Lime is an important cementing material used in construction. It is classified as quicklime, hydrated lime, and hydraulic lime based on its composition and properties. Quicklime has a high calcium oxide content and must be slaked before use. Hydrated lime is pre-slaked at the manufacturing stage. Hydraulic lime contains clay, which gives it the ability to set under water. Lime is manufactured by burning limestone in kilns or temporary clamps. The properties and tests of lime determine its suitability for use in buildings.
Cement is produced through a process involving crushing, grinding, and burning of limestone and clay. Joseph Aspdin first produced Portland cement in 1824. The first cement factory in India was established in Tamil Nadu in 1904. Cement production involves quarrying raw materials, crushing them, mixing with water or dry process, grinding, burning at high temperatures to form clinker, cooling clinker, and final grinding with gypsum. Cement is used widely in construction activities like building, roads, bridges due to its binding properties and high compressive strength.
Ceramic Presentation of Building MaterialsI'mMiss Lily
The document provides information about ceramics, including:
1. It lists the 11 group members of the ceramic group and provides a brief history of ceramics dating back to 24,000 BC.
2. It describes the main compositions of clay which are feldspar minerals comprising 60% of the earth's crust. Clays are divided into primary and secondary types.
3. The manufacturing process of ceramics includes various molding techniques like injection molding and isostatic pressing. Characteristics of ceramics include high hardness, resistance to chemicals and temperatures up to 2400°C.
This document discusses clay products used in building construction. It describes how clay is formed and composed of minerals like kaolinite. Clay is classified based on its formation (residual or transported) and characteristics (china clay, fire clay, vitrified clay, brick clay). Brick clay is most commonly used to manufacture building bricks. The process of brick making involves selecting suitable clay, preparing and molding the clay into bricks, drying the bricks, firing them in kilns, and cooling the finished bricks. The ideal composition of brick clay includes 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and 4-6% iron oxide and lime to provide strength and bind the bricks during firing.
All you need to know about timber in just a single ppt with interesting slides. Hope it hlps! This ppt was created as the result of a teamwork with my classmates
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
Cement is a binding material made of calcareous, siliceous, and argillaceous substances. There are various types of cement used for different purposes, including ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, extra rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, quick setting cement, low heat cement, Portland pozzolana cement, Portland slag cement, high alumina cement, air entraining cement, supersulphated cement, masonry cement, expansive cement, colored cement, and white cement. The document discusses the chemical composition and functions of cement constituents and manufacturing processes.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks. It begins by describing the composition of bricks, noting that good bricks should contain 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and small amounts of lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. The document then outlines the key steps in brick manufacturing: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning. For moulding, it describes hand and machine methods, and for burning it explains the three stages of dehydration, oxidation, and vitrification. The document provides details on each stage of the manufacturing process.
This document discusses lime, its production, properties, and uses. Lime is produced by heating limestone to high temperatures, which breaks it down into quicklime. Quicklime reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide. This calcium hydroxide can then react with carbon dioxide in the air to reform calcium carbonate, completing the lime cycle. There are different types of lime depending on composition and properties. Lime has various applications including use in mortar, soil stabilization, and agriculture due to its chemical properties. The document outlines the lime production process and provides details on testing and uses of lime.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. The most common constituent is silica in the form of quartz. Sand is classified based on its formation, size, and composition. Different types of sand like pit sand, river sand, sea sand, and masonry sand are used for various construction purposes like bricks, plastering, mortar, and concrete. Properties of good sand include being clean, coarse, chemically inert, durable, and well graded with a range of particle sizes. Sand is tested for quality using sieve analysis and tests for organic impurities and clay/silt content.
This document defines bricks and their constituents and manufacturing process. It provides the following key details:
- Bricks are clay constructions of uniform size and shape, traditionally 23cm x 11.4cm x 7.6cm or modular 19cm x 9cm x 9cm.
- Good bricks contain 50-60% silica, 20-30% alumina, up to 5% lime, and 5-6% iron oxide.
- Bricks are manufactured through processes of preparation, molding, drying for 7-14 days, and burning at 750-1000°C using clamp or kiln methods.
- Various bonds including English, Flemish, stretcher and header are used in brickwork construction
Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. The key compounds formed are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. When mixed with water, cement undergoes hydration reactions that cause it to harden over time. Tricalcium silicate reacts rapidly and contributes to early strength, while dicalcium silicate reacts slowly and provides later strength. Tricalcium aluminate also reacts quickly but is retarded by gypsum addition. The reactions are exothermic and generate heat.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
Concrete is a composite material made by binding aggregates with a cement paste. It comes in various types depending on the binding material (cement or lime) and purpose (plain, reinforced, pre-stressed). Good concrete has strength, durability, density, water tightness, workability and resistance to wear and tear. Proper mixing, placing, compaction and curing are required to develop these qualities in concrete.
The document provides information on the process of determining the fineness of cement through dry sieving. It involves weighing 10g of cement and placing it on a 90μm sieve. The sieve is agitated to allow fine material to pass through while retaining particles larger than 90μm. The residue is weighed and reported as a percentage of the original sample weight. This process is repeated and the mean percentage residue is calculated to determine the fineness of the cement sample.
This document provides information on bricks as a building material. It discusses the history of bricks, which date back 7,000 years, and describes how they have evolved from being hand-molded mud bricks to modern mechanized clay bricks. It also outlines various types of modern bricks including clay, concrete, fly ash, and aerated concrete bricks. Additionally, it covers raw materials, sizes, orientations, properties, uses, advantages and disadvantages of brick as a construction material. Finally, the document classifies bricks based on their manufacturing method, shape, and quality.
barch_building material-1_Types of lime, Classification of lime, comparison between fat lime and hydraulic lime, Manufacturing
process slaking, Hardening – Testing and Storage, Lime putty, Precautions in handling and uses of
lime.
This document presents a summary of different types of bricks. It defines bricks and discusses their sizes, including modular and traditional bricks. It then describes several categories of bricks including building bricks (e.g. clay, sand lime, engineering), paving bricks, fire bricks, and special bricks. Building bricks are used for wall construction, paving bricks are used as pavers, and special bricks are used for uncommon designs. Bricks can also be classified based on their manufacturing quality. The document was created by students at Shree Santkrupa College of Engineering & Technology and discusses bricks to educate about their various types.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
This document discusses different types of costs in engineering economics. It defines real costs, economic costs, and opportunity costs. Real costs include labor and capital sacrifices, but cannot be measured precisely. Economic costs refer to all expenses incurred in production, including explicit costs, implicit costs, and normal profit. Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when making a choice. The document also discusses short-run costs including fixed costs, variable costs, total fixed cost, and total variable cost. Total fixed costs remain constant while total variable costs increase with output.
