff Shift Vamp Ton Toff Shift

Vb1(Q1, Base) Vb2(Q2, Base)

 Vamp Ton Toff Shift Vamp Ton Toff Shift

Theory :

A monostable multivibrator has one stable state and a quasistable state.

When it is triggered by an external agency it switches from the stable state to
quasistable state and returns back to stable state. The time during which it states in
quasistable state is determined from the time constant RC. When it is triggered by a
continuous pulse it generates a square wave. The frequency of the output signal
generated by them can be varied by varying the values of the capacitors and the
resistors present in the circuit.
Initially, the system will be in its stable state wherein the transistor Q1 will be cutoff
while Q2 will be in saturation. As a result, the collector of Q2 will be shorted to ground
due to which the output will be low. Further at this state, the right-plate of the
capacitor C will be 0.7 V as it is connected to the base of Q2, while the charge on its
left plate will be increasing gradually towards VCC. On applying the trigger to the base
of Q1, it will turn ON, causing the flow of current through RC1. As a result, the collector
terminal of Q1 as well as the left-plate of the capacitor C will be shorted to ground.
This causes the capacitor to discharge, while turning OFF Q2 for the entire period of
discharging cycle. This OFF state of Q2 is nothing but the astable or quasi-stable
state, wherein the output of the circuit goes high. However, during this time, Q1
remains in its ON state only, as it has its base connected to the high-voltage point,
the collector of Q2. Next, the cycle repeats by turning ON Q2 and by switching OFF Q1,
once the capacitor fully discharges.

Procedure :
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the regulated power supply and observe the output waveform at
the collector of Q1 and Q2 and plot it.
3. Trigger the monostable multivibrator with a pulse and observe the change
in waveform.
4. Plot the waveform and observe the changes before and after triggering the
input to the circuit.

Result:
Thus the monostable multivibrator was designed and the output waveform was
traced.

EX.NO. 8 SINGLE TUNED CLASS C AMPLIFIER

Aim:
To deign and construct a single tuned class C amplifier.

Apparatus required:

Transistor, Resistor, Capacitor, CRO, RPS, Function Generator.

Circuit Diagram:

Model Graph:

Ideal graph:-
Design:-

Specification:
Frequency f=50KHz, t=6.66usec, R1C1 >> t, i.e, R1C1 = 100 t
Choose C1 = 0.01 f, the R1 = 66.6 K. Select R1 = 68 K(std value)

Tank ckt:
If C = 0.001 f, then L = 1.125 mH. Then Factual = 159 KHz. R1 = 68K, C1 = 0.01 f, C= 0.001 f,
L = 1mH

Tabulation:

F V0 in Volts VDC in RL in Ω Pac=Vo2/8R PDC=VDCIC Η=Pac/Pdc

in
Volts mW
HZ mW

Theory:
Class C power amplifier is a type of amplifier where the active element
(transistor) conduct for less than one half cycle of the input signal. The reduced
conduction angle improves the efficiency to a great extend but causes a lot of
distortion. Theoretical maximum efficiency of a Class C amplifier is around 90%.
 Biasing resistor Rb pulls the base of Q1 further downwards and the Q-point will
be set some way below the cut-off point in the DC load line. As a result the transistor
will start conducting only after the input signal amplitude has risen above the base
emitter voltage (Vbe~0.7V) plus the downward bias voltage caused by Rb. That is the
reason why the major portion of the input signal is absent in the output signal.
Inductor L1 and capacitor C1 forms a tank circuit which aids in the extraction of the
required signal from the pulsed output of the transistor. Actual job of the active
element (transistor) here is to produce a series of current pulses according to the
input and make it flow through the resonant circuit. Values of L1 and C1 are so
selected that the resonant circuit oscillates in the frequency of the input signal. Since
the resonant circuit oscillates in one frequency (generally the carrier frequency) all
other frequencies are attenuated and the required frequency can be squeezed out
using a suitably tuned load. Harmonics or noise present in the output signal can be
eliminated using additional filters. A coupling transformer can be used for
transferring the power to the load.
The amplifier is said to be class C amplifier if the Q Point and the input signal
are selected such that the output signal is obtained for less than a half cycle, for a
full input cycle Due to such a selection of the Q point, transistor remains active for
less than a half cycle .Hence only that much part is reproduced at the output for
remaining cycle of the input cycle the transistor remains cut off and no signal is
produced at the output .The total angle during which current flows is less than
180..This angle is called the conduction angle, Qc

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the diagram.
2. Adjust the input frequency of the signal to get maximum output at the load.
3. Tabulate the output voltage for different frequencies and calculate the voltage
gain.

Result:

Thus a class C single tuned amplifier was designed and its bandwidth is calculated.