M kettunen eu external biodiversity governance - governance innovation week - june 2015 pretoria
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The document discusses the EU's objectives and mechanisms for addressing global biodiversity loss. The EU aims to halt biodiversity loss and promote its sustainable management through international agreements as well as EU policies, funding, and actions. Key mechanisms include development cooperation, trade policy, and initiatives to promote policy coherence and synergies. While the EU supports biodiversity globally, full policy integration remains a challenge. The document argues increased funding and tracking of expenditures, as well as greater policy coherence, will be important for the EU to deliver on global biodiversity objectives in the future.
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M kettunen eu external biodiversity governance - governance innovation week - june 2015 pretoria
- 1. www.ieep.eu @IEEP_eu Global biodiversity crises and EU external governance: a mixture of mechanisms contributing to the common objectives Marianne Kettunen Principal Policy Analyst, Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) 1–5 June 2015 Governance Innovation Week, University of Pretoria
- 2. • What biodiversity objectives EU has in the global context? • What external governance mechanisms EU has to achieve these objectives? • The importance of EU external policy coherence and synergies for biodiversity? • Focus: resource mobilization, i.e. integration of biodiversity into EU dev. coop. funding Content: questions Ch / paper aims to cover Picture © IEEP Web
- 3. EU global biodiversity objectives Picture © IEEP Web
- 4. EU global biodiversity objectives = global biodiversity objectives Picture © IEEP Web Strong focus on: • Nature’s contribution to wellbeing (ecosystem services) • Nature’s role in supporting different economic sectors • Nature’s roles in sustainable development
- 5. EU global biodiversity actions Picture © IEEP Web
- 6. EU global biodiversity actions Picture © IEEP Web
- 7. EU global biodiversity actions Picture © IEEP Web
- 8. Noteworthy: EU global biodiversity objectives Picture © IEEP Web Never only biodiversity but biodiversity and contribution to wellbeing! Strong emphasis on funding! Emphasis on preventing negative impacts of other policies while increasing policy synergies!
- 9. EU mechanisms re: global biodiversity Picture © IEEP Web UN Convention on Biological Diversity Ramsar Convention (Wetlands) CITES – wildlife trade Funding: biodiversity proofing Networks - IPBES EU external assistance & development cooperation UN C BD Nagoya Protocol (Access& benefit sharing) EU trade policy Funding: resource mobilization Integration to other related conventions (UNFCCC etc.) UN CBD Cartagena Protocol (biosafety) Bonn convention (migratory species) UNESCO World Heritage Convention Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Delivery via policy synergies Delivery via avoiding negative impacts of other policies A mixed bag of: • International processes • EU initiatives • Dedicated EU instruments • Integration into other sectoral instruments B4Life Flagship initiative EU Wildlife Trade Regulation s Global networks - IPBES
- 10. EU mechanisms re: global biodiversity Picture © IEEP Web Setting global biodiversity objectives (via int. mechanisms & processes) Supporting implementation of biodiversity objectives (via own concrete initiatives & instruments) Delivering biodiversity objectives (via own actions & processes)
- 11. EU mechanisms re: global biodiversity Picture © IEEP Web Setting global biodiversity objectives Supporting implementation of biodiversity objectives Delivering biodiversity objectives UN Convention on Biological Diversity CITES – wildlife trade UN C BD Nagoya Protocol (Access& benefit sharing) UN CBD Cartagena Protocol (biosafety) UNESCO World Heritage Convention Ramsar Convention (Wetlands) Bonn convention (migratory species) Global networks - IPBES EU external assistance & development cooperation EU trade policy Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade (FLEGT) B4Life Flagship initiative EU Wildlife Trade Regulation s Funding: biodiversity proofing Funding: resource mobilization Delivery via policy synergies Delivery via avoiding negative impacts of other policies
- 12. • Consensus on Development (2006): halting the loss of biodiversity, promoting biosafety and sustainable management of biodiversity one of key areas for EU external action. • Agenda for Change (2011): biodiversity conservation liked to sustainable development and promoting a transition to a green economy → Integration of biodiversity concerns achieved at policy level / in principle Supporting implementation: EU external assistance & development cooperationPicture © IEEP Web
- 13. • Geographic and thematic programmes - and related funding - key instruments for supporting concrete activities in partner countries • Specific biodiversity related actions supported by the EU depend on partner countries’ interest - very limited number of countries have biodiversity as a priority • Thematic programme on Global Public Goods and Challenges (GPGC) (2014 onwards), inc. component on sustainable management of ecosystems and two related flagship initiatives Supporting implementation: EU external assistance & development cooperationPicture © IEEP Web