Plastics are polymeric materials that are lightweight, durable, and resistant to corrosion. They can be molded into various shapes and are used widely in engineering applications. Plastics are classified as thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden when cooled, and thermoset plastics, which harden permanently after heating. Common plastics are made from polymers of materials like vinyl, polyester, and urethane. Plastics have properties like low weight and resistance to heat and electricity that make them useful for applications in industries like construction, automotive, and electronics manufacturing.
This document provides an overview of demand and supply concepts in economics. It defines demand as both the willingness and ability to purchase a commodity at a given price. Demand is determined by factors like price, income, tastes, prices of substitutes and complements, expectations, and population. The law of demand states that, all else equal, quantity demanded is negatively related to price - as price increases, demand decreases. The demand curve graphs this relationship, sloping downward to show an inverse price-quantity demanded relationship.
This document discusses standby power, also called vampire power, which refers to the electricity consumed by electronic devices and appliances even when they are switched off or in standby mode. It notes that standby power consumption adds to household energy costs over time and can amount to 8-10% of total residential electricity use. The document outlines efforts like the One Watt Initiative to limit standby power consumption to 1 watt or less through efficiency standards and regulations.
This document discusses concepts for green and sustainable urban planning. It describes how overpopulation, pollution and climate change will impact cities, requiring new approaches. It then defines and compares concepts like new urbanism, bio-urbanism, eco-cities, smart cities, and green cities which aim to make settlements more sustainable and nature-oriented. The key elements that make a city green are identified as green and blue areas for oxygen production, green-blue corridors along waterways, green belts around cities, urban forests, farms and green buildings that use resources efficiently.
The document discusses slums and their characteristics, causes, effects, and strategies for improvement and prevention. It notes that slums are overcrowded, unsanitary areas lacking basic amenities. They are associated with high poverty, disease, and crime rates. The growth of slums is caused by factors like lack of affordable housing and employment opportunities. Slums negatively impact public health and the environment. Improvement strategies include clearance and rehabilitation and upgrading living conditions in situ. Prevention relies on providing affordable housing options and enforcing building standards. Major Indian cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata face severe slum problems due to rapid urbanization and migration.
The document discusses how certain plants can help purify indoor air by removing pollutants. It begins by outlining sources of indoor air pollution and health issues related to poor indoor air quality. It then discusses NASA research from the 1980s that found plants can significantly reduce indoor air pollutants like formaldehyde. The document lists the 50 most effective plants according to NASA's research and provides details on the top-ranking plants like the Areca Palm, Lady Palm, Rubber Plant, and Peace Lily. It explains how these plants absorb pollutants through their leaves and roots.
The document discusses factors that affect the strength of concrete, including water-cement ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, maximum aggregate size, and degree of compaction. It states that concrete strength is inversely proportional to water-cement ratio according to Abrams' law. A lower water-cement ratio and higher degree of compaction produce stronger concrete by reducing porosity. A leaner aggregate-cement ratio also increases strength by absorbing water and reducing shrinkage. Larger aggregate size can reduce water needs but may decrease strength by lowering surface area for bond development.
Aggregates make up 65-80% of concrete's volume and are inert fillers that float in the cement paste. Their characteristics impact the performance of fresh and hardened concrete. Aggregates are classified based on size, specific gravity, availability, shape, and texture. Proper aggregate grading leads to a dense, strong concrete mixture. The fineness modulus is a number that indicates an aggregate's grading, and the flakiness index measures elongated particles. Well-graded aggregates with low elongation produce high quality concrete.
Varnishes are liquid coatings containing a resin dissolved in an oil or solvent that form a protective film. They are used as decorative and protective coatings on wood and painted surfaces. The key ingredients are a resin such as rosin, copal or shellac dissolved in a solvent like linseed oil, turpentine or spirits. Different types of varnishes are used depending on the solvent - oil varnishes dry slowly but are durable, turpentine varnishes dry quickly but are less durable, and spirit varnishes containing shellac are commonly used for furniture. Japans contain asphalt and are applied to metal surfaces. Varnishes protect surfaces from moisture damage and weathering while enhancing the natural
This document provides information about grit removal in wastewater treatment. It discusses that grit such as sand and eggshells can be easily removed from wastewater by reducing the velocity in a grit channel. Grit chambers are used to remove these particles to prevent damage to equipment and clogging. There are two main types of grit chambers - horizontal flow and aerated. The document provides design criteria for both types and works through an example design for a grit chamber for a town with a population of 200,000.
This document discusses various types of admixtures used in concrete, including their functions, compositions, and advantages. It defines admixtures as materials other than water, aggregates, cement, and fiber that are added to concrete mixtures to modify properties. The main types of admixtures discussed are air-entraining, water-reducing, superplasticizers, and set-retarding admixtures. Air-entrainers introduce tiny air bubbles that increase durability. Water-reducers and superplasticizers increase workability without increasing water content. Set-retarders delay the initial setting of concrete. The document provides details on the chemical compositions and functioning of different admixture types.
- Cement is tested in the field to check for lumps, consistency, and ability to float in water.
- Laboratory tests include setting time, soundness, fineness, and strength. Setting time tests use a Vicat apparatus to check initial and final set. Soundness tests use a Le Chatelier apparatus to check for expansion. Fineness is measured by the Blaine air permeability test. Strength is measured through compressive testing of cement mortar cubes.
- Common cement types include ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, sulphate resisting cement, Portland slag cement, and Portland pozzolana cement made by intergrinding clinker with fly ash or calcined clay.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in transportation engineering, including elements of traffic engineering and traffic control. It discusses factors that affect traffic such as road users, vehicles, and the environment. It also summarizes major sections of traffic engineering like traffic characteristics, studies, operation, planning, and management. Specific traffic studies covered include volume, speed, delay, origin-destination, flow, capacity, and parking surveys. Traffic control devices like signs, signals, markings, and delineators are also introduced.
