Gas it

up
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:properties of gas .
Describe the general

Explain the different law of gases using kinetic molecular theory

Use Boyle’s law, Charles's law, and Gay-Lussac's Law to determined the new
properties of a given sample of Gas

Apply Dalton’s law of partial pressure to a mixture of

gas
Explain common processes through the gas law
General Properties of Gas
Gases have no definite shape and volume

Gases diffuse readily, and any two

gases will mix evenly when
combined
Gases can be compressed readily because of large
amount of space between the molecules

Gases have much lower densities that

liquid and solid
 Kinetic molecular theory
Kinetic refers to the motion of molecules s they constantly move in any
direction
This theory present each gas molecule as a tiny particle. A gas molecule may
collide with any object in it’s path, such as another gas molecules or the wall
of it’s container.
Assumption of Kinetic Molecular Theory:
1. Gases consist of very tiny molecules. The distance between these molecule
is significantly larger that the size of the molecule themselves, therefore,
the volume taken up by the gas molecule is assumed to be negligible
relative to the volume of their container.
 Kinetic molecular theory
Assumption of Kinetic Molecular Theory:
2. There is no force of attraction between and among gas molecules.
3. Gas molecules are in a constant, random, linear motion. They collide
frequently with one another and with walls of container.
4. The average kinetic energy gas molecules is the same for all gases at
the same temperature, and it’s value is directly proportional to the
kelvin temperature.
Gas law
 Graham’s law
Graham’s law states that the rate of diffusion or of effusion of
a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its
molecular weight.

The kinetic energy of a gas molecule is related to its

velocity, as expressed by this equation

m= mass
KE=1/2 mv2
V= velocity
 Graham’s law
Graham’s Law which is popularly known as
Graham’s Law of Effusion was formulated by
Thomas Graham in the year 1848. Thomas
Graham experimented with the effusion
process and discovered an important
feature: gas molecules that are lighter will
travel faster than the heavier gas molecules.
 Graham’s law
Diffusion
Diffusion is a phenomenon where there
is a movement of one material from an
area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration. This means particles
or molecules spread through the
medium, it is also the ability of two
gases mix spontaneously until they
form a uniform mixture
 Graham’s
Effusion
law
Effusion is a process in which air escapes or leaks through a hole whose
diameter is considerably smaller than the mean free path of molecules.
Under these circumstances, all the molecules which reach the hole will
pass through, as collisions between molecules in these places will be
negligible.
 Graham’s law

The graham law of effusion states that the rate of effusion of two gases
are inversely proportion to the square root of there density (p) or molar
mass (m). Expressing the rate of effusion of two gases (1 and 2) at the
same temperature
 Graham’s law
Try this sample problem:

1. How fast is the rate of effusion of H2 compared to that O2?

2. If equal amount of helium and argon are placed in a porous container

and allowed to escape, which gas will escape faster and how much
faster

3. How much faster does He atom effuse that N2 molecule at the same
temperature?
 Graham’s law
Try this sample problem:

4. The rate of effusion of an unknown gas was measured to be 25.3

ml/min. under similar condition, a known gas with a density of 3.1 g/ml
effuses at 19.5 ml/min. what is the density of an unknown gas?

5. The rate of effusion of argon was measured to be 0.218 mol/s at a

certain temperature. Calculate the rate of effusion of Helium gas?
 Pressure
Pressure is defined as force per unit.
 Pressure
The gas in the atmosphere is atmospheric pressure.
• Atmosphere is denser near the earth surface and
become less dense farther from the earth surface.
Barometer- device to measure atmospheric pressure.
Which discovered by Italian Physicist and
Mathematician Evangelista Torricelli (1600s)
Torr=1 mmHg in barometer
Pa or Pascal SI unit of pressure
Standard Atmospheric Pressure 760 mm or 760 torr
 Boyle’s law
Robert Boyle first observe the relationship between
the pressure (P) and the volume (V) of a gas.

Pressure of a gas increase at a constant temperature,

the volume it occupies will decrease proportionally,
thus, Boyle’s law, which states that there is an inverse
relationship between the pressure exerted on a
quantity of gas and it’s volume if the temperature
held constant.
Boyle’s law
 Boyle’s law
Try this sample problem:
1. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 145 ml at 560 torr and 20 degree Celsius.
Calculate the new pressure if it’s volume is increased to 290 mL at the same
temperature.

