PROBABILITY &

NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
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OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. differentiate sample from population;
2. identify the types of sampling; and
3. identify and describe the methods of probability and non-
probability sampling.
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In gathering data, the entire group where

you want to gather data and draw your
conclusions is called POPULATION.
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What if the population is too

big or scattered
geographically?
What can you do to manage
the population?
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SAMPLING
What is it?
When conducting a research, there were times
that it is not possible to gather data from every
member of that group.
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SAMPLING
What is it?
Sampling is a method of selecting participants
(samples) in your study from the total
population.
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POPULATION VS SAMPLE
Population Sample
The population is the entire The sample is the specific
group you want to study and group of individuals that you
draw conclusions. will collect data from.
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» To draw valid conclusions from results, carefully

decide how to select the participants that is
representative of the population.
» The number of individuals or observations
included in an experiment is called sample size.
» There are two methods of sampling methods:
probability sampling and non-probability
sampling.
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Slovin’s Formula
» is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the
population size (N) and a margin of error (e)
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Slovin’s Formula
» Suppose that you have a group of 1,000 city
government employees and you want to survey
them to find out which tools are best suited to
their jobs. You decide that you are happy with a
margin of error of 0.05.

» n = N / (1 + Ne^2) = 1000/(1+(1000)(0.0.5^2))
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1.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Research I
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING

» Probability sampling utilizes random sampling

techniques to select individuals to create sample.
It is also known as random sampling.
» Every member of a population has an equal chance
of being selected. That is why this method of
sampling assures that a sample is truly a
representation of the whole population.
» Goal of Probability Sampling: to obtain a sample
that is truly representative of the population of
interest.
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING
» Sampling frame - It is a list of all the items in your
population from which the sample is selected. It is
a complete list of everything or everyone you want
to include in your study. This will provide a means
in selecting the sample.
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SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

» In a simple random sampling, every member of the
population has an equal chance of being selected in the
study. Your sampling frame should include the whole
population.
» The participants selected for the study would be
determined through some kind of “random” process,
such as assigning a number to every member of the
population and picking the numbers out of a bowl or
using a table of randomly generated numbers
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STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

» Stratified random sampling involves randomly selecting
individuals from subgroups of the population to ensure those
groups are appropriately represented in the study sample.
» The population is divided into subgroups (strata) based on the
important characteristics like gender, age, job or any relevant
attributes related to your study. Based on the overall
proportions of the population, you determine how many
individuals should be selected from each stratum. Then you use
random or systematic sampling to select a sample from each
stratum
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CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING

» Cluster Random Sampling is a technique to randomly select
participants that are scattered geographically and too large for
simple random sampling. Let us say you want to choose only
1,000 Filipinos from the entire Philippines, it is not possible to
make a list of all Filipinos. Instead, you may randomly select
areas like cities or provinces.
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SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
» In systematic sampling, every member of the
population is listed with a number and individuals
are chosen at regular intervals. You choose every
“nth” participant from a complete list.
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MULTI-STAGE RANDOM SAMPLING

» The multi-stage random sampling uses a
combination of any of the four probability
sampling techniques. It is normally applicable for
big queries of geographical area like the entire
country.
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2.
NON -PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Research I
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NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

» The second type of sampling is non-probability which is

the opposite of the first one. This involves non-random
techniques based on convenience or other criteria set by
the researcher. Since it does not involve random
processes in selecting participants, the members of the
population will not have an equal chance of being
selected.
» Advantages: cost effective, efficient and ease of use
» Disadvantage: cannot determine if the sample is a
representation of the population
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CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
» From its name, convenience sampling involves
selecting of sample convenient to you. You may
include in your sample the individuals that are
accessible to you. It is easy to use and cost-
effective technique but there is no assurance that
your sample is a representative of your chosen
population.
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PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
» Purposive sampling technique involves you using
your own judgement to select a sample who will
provide the best information to the purposes of the
study. In order to come up with an effective
sample, you must set clear criteria in choosing the
participants. This is also called judgmental
sampling
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QUOTA SAMPLING
» In quota sampling, you set a standard that will be
your basis in selecting the participants. The
sample is created based on specific
characteristics like gender, age and others.
Creating sample with this technique is time
efficient and entirely non-random.
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SNOWBALL SAMPLING
» If the population of your interest is hard to locate,
the snowball sampling technique may be utilized
to recruit participants through other participants.
You may contact few individuals who will direct
you to other groups. The process will go on and on
like a snowball increasing in size until you collect
enough responses for your study. This is also
known as the chain-referral
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Differences of
Probability Sampling
and Non-probability
Sampling
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Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

Samples are selected on the basis of the

The samples are randomly selected.
researcher’s subjective judgment.

Everyone in the population has an equal Not everyone has an equal chance to
chance of getting selected. participate.
Researchers use this technique when
Sampling bias is not a concern for the
they want to keep a tab on sampling
researcher.
bias.
Useful in an environment having a Useful in an environment that shares
diverse population. similar traits.

Used when the researcher wants to This method does not help in representing
create accurate samples. the population accurately.

Finding the correct audience is not

Finding an audience is very simple.
simple.
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HOW WILL YOU SELECT THE APPROPRIATE

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE?
» Plan and list your research objectives.
» Identify the potential sampling techniques that
may help achieve your research objectives.
» Analyze each technique on how it can help you
create your sample.
» Select the technique that is suitable in attaining
your research objectives.