Smart villages aim to provide rural areas with urban-like amenities to reduce migration to cities. The key aspects of smart villages include access to electricity, clean water, sanitation, healthcare, education, skills training, entrepreneurship opportunities, and internet connectivity. Implementing smart technologies can help rural areas have smart infrastructure, service delivery, institutions, and resource utilization. This allows villages to become self-sufficient while offering high standards of living. Government programs promote smart villages through improving agriculture, employment, nutrition, and developing model villages through programs like Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojna. Critical services needed include food security, healthcare, education, economic development, transportation, and use of renewable energy. The idea of internet of things can
This document provides an overview of environmental engineering and water quality topics. It discusses various water sources including surface sources like rivers, lakes, and streams, and subsurface sources like wells and aquifers. Water quality parameters that are tested are described, including physical parameters like turbidity, color and odor, and chemical parameters like pH, hardness, dissolved solids, and nitrogen content. Microbiological quality indicators like E. coli are also mentioned. Standards for drinking water quality are outlined.
The document discusses green buildings and provides information on their objectives, features, and benefits. Some key points include:
- Green buildings aim to minimize environmental impact and maximize energy and resource efficiency throughout a building's lifecycle.
- Objectives include reducing energy and water usage, promoting occupant health, and minimizing waste and pollution.
- Features that make buildings green include efficient designs, use of renewable energy, water conservation, green materials, and waste reduction.
- Rating systems evaluate green building performance in areas like site planning, materials used, and energy efficiency.
This document discusses various factors that affect the choice of building construction materials. It describes key properties that materials must have for different applications, including strength, resistance to water, acids, fire, weathering, frost, and durability. The document emphasizes that understanding materials' properties allows choosing the optimal material for a given service condition or climate. Standardization is also important to ensure materials meet minimum quality levels and drive industry improvement.
This document summarizes several common building stones used in construction. It describes the composition, structure, texture, and properties of granite, basalt, limestone, marble, sandstone, gneiss, laterite, and slate. Key points include that granite is an igneous rock composed primarily of quartz and feldspar; basalt is a fine-grained volcanic rock used for construction due to its durability; limestone is a sedimentary rock varying widely in porosity; and slate has a unique cleavage that allows it to be split into thin sheets for uses like roofing. The document also discusses required qualities for building stones like compressive, transverse, and shear strength.
Lime has been used as a cementing material for centuries. It is obtained by calcining limestone or kankar, which produces quicklime. Quicklime is then slaked by adding water, producing hydrated lime. There are three main types of lime - fat lime made from pure limestone, hydraulic lime made from kankar containing clay impurities, and poor lime containing more impurities. Hydraulic lime can set under water and is used where strength is required. Lime is manufactured through processes of burning in kilns or clamps, and slaking the produced quicklime. Precautions must be taken when handling lime due to the heat released during slaking and its irritating nature.
Coal preparation involves removing impurities from raw coal through various separation processes like screening, classification, and density separation. This produces a cleaner, higher quality coal suitable for use. Carbonization is the process of converting coal into coke through heating in the absence of air. Liquefaction and gasification convert coal into liquid and gaseous fuels through addition of hydrogen and application of heat and pressure. Key processes include direct and indirect liquefaction as well as moving bed, fluidized bed, and entrained flow gasification.
This document provides an overview of coal preparation, carbonization, liquefaction, and gasification processes. It describes how coal is cleaned and separated from impurities in preparation. Carbonization is the process of converting coal to coke through heating in the absence of air. Liquefaction and gasification convert coal to liquid and gaseous fuels. Key steps and technologies are outlined for each process, including separation mechanisms for preparation and different gasification techniques. Environmental and economic considerations are also briefly discussed.
This document provides information about cementing materials and the cement manufacturing process. It discusses various types of lime like fat lime, hydraulic lime, and poor lime. It also describes the production of cement, including crushing limestone, heating it in a kiln to form clinker, cooling the clinker, grinding it with gypsum to produce cement powder, and storing and packaging the final product. The key compounds formed during cement manufacturing are also identified.
This document discusses coal handling and storage methods at power plants. It describes dead storage or outdoor storage where coal is piled directly on the ground, which can lead to spontaneous combustion from oxidation. It then discusses live storage in vertical bunkers or silos. The document also covers different types of stoker firing systems used to burn coal, including travelling grate stokers and spreader stokers. Finally, it summarizes pulverized coal firing and the unit and central systems used to grind, dry and feed pulverized coal to boiler furnaces.
The document discusses lime, including its types, classification, manufacturing process, properties, and uses. It defines lime as products derived from burnt limestone such as quicklime and hydrated lime. There are three main types - quick lime, slaked lime, and hydraulic lime. Lime is classified based on its hydraulic properties into Class A, B, and C. The manufacturing process involves collecting limestone, burning it in kilns or clamps to produce quicklime, and then slaking the quicklime with water. Lime is used widely in construction for mortar, plaster, and concrete due to its binding properties.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing bricks. It begins by describing the composition of bricks, noting that good bricks should contain 20-30% alumina, 50-60% silica, and small amounts of lime, iron oxide, and magnesia. The document then outlines the key steps in brick manufacturing: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning. Moulding can be done by hand or machine, drying takes 3-10 days, and burning involves dehydration, oxidation and vitrification to harden the bricks. Proper composition and manufacturing process are necessary to produce durable bricks of consistent quality.
This document discusses fire bricks and sand lime bricks. It covers what they are, their ingredients, manufacturing processes, types/classifications, uses, and masonry/how to use them.
Fire bricks are made primarily to withstand high temperatures and contain silica, alumina, and other oxides. Their manufacturing process involves selection of materials, preparation, molding, drying, and firing. Sand lime bricks contain sand, lime, and water and are made through a similar process.
The document compares the ingredients and properties of fire bricks and sand lime bricks. It also discusses common defects in bricks and classifications based on quality.
Brick - " GOOD for construction but BAD for environment "Mohit Metlaw
Building material, BRICKS as per is codes. it basically covers all the aspects of brick right from manufacturing to finishing and stats to improvement can or needed to be done.
This is all u need to go through to understand the concept of bricks. 2k17
The document discusses different types of heat treatment furnaces. It describes batch furnaces, which are manually loaded and unloaded, and continuous furnaces, which have an automatic conveying system. Some common batch furnaces include box, car, elevator, and bell furnaces. Pit furnaces heat long objects vertically. Salt bath furnaces submerge parts in molten salt for heating, while fluidized bed furnaces use gas-fluidized particulate for heating.