2. In one chamber, the pressure is 100 mm Hg, with a volume of 80ml. If the
volume decreases to 20 ml, what is the new pressure of the chamber? Assume
the temperature is constant.
 Boyle’s lawTry this sample problem:
In one chamber, the pressure is 100 mm Hg, with a volume of 80ml. If the volume
decreases to 20 ml, what is the new pressure of the chamber? Assume the
temperature is constant. (100 mm Hg)(80 mL) = P2 (20 mL)
P2= (100 mm Hg)(80 mL)
(20 mL)
P2 = 400 mm Hg
The new pressure is 400 mm Hg when the volume is decreased to 20 mL
 Boyle’s law
Try this sample problem:
3. In a chamber, the pressure is 1500 atm, and the volume is 5 liters. If the pressure
is decreased to 500 atm, what is the new volume? Assume the temperature is
constant.
4. Under what pressure must a gas be compressed in order to fit into a 400 ft3 tank
if it occupies 3.00 ft3 at standard pressure?
5. A gas occupies 4.31 L at a pressure of 0.755 atm. Determine the volume
occupied by the gas if the pressure is increased to 2.25 atm.
 Charles law
The relationship between volume and
temperature was first discovered by Jacques
Charles. 

He theorized that the temperature and the

volume       of a confined gas are directly
proportional given that the pressure of the
system is held constant.
 Charles law
Charles law states that the volume of an ideal gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature at constant
pressure. The law also states that the Kelvin temperature
and the volume will be in direct proportion when the
pressure exerted on a sample of a dry gas is held constant.
 Charles law
Charles’s law can be demonstrated using hot air balloons. In its deflated form, the
balloon contains gas of the same kind as the surrounding air. 

When the heat source inside the balloon (near the bottom) is ignited, the air will
expand, and the balloon will inflate. The air inside the balloon will then have a
lower density than the surrounding air, enabling it to float.
 Charles law
• Charles’ Law, also sometimes referred to as
the law of volumes, gives a detailed account
of how gas expands when the temperature is
increased.
 Charles law
• In applying Charles’s law, always use Kelvin as the unit
of temperature. If the given information expresses
temperature in degrees Celsius or some other units,
you need to convert it first to Kelvin.
 Charles's law
Try this sample problem:

1. Three liters of Hydrogen at -20 degree Celsius is allowed to warm to 27

degree Celsius. What is the volume at this temperature if the pressure remain
constant?

2. 2. A cylindrical tank with a piston on top confines 345.16 K of nitrogen gas

in a 34.0 m3 space between the piston and its base. Several ice cubes are put
around the cylindrical tank, causing the temperature of the gas to decrease.
What is the volume of the gas when its temperature decreases to 303.75 K to
maintain the same pressure?
 Charles's law
Try this sample problem:
1. Calculate the final volume of the gas, in L, if it cools from 300 ° C to 200 ° C.
The initial volume of the gas is 0.25 L.
2. Determine the new temperature, in Kelvins, of the neon gas if 8.0 L of it
originally at 20 ° C was heated at constant pressure to achieve a new volume
of 1000.0 L.
3. A gas occupies 221 cm3 at a temperature of 0 °C and pressure of 760 mm Hg.
Find its volume at 100 °C.
4. Find the final temperature of a sample of nitrogen gas at constant pressure if
it starts at 27 °C and changes volume from 600 mL to 700 mL.
5. A gas occupies a volume of 300cm3 at 0°C and 780 torrs. What volume (in
cm3) will it occupy at 80°C and 780 mm Hg?
Gay-Lussac's law
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
know that, for an ideal gas at constant volume, the pressure, 𝑃, of the

