Energy Conversion and Rural Electrification: by Abrha F

Energy Conversion and Rural Electrification
by Abrha F.
Chapter - one -
Overview of Thermodynamics
Introduction
Thermodynamics is field of physics that deals with the relationship

between heat and other properties(such as pressure, density,
temperature, etc.) in a substance.
Specifically, thermodynamics focuses largely on how a heat transfer is
related to various energy changes with in a physical system
undergoing thermodynamic process.
Such process usually result in work being done by the system and are
guided by the laws of thermodynamics.
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The change in internal energy of a closed system will be equal to the

energy added to the system minus the work done by the system on its
surroundings.
This is the law of conservation of energy, written in a form useful to

systems involving heat transfer.
Con’d
An isothermal process is one where the temperature does not change.

Con’d
In order for an isothermal process to take place, we assume the system
is in contact with a heat reservoir.
In general, we assume that the system remains in equilibrium
throughout all processes.
Con’d
An adiabatic process is one where there is no heat flow into or out of
the system.
Con’d
An isobaric process (a) occurs at constant pressure;
An isovolumetric one (b) at constant volume
Con’d
If the pressure is constant, the work done is the pressure multiplied by

the change in volume:
In an isometric process, the volume does not change, so the work done
is zero.
Con’d
For processes where the pressure varies, the work done is the area
under the P-V curve.
Simple thermodynamic process and the 1st law
Process What is constant The 1st law, ∆U = Q – W, predicts
Isothermal T = constant ∆T = 0 makes ∆U = 0, so Q = W
Isobaric P = constant Q = ∆U + W = ∆U + P∆V
Isovolumetric V = constant ∆V = 0 makes W = 0, so Q = ∆U
Adiabatic Q=0 ∆U = -W
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
The absence of the process illustrated above indicates

that conservation of energy is not the whole story. If it
were, movies run backwards would look perfectly
normal to us!
Con’d
The second law of thermodynamics is a statement about which

processes occur and which do not.
There are many ways to state the second law; here is one:
Heat can flow spontaneously from a hot object to a cold object; it will
not flow spontaneously from a cold object to a hot object.
Heat Engine
It is easy to produce thermal energy using work, but how does one
produce work using thermal energy?
This is a heat engine; mechanical energy can be obtained from thermal
energy only when heat can flow from a higher temperature to a lower
temperature.
Con’d
We will discuss only engines that run in a repeating cycle; the change
in internal energy over a cycle is zero, as the system returns to its
initial state.
The high temperature reservoir transfers an amount of heat QH to the
engine, where part of it is transformed into work W and the rest, QL, is
exhausted to the lower temperature reservoir.
Note that all three of these quantities are positive.
A steam engine is one type of heat engine
Why does a heat engine need a temperature difference?
Otherwise the work done on the system in one part of the cycle will be
equal to the work done by the system in another part, and the net work
will be zero.
Con’d
The efficiency of the heat engine is the ratio of the work done to the heat
input:

Using conservation of energy to eliminate W, we find:
Carnot cycle
The Carnot engine was created to examine the efficiency of a heat
engine.
It is idealized, as it has no friction. Each leg of its cycle is reversible.
The Carnot cycle consists of:
• Isothermal expansion
• Adiabatic expansion
• Isothermal compression
• Adiabatic compression
Example
Con’d
For an ideal reversible engine, the efficiency can be written in terms
of the temperature:
From this we see that 100% efficiency can be achieved only if the
cold reservoir is at absolute zero, which is impossible.
Real engines have some frictional losses; the best achieve 60-80% of
the Carnot value of efficiency.
Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps
These appliances can be thought of as heat engines operating in
reverse.
By doing work, heat is extracted
from the cold reservoir and exhausted
to the hot reservoir.
Con’d
Con’d
Refrigerator performance is measured by the coefficient of performance
(COP):
Substituting:
con’d
A heat pump can heat a house in the winter

Assignment
•1. An ideal gas heat engine operates in Carnot cycle between 227 and 127 .
It absorbs 6×cal of heat at higher temperature. Amount of heat converted
in to work is ?
2. A Carnot engine whose sink is at 300k has an efficiency of 40%. By
how much should the temperature of source be increased so as to
increase its efficiency by 50% of original efficiency?
3. a Carnot refrigeration cycle absorbs heat at 270k and rejects heat at
300k. If the cycle is absorbing 1260kj/min at 270k, then work required
per second is?
4. The coefficient of performance(COP) of Carnot refrigerator working
between 30 and 0 is?
End!!!
Question ???

Energy Conversion and Rural Electrification: by Abrha F

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy Conversion and Rural Electrification: by Abrha F

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy Conversion and Rural Electrification: by Abrha F

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy Conversion and Rural Electrification

Thermodynamics is field of physics that deals with the relationship

The change in internal energy of a closed system will be equal to the

This is the law of conservation of energy, written in a form useful to

An isothermal process is one where the temperature does not change.

If the pressure is constant, the work done is the pressure multiplied by

Isothermal T = constant ∆T = 0 makes ∆U = 0, so Q = W

Isobaric P = constant Q = ∆U + W = ∆U + P∆V

Isovolumetric V = constant ∆V = 0 makes W = 0, so Q = ∆U

The absence of the process illustrated above indicates

The second law of thermodynamics is a statement about which

A heat pump can heat a house in the winter

You might also like