The document summarizes the history and production process of Portland cement. It describes how John Smeaton discovered the benefits of clay in mortar for building Eddystone Lighthouse in 1756. Later, Joseph Aspdin created "Portland cement" in 1824 by burning a mixture of limestone and clay. Modern cement production involves mining raw materials, grinding and blending them, burning the mixture at high temperatures in a rotary kiln to form clinker, cooling and grinding the clinker with gypsum to produce cement. Quality control is important throughout the production process to maintain consistent cement properties.
Portland cement mfg. process for finance, subsidy & project related support...Radha Krishna Sahoo
This document provides an overview of cement and the cement manufacturing process. It discusses that cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. The cement manufacturing process involves grinding raw materials, preheating them in a preheater tower, calcining in a rotary kiln at over 2700°F, and cooling the clinker before finishing grinding it into cement powder. The cement powder is then mixed with water, sand, and rock to form concrete. The cement industry is a large user of energy and emits CO2, but cement kilns can also beneficially reuse hazardous wastes by destroying them at high temperatures as a means of energy recovery and
Coking Coal Pre-treatment Process -- DELTA processssusercb0070
Nippon Steel’s history, experience and lessons in developing coking coal pretreatment technology
The purposes of coking coal pretreatment
The strength of coke depends to a large extent on the viscosity of the coking coal, and non- or slightly-coking coal has poor coking properties (lower viscosity) and therefore cannot be used directly as coking coal
The pre-treatment process of non- or slightly-coking coal, including pre-drying, briquetting and rapid preheating, has been proven to be an effective method to improve its properties (viscosity)
The pre-treatment processes can improve viscosity of non- or slightly-coking coal and therefore it can replace part of high-quality coking coal and reduce coking cost
This document discusses different types of ceramic materials and their applications. It describes glasses, glass-ceramics, clay products, refractories, and abrasives. Glasses are used for containers and lenses. Glass-ceramics have high strength and temperature capabilities and are used for ovenware and electronics. Clay products include bricks, tiles, and pottery. Refractories withstand high temperatures and include fireclay, silica, and basic bricks. Abrasives like silicon carbide are used for grinding and require hardness.
This document discusses different casting processes and provides information about a group project. It describes investment casting, permanent mold casting, core sand molding, and the construction of a cupola furnace. Investment casting involves creating a ceramic mold from a wax pattern that is then melted out before pouring molten metal. Permanent mold casting uses reusable metal molds. Core sand molding employs specialized baked sand for casting hollow objects. A cupola furnace is a furnace used in foundries to melt scrap iron.
Session 2 module 2 coal properties and effect on cobustionABDUL RAZZAQ SHAHID
This document discusses how coal properties influence boiler design and operation. Key coal properties like moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and sulfur content affect combustion performance, mill performance, boiler efficiency, slagging, fouling, ESP performance, and the life of boiler components. The furnace design must consider factors like fuel ratio, ash loading, heat release rates, and slagging/fouling characteristics. Indian coals generally have higher ash and moisture contents compared to international coals, which impacts the design of systems like mills and ESPs. The boiler engineer must carefully evaluate these coal properties to optimize boiler performance.
Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants. There are two classes of fly ash: Class C and Class F. Class C fly ash contains more than 20% lime and is produced from younger lignite and subbituminous coal, while Class F contains less than 20% lime and is produced from harder anthracite and bituminous coal. Over 130 million tons of fly ash are produced annually in the US alone. Fly ash can be used in concrete, soil stabilization, flowable fill, waste management, and more to support more sustainable construction practices.
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate or calcium and magnesium carbonate. It forms in various types including coquina, chalk, travertine, and oolite. Limestone has many uses in construction as a building stone, in road base, and to produce cement. It is quarried and can be used in building, road construction, and cement production depending on its quality. Limestone has advantages as a natural, consistent material but may wear more easily than other building materials.
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
Digital Detoxing in Smart Cities.
Digital Detox for Sustainability: Unplugging/Redesigning technologies of Smart Cities for a Sustainable Future
“How a small Village in Maharashtra, India teaching importance of Digital detoxing to Mega Smart cities of India”
Digital Detoxing in Smart Cities
Digital Detox for Sustainability: Unplugging/Redesigning technologies of Smart Cities for a Sustainable Future
“How a small Village in Maharashtra, India teaching importance of Digital detoxing to Mega Smart cities of India”
The document discusses the importance of premarital screening or testing before marriage. It explains that premarital screening involves testing prospective spouses for infectious diseases, genetic disorders, and compatibility to help ensure a healthy marriage and family. Compatibility is assessed through both traditional Indian kundli matching of astrological charts as well as modern medical testing. While kundli matching provides useful information, medical screening can detect diseases and identify health risks that could impact a couple's well-being and ability to have children. The document recommends couples undergo premarital screening through blood tests, physical exams, and counseling to aid in informed decision making.
A polymath is defined as a person with expertise in various fields of science, humanities, and the arts. Historically, polymaths included great Renaissance thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci and Benjamin Franklin who made significant contributions across multiple disciplines. Nowadays, it is difficult to find true polymaths due to the ever-increasing specialization of knowledge. However, the document outlines characteristics of polymaths such as cultivating curiosity, multiple passions and interests, and not worrying about perfection in order to bring back the Renaissance ideal of a well-rounded thinker.
Godfather-like figures organize complex crash for cash schemes involving staged, induced, and ghost crashes to fraudulently obtain insurance payouts. They recruit drivers, passengers, and professional enablers like doctors and repair shops to carry out the schemes, which can net up to £30,000 per crash. The schemes cost insurers millions each year and ultimately increase premiums for all policyholders.
The document discusses arguments for and against lowering the minimum voting age. It notes that while most countries have the age set at 18, some have it as low as 16. Advocates argue that 16-year-olds have adult responsibilities and should have a say, and research shows lower ages increase youth participation without lowering vote quality. However, others argue younger people lack maturity. Countries experimenting with lower ages often do so incrementally. Overall it is a complex debate that intersects with issues of children's rights.
The document provides an overview of the ecological footprint concept. It defines ecological footprint as a method that measures human demand on nature against the Earth's biological capacity to regenerate resources and absorb waste. Key points include:
- Humanity's ecological footprint has exceeded the Earth's biocapacity since the 1970s, meaning more than 1 Earth is needed each year to replenish what is used.
- The ecological footprint is calculated by adding up the productive land and sea area required to produce the resources an individual, group, or activity consumes and absorb their waste, expressed in global hectares.