gas is proportional to the temperature, 𝑇,

investigate the relationship between pressure and temperature of gas

particles when volume is constant S10ES-Ia-j-36.5 II

Use Gay-Lussac's Law to determine the new properties of a given sample

of Gas
 Gay-Lussac's law
Gay-Lussac’s law is a gas law which states that the pressure
exerted by a gas (of a given mass and kept at a constant volume)
varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas. In other
words, the pressure exerted by a gas is proportional to the
temperature of the gas when the mass is fixed and the volume is
constant.
 Gay-Lussac's law
This law was formulated by the French Chemist
Joseph-Louise Gay-Lussac in the year 1802.
The mathematical expression of Gay-Lussac’s
law can be written as follows:
P ∝ T ; P/T = k
Where:
•P is the pressure exerted by the gas
•T is the absolute temperature of the gas
•k is a constant.
 Gay-Lussac's law
Gay-Lussac’s law implies that the ratio of the initial pressure and
temperature is equal to the ratio of the final pressure and temperature for
a gas of a fixed mass kept at a constant volume. This formula can be
expressed as follows:
(P1/T1) = (P2/T2)
Where:
•P1 is the initial pressure
•T1 is the initial temperature
•P2 is the final pressure
•T2 is the final temperature
 Gay-Lussac's law
This expression can be derived from the pressure-
temperature proportionality for gas. Since P ∝ T for gases of
fixed mass kept at constant volume:
P1/T1 = k (initial pressure/ initial temperature = constant)
P2/T2 = k (final pressure/ final temperature = constant)

Therefore,  P1/T1 = P2/T2 = k

or, P1T2 = P2T1
 Gay-Lussac's law
Try this sample problem:

1. The pressure of a gas in a cylinder when it is heated to a

temperature of 250K is 1.5 atm. What was the initial
temperature of the gas if its initial pressure was 1 atm?
2. At a temperature of 300 K, the pressure of the gas in a
deodorant can is 3 atm. Calculate the pressure of the gas when
it is heated to 900 K.
 Gay-Lussac's law
Seatwork:
1. A sample of gas at 21 degree Celsius exert a pressure of 1.4 atm. Calculate the
final pressure (in atm) if the temperature is changed to 54 degree Celsius at
constant volume.
2. A 30.0 L sample of nitrogen inside a rigid, metal container at 20.0 °C is placed
inside an oven whose temperature is 50.0 °C. The pressure inside the container
at 20.0 °C was at 3.00 atm. What is the pressure of the nitrogen after its
temperature is increased to 50.0 °C?
 Gay-Lussac's law
Try this sample problem:

3.  A gas has a pressure of 0.370 atm at 50.0 °C. What is the pressure at
standard temperature?
4. A gas has a pressure of 699.0 mmHg at 40.0 °C. What is the
temperature at standard pressure?
5. If a gas is cooled from 323.0 K to 273 K and the volume is kept
constant what final pressure would result if the original pressure was
750.0 mmHg?
Combined gas
law
 Combined gas law
The combined gas law is the law which combines
Charles’s law, Gay-Lussac’s law and Boyle’s law. It’s an
amalgamation of the three previously discovered laws.
 Combined gas law
These laws relate one thermodynamic variable to another
holding everything else constant. The interdependence of these
variables represents combined gas law which states that the ratio
between the product of pressure-volume and temperature of a
system remains constant.
 Combined gas law
Scuba diving.  As he diver dives deeper into
the water the pressure of the gas inside the
tank increases. Temperature decreases as
the diver goes deeper.  The pressure of the
scuba tank increases the volume of the gas
decreases.
 Combined gas law
Combined Gas Law Formula
Combined gas law can be mathematically expressed as
k = PV/T
Where,
P = pressure
T = temperature in kelvin
V = volume
K  = constant (units of energy divided by temperature)
 Combined gas law
Combined Gas Law Formula

P1= Initial Pressure ; V1 = Initial Volume ; T1 = Initial Temperature ;

P2 = Final Pressure ; V2= Final Volume ; T2 = Final Temperature
Combined gas
Formula
law
 Combined gas law
Try this sample problem:
1. Determine the volume of a gas given Vi = 3L, Ti = 300K, Tf = 250K, Pi = 35
kPa and Pf= 50 kPa

2. The initial volume of the gas is 5L and final volume is 3L Calculate the final
pressure of the gas, given that the initial temperature is 273 K, the final
temperature is 200 K, and initial pressure is 25 kPa.
 Combined gas law
Try this sample problem:
1. What is the volume of gas at 2.00 atm and 200.0 K if its original volume
was 300.0 L at 0.250 atm and 400.0 K.

