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Lecture 38

Calculus Presentation 38

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thedarkobliteration
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6 views

Lecture 38

Calculus Presentation 38

Uploaded by

thedarkobliteration
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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If u and v are vectors in Rn,

then we regard u and v as n x 1


matrices. The transpose u isT

a 1 x n matrix, and the matrix


product uTv is a 1 x 1 matrix,
which we write as a single real
number (a scalar) without
brackets. …
The number uTv is called the
inner product of u and v, and
often it is written as u.v.
This inner product, is also
referred to as a dot product.

…
 u1   v1 
u  v 
If u   2
,v  2

   
   
 un   vn 
Then the inner product of u and v is
 v1 
v 
 u1 u2  un   2
u1v1  u2v2    un vn
 
 
 vn 
Compute u.v and v.u when

 2  3
  
u   5 and v  2  
  1   3
…
 3
u v uT v  2  5 1  2 
  3
(2)(3)  ( 5)(2)  (  1)(  3)  1

 2
v u v T u  3 2  3   5
  1
(3)(2)  (2)( 5)  ( 3)( 1)  1
Let u, v and w be vectors in Rn,
and let c be a scalar. Then
a) u v v u
b) (u  v ) w u w  v w
c) (cu) v c (uv ) u (cv )
d) u u 0, and u u 0 iff u=0.
(c1u1    c p u p ) w
c1 (u1 w )    c p (u p w )
The length (or norm) of v is
the nonnegative scalar v
defined by
2 2 2
v  v v  v  v    v
1 2 n
2
v v v
For any scalar c,

cv  c v
A vector whose length is 1.
If we divide a nonzero vector
v by its length v , we obtain a
unit vector u because the
length of u is
 
1 v v …
The process of creating u
from v is sometimes called
normalizing v, and we say
that u is in the same
direction as v.
Let v = (1,–2, 2, 0).
Find a unit vector
u in the same
direction as v.
Let W be the subspace
of R spanned by
2

x = (2/3, 1).
Find a unit vector z
that is a basis for W.
For u and v in Rn, the distance
between u and v, written as
dist(u, v), is the length of the
vector u – v. That is,

dist(u, v )  u  v
Compute the distance
between the vectors
u = (7, 1) and v = (3, 2).

…
 7  3  4 
u  v    
 2    1
 1    
2 2
u  v  4  ( 1)  17
x2
v u v
u
x1

-v u-v

Figure 4 The distance


between u and v
If u = (u1, u2, u3) and
v = (v1, v2, v3), then

dist( u, v )  u  v  (u  v ) (u  v )
2 2 2
 (u1  v1 )  (u2  v2 )  (u3  v3 )
Two vectors u and v in Rn
are orthogonal (to each
other) if

u v 0
The zero vector is
orthogonal to every
vector in R because
n

0T. v = 0 for all v.


Two vectors u and v are
orthogonal if and only if

2 2 2
uv  u  v
If a vector z is
orthogonal to every
vector in a subspace W
of R , then z is said to be
n

orthogonal to W. …
The set of all vectors z
that are orthogonal to W
is called the orthogonal
complement of W and is
denoted by W . 

(1) A vector x is in W if and
only if x is orthogonal to
every vector in a set that
spans W.

(2) W is a subspace of R .
n
R and R
2 3

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