- Many countries and individuals have an ecological deficit, using more than what local ecosystems can regenerate.
Urban Heat Island Effect occurs when urban areas become significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas due to human activities and infrastructure that replace open land and vegetation. Impervious surfaces like concrete and asphalt absorb and re-emit more solar radiation than natural landscapes, causing surface and ambient air temperatures to increase in cities. Additional factors like reduced evapotranspiration from plants, waste heat from energy usage, and decreased wind speed between buildings exacerbate the higher temperatures. As temperatures rise, greater air conditioning usage produces more waste heat in a self-perpetuating cycle of increasing the Urban Heat Island Effect.
Communication is the exchange of information between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior. It involves five main steps - ideation, encoding, transmission, decoding and response. Communication can occur through different levels like interpersonal, group, organizational and mass communication. Effective communication requires good command over language and follows certain characteristics. Technical communication is more formal in style and involves technical vocabulary or graphics. It plays a pivotal role in organizations and their success depends on quality information flow. Some important books and Ted talks on developing strong communication skills are also mentioned.
The unethical practice of gift giving to doctors by pharma companiesGAURAV. H .TANDON
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Collusion and Fraud Detection on Electronic Energy Meters GAURAV. H .TANDON
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Smart buildings use automated systems and sensors to control operations like HVAC, lighting, and security. However, connecting these systems also introduces cybersecurity vulnerabilities. As buildings add more internet-connected devices, they provide more entry points for hackers to potentially access sensitive building systems and data. Cyber criminals are increasingly targeting smart buildings due to their growth and interconnected nature, which could allow access to security cameras, elevators, and other building operations if networks are breached.
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strawberries. This research has practical applications in fields such as agriculture and quality control. We
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OCS Training Institute is pleased to co-operate with
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Key contributions of this research include the implementation of a context- aware conversational model that can maintain coherent dialogue over extended interactions. The chatbot's performance is evaluated through both automated metrics and user studies, demonstrating its effectiveness in various applications such as customer service, mental health support, and educational assistance. Additionally, ethical considerations and potential biases in chatbot responses are examined to ensure the responsible deployment of this technology.
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Profiling of Cafe Business in Talavera, Nueva Ecija: A Basis for Development ...IJAEMSJORNAL
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3. Introduction
• Lime is an important cementing material used in engineering
construction.
• A Cementing material may be defined as that material which has
capacity of holding structural unit to-geather with sufficient
strength.
• Among this group are included lime, natural cements, gypsum,
Portland cement as well as various other synthetic products.
5. Introduction
• Cementing material: The material which has the capacity of holding
structural units (like bricks, stones, aggregate)
• Examples: Lime, natural cements, gypsum, Portland cement
• Lime is an oxide of calcium, CaO
• Uses: .
• Ordinary buildings, massive monuments, palaces, forts
• As a Reliable and economical cementing material.
6. Lime : As a Reliable and economical cementing
material
7. Classification
• Lime is available in the market in three main types which are
Quick lime, Hydrated lime, Hydraulic lime
• Classification: based on its composition
i) Quicklime
ii) Hydrated lime
iii) Hydraulic lime
9. Classification
Quicklime: also called Fat lime, Rich lime, Pure lime.
• In it CaO is greater than (93%) by weight, remaining being MgO and
very little clay.
• Quick lime is Amorphous (shapeless) white material. It has very
high affinity for water and carbon dioxide.
• It Will Absorb the moisture quickly from atmosphere and converting
itself to a carbonate of calcium,
CaO + CO2 = CaCO3
CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O
10. Manufacturing Of Fat Lime
• The essential raw material for the manufacturing of quick
lime is a rock called LIMESTONE CaCO3.
• Limestone is a sedimentary rock which occurs in nature in
good abundance forming hill ranges, plateaus.
12. Classification
Hydrated Lime: It is that lime to which sufficient quantity of
water has already been added at the manufacturing stage to
hydrate (slake) it completely.
• In composition, it is Ca(OH)2, In structure, it is in powder
form, It comes in ready to use form compared to fat lime that has
to be hydrated or slaked before using.
• Lime can also be converted to hydrated form at the place of
construction, the method is called slaking of lime.
14. Classification
• Hydraulic Lime: It is different in chemical composition form
fat lime in that it contains a definite amount of clay in addition to
CaO, clay content in hydraulic lime may range from 10 to 30% by
weight.
• This clay plus lime composition gives the hydraulic lime a
property of hydraulicity.
16. Hydraulic Lime
• Hydraulicity: The capacity to set and harden even under water and in the
absence of air as between very thick walls”
• The hydraulic lime is further classified into three sub types on the basis of
hydraulicity of the lime.
• Subdivision based on hydraulicity:
Class A – Eminently Hydraulic: clay content 21-30%, sets under water in 24
hours
Class B – Moderately Hydraulic: clay content 11-20%, sets in water in about
a week
Class C – Feebly Hydraulic: clay content 5-10%, sets under water within a
month or more
Class D – rich in magnesium, suitable only for finishing coats, do not
possess hydraulicity
19. Classification
• Lime has also sometimes classified on the basis of raw material as
Stone lime, shell lime, and kankar lime.
• Similarly lime is distinguished into building lime and finished
lime.
• The first type is required to possess good strength and ability to
mix with sand. It is used in mortar that are used in walls and
foundations.
• The finished lime however, is required to possess sufficient
plasticity, good color and quick setting property.
21. Manufacture Of Fat Lime
• Common lime stone has following Constitution:
• Constitution of lime stone rock:
• Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) – 60 to 65%, The higher percentage of CaCO3, the
better suited for lime stone for manufacturing of fat lime.
• Magnesium Carbonate Mg(CO3)2 – 5 to 30%, It is almost a universal component
of many limestones for making fat lime, its content should not be greater than 5%
• Clay - 10 to 30%, for fat lime its content should be less than 10%, Limestone with
higher clay content are more suited for hydraulics lime.
• Iron, alkalis and sulphates – are present in small proportions in many limestone,
when their total content is less than 5% and the CaCO3 is above 90 % the limestone is
suitable for flat lime manufacturing. But when present in excess amount, these salts
make the lime unsuitable as a raw material.
• Besides Limestone, sufficient quantity of fuel is also required to manufacturing
lime.