2. A sample of gas occupies in volume of 2.40 L at 755 mmHg and 140 degree
Celsius. What would be the pressure (in mmHg) if the volume and
temperature were increase to 5.00 L and 210 degree Celsius, respectively?

3. A gas has a volume of 800.0 mL at −23.0 °C and 300.0 torr. What would
the volume of the gas be at 227.0 °C and 600.0 torr of pressure?
 Combined gas law
Try this sample problem:
4.  What is the final volume of a 400.0 mL gas sample that is subjected
to a temperature change from 22.0 °C to 30.0 °C and a pressure
change from standard pressure to 360.0 mmHg?

5. 500.0 liters of a gas in a flexible-walled container are prepared at

700.0 mmHg and 200.0 °C. The gas is placed into a tank under high
pressure. When the tank cools to 20.0 °C, the pressure of the gas is
300.0 mmHg. What is the volume of the gas?
Avogadro’s law
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
 determine the relationship between volume
and number of moles of ideal gases at
constant pressure and temperature.
 Avogadro’s law
Hot air balloons are definitely larger compared to
party balloons, and more air is obviously needed to
inflate them. 

What is the relationship between volume and

number of moles of a gas at constant temperature
and pressure?
 Avogadro’s law
Avogadro’s law is named after the
Italian scientist Amedeo Carlo
Avogadro, who suggested that two
dissimilar ideal gases occupying the
same volume at a given (constant)
temperature and pressure must
contain an equal number of
molecules.
 Avogadro’s law
Amedeo Avogadro supported this observation three
years after and proposed 

Avogadro’s law, which states that the volume  and the

amount  of a confined gas are directly proportional,
given that the pressure and the temperature of the
system are held constant. Mathematically, it is
expressed as

where     is volume and      is the amount of gas

in moles.
Avogadro’s law
The way Avogadro’s law
works is straightforward
and can be seen more often.
You can inflate a balloon by
blowing air into it. When
more air is put into the
balloon, its volume becomes
larger.
 Avogadro’s law
The proportionality symbol can be replaced by an equal sign and a
proportionality constant k.

The equation can then be rewritten as

Replace the proportionality symbol with an equal sign and a proportionality

constant (k). Thus, Avogadro’s law can be mathematically expressed as
 Avogadro’s law
Try this sample problem :

A balloon that was inflated at 2.00 ✕10 3 cm3

containing 4.50 moles of CO2. If 1.50 moles of CO2 is
left from the balloon after releasing some of it,
what will be the new volume of the balloon?
Assume that the pressure and temperature are
constant.
 Avogadro’s law
Try this sample problem :

A tire containing 10 moles of air and occupying a

volume of 40L loses half its volume due to a
puncture. Considering that the pressure and
temperature remain constant, what would be the
amount of air in the deflated tire?
 Avogadro’s law
Seatwork 4 :

1. Determine the new volume of a 15.0 L sample of an ideal gas

initially containing 1.50 moles if an additional 3.75 moles of the
same gas was added. Assume that the process occurred at
constant temperature and pressure.

2. A 15.0 L ideal gas at 28 oC and 1.00 atm contains 0.56 moles of

gas. Calculate the new volume, if the amount of gas was
increased to 1.56 moles at the same temperature and pressure.
 Avogadro’s law
3. A balloon that was inflated at 5.00 x 10^3 cm3 containing 6.0 moles of CO2. If 1.2
moles of CO2 is left from the balloon after releasing some of it, what will be the new
volume of the balloon? Assume that the pressure and temperature are constant.

4. A 5.0 L ideal gas at 25oC and 3.00 atm contains 0.11 moles of gas.
Calculate the new volume, if the amount of gas was increased to 2.3 moles at the
same temperature and pressure.

5. Determine the new volume of a 5.0 L sample of an ideal gas initially containing
0.50 moles if an additional 0.75 moles of the same gas was added. Assume that the
process occurred at constant temperature and pressure.
 Key Points of Avogadro’s law
 Avogadro’s law states that the volume (V) and the
amount  of a confined gas (n) are directly proportional,
given that the pressure and the temperature of the
system are held constant. This can be expressed as

where V is the volume and n is the amount of gas.