- 14. • Importance of policy coherence – biofuels & - energy vs. biodiversity • EU policy emphasises use of biomass for energy without proper consideration of sustainable limits on production and use, e.g. biodiversity implications. • Sustainability criteria being developed / adopted but only applicable for limited range of bioenergy (biofuels) and not addressing indirect impacts on land use. • Shift from a biofuels only approach to holistic management of bioresources with due consideration of biodiversity impacts at global level. EU role in delivering objectives Picture © IEEP Web
- 15. EU role in delivering objectives: Policy synergies via nature-based solutions to sustainable development - Maintaining wetland vs. manmade solutions resulted in benefits worth ~1 – 1.75 million $ / year. - Also ~2 million $ / year avoided costs of running a sewage treatment facility. Conservation of Nakivubo Swamp, Kampala / Uganda
- 16. Picture © IEEP Web - Coral cover ↑ (from 40% 1999-2003 to 50% 2004) - Fish biomass ↑ (doubled since 2000) - Survey found a significant increase in living standards from 2000 to 2004 Conservation of Tubbataha Reefs, Philippines EU role in delivering objectives: Policy synergies via nature-based solutions to sustainable development
- 17. EU financing for global biodiversity - present Picture © IEEP Web Resources required to meet the needs of developing countries for implementing the 2020 targets: US$74 - 191 billion for 2014 – 2018 Current total global funding for biodiversity: around US$51.5- 53.4 billion (UNEP/CBD/COP/11/INF/35, Parker et al. 2012)
- 18. EU financing for global biodiversity - present Picture © IEEP Web
- 19. EU financing for global biodiversity - present Picture © IEEP Web Figure: EU (inc. both EU institutions and 14 EU OECD countries) biodiversity ODA (bilateral) compared to total EU ODA 2007-2011 (thousand US$, constant prices 2010). Note: covers only 14 EU countries that are part of OECD-ODA. Source: Kettunen et al. 2013
- 20. EU financing for global biodiversity - present Picture © IEEP Web Figure: EU (inc. both EU institutions and 14 EU OECD countries) biodiversity bilateral ODA per relevant sectors in 2007-2011 (US$ thousands, constant prices 2010). Note: does not cover all sectors receiving ODA funding but only those that provide the most funding for biodiversity. Note: covers only 14 EU countries that are part of OECD-ODA. Source: Kettunen et al. 2013 Innovative approaches / market-based financing instruments a key to increase sectoral integration?
- 21. B4Life initiative • Aimed to improve mainstreaming of biodiversity issues across EU development cooperation activities • Priority areas: 1) good governance for sustainable management of natural capital, 2) ecosystem conservation for food security and sustainable rural development, and 3) ecosystem-based solutions towards a green economy • Only focused on promoting and coordinating external actions with biodiversity as a principle objective Picture © IEEP Web EU financing for global biodiversity - future
- 22. Future EU financing for global biodiversity: focus on proofing negative impacts and tracking expenditure EU DG DEVCO already rather advanced in tracking biodiversity expenditure. EU financing for global biodiversity - futurePicture © IEEP Web Source: IEEP et al. 2015) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/financing_en.htm Tracking expenditure: level of commitment …
- 23. EU financing for global biodiversity - futurePicture © IEEP Web Source: IEEP et al. 2015) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/financing_en.htm Tracking expenditure: level of actual investment …
- 24. • Role of biodiversity in EU external assistance gradually increasing - but integration of biodiversity concerns into EU external action scattered at best (e.g. Morgena 2012) • Development cooperation and related funding key EU mechanisms to support concrete actions at global level • Increasing policy coherence and synergies equal importance to biodiversity focused actions • “Show me the money” – EU commitment to support resource mobilization for biodiversity key focal area in the future. Under the current financial climate, sectoral mobilisation and innovative instruments EU’s means to do so. Conclusion / questions / discussion Picture © IEEP Web
- 25. • Role of trade in the future? • New EU Regulation for IAS? • Implementation of Nagoya Protocol? • Role and gravitas of IPBES? • The promise of green economy? • Focus on value-arguments and market-based instruments? Conclusion / questions / discussion Picture © IEEP Web
- 26. www.ieep.eu @IEEP_eu Marianne Kettunen Principal Policy Analyst IEEP mkettunen@ieep.eu IEEP is an independent, not-for-profit institute dedicated to the analysis, understanding and promotion of policies for a sustainable environment in Europe. Thanks ! Picture © IEEP Web