23. Manufacture Of Fat Lime
• Calcinations (process of burning): Lime is manufactured by a process
of burning or calcinations of limestone in suitable types of kilns. The
term calcinations signifies
• “Heating the material at red heat in the presence of air till it decomposes”
Lime stone dissociates when heated at 880⁰ C into its principal
constituents; Calcium oxide and carbon dioxide, as per above reaction which
is reversible.
CaCO3 ( 880⁰ C) CaO + CO2
• It is essential that,
• all the carbon dioxide produced during the reaction is removed quickly
from the kiln:
• the dissociation temperature of reaction (880⁰ C ) is not allowed to come
down during the burning process.
25. Manufacture Of Fat Lime
• The Burning of Limestone is carried out either in clamps or in kilns.
• Clamps are temporary, make shift arrangements for burning in an
ordinary manner and at a much lower cost.
• Kilns are, however permanent structures build to carry out the
burning operations at a regular intervals or on continuous basis.
27. Manufacture Of Fat Lime – Clamp Burning
• It is a common method for obtaining small
supplies of quick lime.
• No permanent construction is needed. A Small part
of ground is cleared and fuel (wood) stacked in
alternate layers with fuel as lower layer.
• If coal is used as fuel, it is mixed with the
limestone instead of stacking in separate layers.
The whole heap is covered with mud plaster and
small holes are left for escape of carbon dioxide. Clamp Burning
28. Manufacture Of Fat Lime – Clamp Burning
• Clamp is ignited from the base and allowed to keep on burning for 2-3 days.
Burning is discontinued when blue flame disappears at the top and it is allowed to
cool for 2-3 days.
• It is then dismantled. Limestone gets disintegrated into small pieces of small
lumps of CaO or lime. Such lumps are separated from the ash by hand picking.
• Clamp burning is a quick and cheap method for obtaining ordinary type of
lime and not suitable for large supplies of fat lime of good quality because;
• Burning is neither uniform nor complete;
• Some stones may be over burnt and some may be under burnt resulting in
wastage of raw materials;
• There is considerable Wastage of heat generated by burning of fuel. Some of
it escapes from frequent cracking of the plaster on getting heated. Thus this
method is not suitable method of producing fat lime on a commercial scale.
29. Manufacture Of Fat Lime – Kiln Burning
• Most of the Commercial lime is manufactured by burning limestone in
kilns, they are Permanent structures, kilns used for manufacturing lime
are of great variety and different designs.
• In principle, however they are either Batch type (intermittent) kiln /
Continuous kiln. In the first type of kiln however kilns have to be cooled
every time after burning a batch of limestone. The continuous type however
are kept in operation all the time unless they are required to be stopped for
repair. Further, a kiln may be of mixed type or separate type design.
• Mixed feed (flame type) kiln – fuel and limestone are in a mixed together
batch, burnt lime is obtained mixed with ash and has to be separated from it.
• Separate feed (flare type) kiln – fuel and limestone are not in contact with
each other, fuel is burnt separately, hot gases are allowed to heat limestone
and lime is free from ash.
30. Manufacture Of Fat Lime – Kiln Burning
(1) Batch type (intermittent) kiln: A typical
batch type of lime kiln consist of
Permanent brick-walled structure. Its shape
size and design may vary from place to
place.
• Rectangular, Oval or Cylindrical shapes
are common.
• The Walls of kiln are generally lined with
refractory bricks to save them from
disintegration due to repeated heating at high
temperatures and cooling.
• The kiln is provided with Openings for
supply of air, permanent roof may or may
not be there in kiln.
• After loading, kiln is ignited at bottom, fire
travels upwards and takes 3-4 days for
limestone to burn. Thereafter the kiln is
allowed to cool by itself and then unloaded
and cleaned after which it is loaded with
fresh batch of limestone and fuel.
Intermittent Kilns
31. Manufacture Of Fat Lime – Kiln Burning
(2) Continuous kiln:
• The essential feature of a continuous lime kiln is that while It is charged regularly
from one end with the raw material and the end product is taken out regularly
from the other end.
• As such there is No need to cool the kiln every time after burning a batch of
limestone.
• Naturally its Rate of production of lime is higher than other types of kilns.
• Continuous kilns are of various Types such as – shaft kiln, rotary kiln, circular
kiln etc of these the shaft kiln are most popular. They are made in different
design shape and sizes.
32. Manufacture Of Fat Lime – Kiln Burning
(A)Mixed feed (flame type) continuous kiln:
• It may be constructed Partly underground and partly over ground, the kiln
consists of a shaft or a cylinder of suitable dimensions, the essential features of which
are,
• Diameter – in middle greatest, at top intermediate and at bottom least
• Variation in diameter accumulate large amount of limestone in the central part
as it is hottest zone and ensures complete calcinations.
• The shaft is lined internally with refractory bricks
• A grating plate is at the base of the shaft, which is full of holes to allow the burnt
lime pieces to fall down in the collecting chamber. The kiln is provided with a
hopper type of arrangement at the top for loading the charge and also draw gates at
the bottom for withdrawing the lime after it is cooled. The body of kiln is provided
with opening in the lower region for supply of fresh air. It is also provided with
observation holes in the middle region for keeping an eye on the reactions. Openings
are provided for leading the wastage out of the kiln.
33. Manufacture Of Fat Lime – Kiln Burning
• At top hopper type arrangement for loading the
charge and at bottom draw-gates are provided for
withdrawing the lime after cooling.
• At lower region opening is provided for supply of
fresh air, at middle region holes for observation of the
reaction and at top openings is for leading the waste
gases out of kiln
Continuous Flame-type: Mixed Feed Kiln
34. Manufacture Of Fat Lime – Kiln Burning
• Alternate layers of limestone and fuel is placed and then ignited
through burn holes.
• Main calcinations reaction takes place in the central burning zone of
the kiln.
• At uppermost zone charge is heated up which helps in its quicker
calcinations as it slides down.
• When limestone in the burning zone is completely converted to lime, it
slides down and falls into collecting chamber.
• Hot lime dropped in the basal zone is first cooled by introducing fresh air.
• The charging and emptying operations are continued in this manner in a
regular sequence
35. Manufacture Of Fat Lime – Kiln Burning
• The kiln is first loaded with calculated amount of fuel and
limestone in alternate layers.
• It is then ignited through burn holes. Man calcinations reaction
takes place in the central burning zone of the kiln.