 Key Points of Avogadro’s law
 Since the quotient of V and n remains constant,
Avogadro’s law can be alternatively expressed as
equal quotients of two data sets as shown in the
equation below.
 Key Points of Avogadro’s law
Identify if the statement is correct or not.
1.Avogadro’s law states that the volume and the amount  of a
confined gas are directly proportional, given that the pressure and
the temperature of the system are held constant.
2.Mathematically, Avogadro’s law can be expressed as             .
3.Since the quotient of V and n remains constant, Avogadro’s law
can be alternatively expressed as equal quotients of two data sets. 
Ideal Gas law
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able
to:
 investigate the relationship between  pressure, volume,
temperature,  and  the number of moles of an  ideal gas.
 determine the relationship between pressure, volume,
temperature, and the number of moles of an ideal gas.
 Ideal gas law
From the previous lessons, you have
encountered the relationships between
two variables when the other variables
are constant 

In this lesson, you will find out how all

of the variables—pressure, volume,
temperature, and the number of moles
—are interrelated in one grand equation
called the ideal gas equation.
Review of Gas Laws

Boyle’s law states that the pressure (P) and volume (V) 
of a confined gas are inversely proportional to one
another, given that the temperature (T) of the system
is held constant.
Review of Gas Laws

Charles’s law states that the temperature (T) and the

volume (V) of a confined gas are directly proportional
given that the pressure (P) of the system is held
constant.
Review of Gas Laws

Gay Lussac’s law states that the temperature (T) and

the pressure (P) of a confined gas are directly
proportional given that the volume (V) of the system is
held constant.
Review of Gas Laws

Avogadro’s law states that the volume (V) and the

amount (n) of a confined gas are directly proportional,
given that the pressure and the temperature of the
system are held constant.
 Ideal gas law
•The constants in the different simple gas laws are different quantities. It
would depend on the quantities held constant.

•In the combined equation, no quantity is held constant. Thus, k can be

replaced by a specific value called universal gas constant, often written as R.

Further rearrangement of this equation leads to the form below

 Ideal gas law
•The universal gas constant or ideal gas constant has only
one value.
•The value of R depend on the unit P, V, and T. One value is
derived by using the ideal gas equation for 1 mol of gas at
STP

(1 atm)(22.4L)/(1mole)(273K)
R= PV/nT

(atm× L)/(mol × K) 0.0821

 Ideal gas law
•The ideal gas equation can be used to determined the molar mass of a
mixture of gases. Some molar mass (MM) is expressed as the mass of a
substance per mole, n can be substituted in the ideal gas equation.

n=m/MM
This transforms the ideal gas equation into

PV=m/MM (RT) or MM=mRT/PV

 Ideal gas law
Since the gas constant can be expressed in
different units, you should always check the
units of P, V, T, and n if they follow the same
units. Unit consistency is the key in solving
this type of problems.
 Ideal gas law
Try this sample problem :

How many moles of a hypothetical ideal gas are

contained in a 0.230 L container at a
temperature of 35.6 degree Celsius and a
pressure of 782 mmHg?
 Ideal gas law
Try this sample problem :

A 6.65 L sealed rigid tank contains 0.80

mole of nitrogen gas at a temperature of
300.0 K. What is the pressure exerted by
the nitrogen gas?
 Ideal gas law
Try this sample problem :

An 8.0 L sealed rigid tank contains 0.6 mole of

nitrogen gas at a temperature of 600.0 K. What is the
pressure exerted by the nitrogen
gas?
 Ideal gas law
Try this sample problem :

A 50 L cylinder contain 21.8 g H2 at 28 degree Celsius.

What is the pressure at atm exerted by this gas?

Calculate the molar mass of butane gas if 4.96 g

occupies 2.13 L at 20 degree Celsius and 1 atm.
 Ideal gas law
Try this sample problem :

How many moles of a hypothetical ideal gas

are contained in a 470 mL container at a
temperature of 55.6 oC and a pressure of
1026 mmHg?
Thank you for
listening!!