Metalscan Inspection Services Presents: Nondestructive Evaluation

METALSCAN INSPECTION
SERVICES
PRESENTS
AN INTRODUCTION TO
NONDESTRUCTIVE
EVALUATION
WHAT IS
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING ?
 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING is defined as:

Any method for examining an object or material in any
manner which will not impair its future usefulness...
 Simply stated, it is exactly what its name implies:
 TESTING WITHOUT DESTROYING

Why are Nondestructive
Tests Performed?
 The purpose of the test may be to:
– detect internal or external flaws,
– measure geometric characteristics,
– determine material structure or composition,
– measure some of the object’s or material's
properties
What kinds of Nondestructive Tests
are there?
Today there are many different Nondestructive Testing
methods employed. There are, however, six methods of
Nondestructive Evaluation that are very widely known
and applied. These are:
– Radiography – Eddy Current

– Magnetic Particle – Visual
– Ultrasonics
– Liquid Penetrant
Can you tell me a little more about
what Nondestructive Evaluation is
used for ?
Increasingly, in our nuclear and space age, which some
engineers have called the “materials age”, North
American industry is becoming concerned with the
need for nondestructive testing. No material is perfect,
but it must have adequate properties to meet the
increasingly rigorous demands made upon it. NDT (as it
is abbreviated) provides the means to assure the detection or
measurement of significant properties or performance
capabilities of materials, parts, assemblies, equipment
or structures without impairing their serviceability.
Where is Nondestructive
Testing Used?
Some industries in which NDT plays a key role
include the following:
 Aerospace  Marine
 Aircraft  Materials Joining
 Automotive  Security
 Casting & Forging  Metals
 Chemical & Petroleum  Non-Metals
 Construction  Nuclear
 Electronics  Ordnance
 Food Processing  Transportation

 Utilities
RADIOGRAPHY
 RT involves the use of penetrating X or gamma
radiation to examine parts and products for
imperfections. An X-ray machine or
radioactive isotope is used as a source of
radiation. Radiation is directed through a part
and onto film. When the film is developed, a
shadowgraph is obtained that shows the
internal soundness of a part. Possible
imperfections show up as density changes in the
film, in much the same manner as a medical
radiograph can show broken bones.
MAGNETIC PARTICLE
 MT is done by inducing a magnetic field in a

ferromagnetic material and dusting the surface
with iron particles (either dry or suspended in a
liquid). Surface imperfections will distort the
magnetic field and concentrate the iron
particles near such discontinuities, thus
indicating their presence.
ULTRASONICS
 UT uses the transmission of high frequency
sound waves into a material to detect
imperfections within the material, or changes
in material properties. The most commonly
used ultrasonic testing technique is pulse-echo
testing, wherein sound is introduced into the
test object and reflections (echoes) are returned
to a receiver from internal imperfections or
from geometrical surfaces of the part.
LIQUID PENETRANT
 PT is probably the most widely used NDT
method. The test object or material is coated
with a visible or fluorescent dye solution. The
excess dye is removed from the surface, and
then a developer is applied. The developer acts
like a blotter and draws penetrant out of
imperfections which are open to the surface.
With visible dyes, the vivid color contrast
between the penetrant and the developer makes
the “bleedout” easy to see. With fluorescent
dyes, an ultraviolet lamp is used to make the
“bleedout” fluoresce brightly, thus allowing the
imperfections to be seen readily.
EDDY CURRENT
 InET, electrical currents are generated
in a conductive material by an induced
magnetic field. Interruptions in the flow
of the electrical currents (eddy currents),
which are caused by imperfections or
changes in a material’s conductive
properties, will cause changes in the
induced magnetic field. These changes,
when detected, indicate the presence of a
change in the test object.
VISUAL EXAMINATION
 VT is probably the oldest and most
common method of NDT, having
numerous industrial and commercial
applications. Examiners follow
procedures ranging from simple to very
complex, some of which involve
comparison of workmanship samples
with production parts. Visual techniques
are used with all other NDT methods.
SPECIAL NDT METHODS
 NDT engineers, and technicians also use

microwaves, ultrasonic imaging, lasers.
holography, liquid crystals, and infrared-
thermal testing techniques in addition to
many other specialized methods. In fact,
there are almost 80 different evaluation
methods identified as being
NONDESTRUCTIVE.
MEANS OF UNIFORM
CERTIFICATION
 There are a number of reasons for
certifying NDT personnel. One,
employers have a uniform means
of qualifying and ranking
technicians. Two, customers are
supplied with a means of judging
the quality of a vendor’s NDT
program. Three, certification aids
in assuring that NDT personnel
are qualified to perform assigned
tasks. And, four, technicians have
a means for progressing within
their profession.
The value of Certification
 Without certification
activities there can be:
unjustified feelings of
security among those
individuals for whom
the testing is
performed, leading to
inadequate precautions
being taken in product
use, and unanticipated
failure of improperly
tested materials.

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METALSCAN INSPECTION

 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING is defined as:

 Simply stated, it is exactly what its name implies:

 TESTING WITHOUT DESTROYING

– Radiography – Eddy Current

 Aircraft  Materials Joining

 Casting & Forging  Metals

 Chemical & Petroleum  Non-Metals

 Food Processing  Transportation

 MT is done by inducing a magnetic field in a

 NDT engineers, and technicians also use

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