• In the uppermost zone, the charge is mostly heated up, this helps
in quick calcinations as it slides down after some time, when
limestone in the burning zone has been completely converted to lime,
the latter slides down and falls into the collecting chamber through the
holes in the grating. Raking holes are used to turn about the
charges during burning.
36. Manufacture Of Fat Lime – Kiln Burning
(B) Separate feed (flare type) continuous kiln:
• Design is similar to mixed feed type it Consists of shaft made
of steel or brick, lined internally with refractory bricks. It
has Bigger diameter in the central zone for burning, intermediate
diameter in the basal zone and small diameter at top for
charging. Such a kiln is provided with Separate fuel chamber
which is located within the main body or outside the kiln. In first
case, fuel chamber is placed in box type around the periphery of
the shaft where fuel is burnt to generate heat which is conducted
into kiln. In second case, fuel is burnt outside the kiln and hot
gases are allowed to enter into kiln.
• In any case, there is no contact between the fuel and the
limestone.
• After calcinations of limestone, it is made to fall in the lower
cooling zone with help of raking rods. The hot lime is cooled
by introducing fresh air in the basal chambers and once it
becomes hot rises upward in the burning zone of the kiln. There
is therefore Better utilization of heat in this kiln.
Continuous Flare-type:
Separate Feed Kiln
37. Manufacture Of Hydraulic Lime
• Hydraulic lime has a Clay content is ranging from 10-30 % For the
manufacturing of this type of lime, the process depends upon the type of
raw material available.
(A) Natural Hydraulic Lime: This is manufactured from a single raw
material, an impure limestone rich in clay known as Kankar and occur in
nature either in the form of blocks or making lower part of the ground
at many places.
• Kankar contains 10-40 % clay and 60-80 % calcium carbonate.
• Calcinations of kankar is done in clamp or in kiln in similar manner for
fat lime.
• In case of kankar Temperature is raised to higher degree because of
presence of enough clay in it and then cooled and packed.
39. Manufacture Of Hydraulic Lime
(B) Artificial Hydraulic Lime: In this type of lime two source materials are
required – limestone rock, clay.
• Limestone should be free from impurities and clay should not contain any free
silica, oxides of iron, sulphur, alkalis .
• There are two variations of calcinations for the manufacturing of artificial
hydraulic lime depending upon the quality of limestone.
• Calcinations depends upon the quality of limestone.
(i) Limestone is of soft type (e.g. chalk) – such a stone is mixed with clay in
powdered form and burn to red head in any type of kiln and then burnt mixture is
slaked on cooling before marketing
(ii) Limestone is of hard type (e.g. compact limestone) – Calcined in kiln to
obtain quick lime and then cooled and powdered, mixed with clay (10-30 % by
weight) and mixture is converted into ball shaped masses
• These balls are once again charged into the kiln and burnt to red heat so it is known
as Twice Kilned Lime
41. Properties Of Lime
• Following are the more important properties that determine the
quantity of lime as a building material,
• Physical state: Lime as obtained from kilns is generally in the shape
of solid lump it is termed as lump lime.
• Lime is crushed to obtain powder of required fineness known as
Pulverized lime.
42. Properties Of Lime
• Slaking of Lime or Hydration: the process of chemical combination of lime
( CaO) with a definite quantity of water so that the end product is hydrated oxide.
• When lime cannot absorb any more water then the process is said to be completed.
The new product, Calcium Hydroxide is formed as per following reaction;
• CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2
• The above reaction is attended by following processes:
• Evolution: heat is generated of the order of 227 K-Cal/kg of lime
• Expansion: volume extent up to 2-3 times
• Development: hissing and cracking sound due to conversion of water into heat
• Fat lime hydrates in 3-4 hours and hydraulic lime hydrates 1-3 days.
• All limes must be slaked before use in building construction.
44. Methods Of Slaking
• Tank Slaking (Making Lime Putty): Two brick tanks of suitable
dimensions are constructed adjoining to each other and with a
difference in level.
• The first tank is about 45 cm deep and made at a height, second
tank is 60-75 cm deep and made at a lower level.
• Water is filled in the upper tank to ¾th of its depth. Fat lime is
gradually added to it in small amounts, water is constantly stirred
during the addition of lime.
• The slaking reaction takes place in this tank, which can be
observed by evolution of heat and hissing and cracking sound.
• 3-4 hours for complete hydration
• The lime on reaction with excess water forms milk of lime.
• Screening tap called strainer (with openings of 0.25mm) is opened
and the hydrated lime allowed to pass into the lower tank.
• It is allowed to stay in second day for 2-3 days where it matures
itself to the desired consistency. This is ready as Lime Putty and is
taken out for use of making mortars and plasters.
Tank Slaking
46. Methods Of Slaking
Precautions
• Only lime should be added to water not water to lime.
• Keep water stirring and hoeing for sometimes more even after the
boiling and hissing sounds are over in the tank.
• Lime Putty should be taken out as soon as it becomes mature in the
tank it should not be allowed to stiffen and harden before use.
47. Methods Of Slaking
• Platform Slaking (For powder slaked lime): water-tight
platform of masonry or cement-concrete
• Fat lime is spread in the form of a thin layer of about 15
cm height.
• Small quantity of water is sprayed.
• During the water-sprinkling process, lime heap is turned
over and over again using spades.
• When apparent slaking is complete (as indicated by absence
of further hissing and cracking sound), no further water is
added.
• The heap is covered with boards so that any further heat
liberated on slacking is used by the lime for its complete
disintegration.
• It is left for 24 hours during which time slaking may be
completed.
• Lime is turned into a powder form of hydrated lime which is
screened through 0.25 mesh sieve and ready for use of
making mortars and plasters.
Platform Slaking
48. Slacking of Hydraulic Lime
Slacking of Hydraulic Lime
• It is done by following three methods
• Platform slacking
• Slacking under pressure
• Slacking by hydrators
• The basic difference in the slacking of Fat lime and Hydraulic lime
lies in the fact that the latter is generally slow slacking and require less
water as compared to fat lime.
49. Properties Of Lime
Plasticity: It is defined as the ability of the lime to spread evenly during application
it is observed that;
• Limes contains some magnesium oxide – more plastic, spread smoothly and easily in
comparison to Limes rich in calcium oxide
• Limes rich in calcium oxide – pure fat lime, hard to work, sticky and stiff quickly
Sand carrying capacity: When lime is used in mortar or plaster sand has to be mixed
with it due to following reasons ;
• To control shrinkage of lime on setting
• To prepare a properly plastic mix of desired strength
• Limes mix with the definite quantity of sand is known as sand carrying capacity of
lime.
• Calcium limes are said to have good sand carrying capacity than magnesium limes
51. Properties Of Lime
• Setting: The setting of fat lime in free state or in mortar is
essentially a chemical process which involves following reactions
(a)Dehydration – loss of water from the hydrated lime by evaporation
Ca(OH)2 = CaO + H2O
(b) Carbonation – combining of atmospheric carbon dioxide into lime,
forming once again the original material i.e. limestone
CaO + CO2 = CaCO3
The net result of setting is that it us again converted into hard
substance, calcium carbonate this carbonate act as a binding material
when used as mortar.
52. Properties Of Lime
• Setting: The setting of hydraulic lime is a complex process. This is
due to the fact that hydraulic lime contains besides oxides of
calcium and magnesium, silicates and aluminates of calcium and
some oxides of iron.
• During their setting these compounds get further hydrated and
form crystalline structure. It is for this reason hydraulic lime can
set under water also. It is more like Portland cement then fat lime.
• Hydrated fat lime sets slowly compared to pure fat lime.
• Rate of setting of hydrated lime can be increased by drying air and
charging it with CO2.
• Shrinkage takes place in lime on setting which can be overcome by
mixing sand or surkhi.
53. Handling And Storage Of Lime
• Handling and storage of lime: Lime in its raw form requires careful handling
to avoid accidents and losses
(i) Quick lime – should be protected from water, as it will start getting hydrated
with the evolution of heat that can cause burn injuries of various serious nature.
• If it is stored in wooden barrels and it comes in contact with water, so much
heat may be evolved to burn barrel, store house or the wagons/trucks in which it is
being transported.
(ii) Fat lime – must be protected from direct contact with atmospheric moisture and
carbon dioxide which starts setting and gets converted to a useless hard material
having no binding properties.
• It is therefore required to convert the lime into lime putty as soon as possible and
stored into a compact heat covered with a thick layer of lime dust which saves the
attack of moist air.
(iii) Hydraulic lime – safer in transport and can be stored for longer period as
compared to fat lime.
55. Handling And Storage Of Lime
• Precautions to handle lime:
• Workers handling lime must be asked to use goggles,
respirators, rubber gloves and gum boots for protection of
eyes, respiratory system, hands and feet respectively.
• Thorough bath should be taken after working with lime.
• Any inflammable material should never be kept near a heap
or bag of lime or where lime is being hydrated to avoid any
accidental fires.
56. Uses Of Lime
• Uses of lime: Lime is very useful material that finds extensive
applications in building construction, industry and agriculture.
(a) As a construction material: Lime was used as main binding
material in all types of construction till 19th century. Even now lime
can compete with Portland Cement in many types of construction.
• as a mortar (lime-mortar) mixed with sand or surkhi.
• as a plaster
• as a whitewash which gives sparking white finish at a very low cost
• as a lime-concrete similar to cement concrete made by mixing lime, sand
and coarse aggregate in proper proportions
• as sand-lime bricks which are quite popular in many countries
59. Uses Of Lime
(b) As an industrial material: In industries lime find use as
• A flux in the metallurgical industry
• as a refractory material for lining metallurgical furnaces
• as a raw material for the manufacture of glass
(c) An agricultural input:
• Lime is used to to improve productive qualities of soil and added
to the poor soils to enrich their lime content
• Lime has also been used for soil stabilization.
61. Comparative Study Of Fat Lime And Hydraulic Lime
Properties Fat Lime Hydraulic Lime
Colour White colour Greyish white
Composition CaO with subordinate amount of clay CaO with 10-30% clay
Slaking
qualities
(i) Slakes vigorously
(ii) Enough heat is liberated that creates
hissing and cracking sounds
(iii) Expands 2-3 times
(iv) Slaking time 3-4 hours
(i) Slakes gently
(ii) Not much heat is liberated, so no hissing
sounds
(iii) Expands 1-2 times
(iv) Slaking time 24-48 hours
Setting Setting involves absorption of carbon dioxide
from atmosphere resulting in calcium
carbonate.
It cannot set under water as it does not have
property of hydraulicity
Has double setting action. CaO content may set
as fat lime and clay forms hydrated aluminates
and silicates of calcium similar to cement on
setting.
It can set under water as it has property of
hydraulicity
Strength Not very strong in mortar so may not be used
where high strength binders are required
Quite strong mortars so can be used in
foundation and wall in place of Portland cement
Uses White-washing, plastering, making mortars
Use as a flux in industry and for soil
improvement
Use for making mortar in load bearing
construction for underground and over-ground
superstructures
62. Tests For Lime
Building lime required to satisfy a number of tests before it is
approved for use in construction work.
1. Chemical Composition: Lime is tested To determine ratio of
different components such as CaO, MgO, SiO2, AlO2 and iron oxides.
• The limits of component should be as per IS:712-1973
2. Fineness: To determine the fineness of grain size by sieve analysis
• The residue is weighed after the test and should not exceeds the
specified limits.
63. Tests For Lime
3. Soundness: It is defined as The capacity of lime to resist expansion
on setting
• It is tested with the help of Le Chatelier apparatus.
• Lime is mixed with sand and water and filled in mould of the
apparatus.
• The distance between the indicator points is noted and after one hour
placed in a steam boiler for three hours.
• After the boiling action, the distance between the indicators is noted
once again.
• Difference between the two readings gives a measure of soundness
which should be within prescribed limit.
65. Tests For Lime
4. Setting Time: The time that elapses between the preparing of lime
paste of standard consistency and setting of the same paste after it has
been filled in a standard mould (Vicat Mould) to a minimum specified
depth.
• Initial setting time: The time that elapses from the gauging to the
penetration of the Vicat needle in the paste up to a specified depth –
35mm
• Final setting time: The time that elapses from the gauging to a time
when Vicat needle can no more penetrate the paste (because it is
already set) and makes only a mark on the surface.
67. Tests For Lime
5. Strength: Tested by preparing specimens of standard sand-lime
mortar,
• For compressive strength – average of 12 specimens, tested on
standard testing machine on specimens taken after 14 days and 28
days
• For transverse strength – average of 6 specimens, tested on standard
transverse strength testing machine
• The setting time and strength tests are recommended for
hydraulic limes only.