IP multicasting allows for efficient one-to-many and many-to-many communication on the internet. It uses multicast groups and protocols like IGMP for group management and PIM for multicast routing. PIM supports both source-based trees using flood-and-prune and core-based trees with a rendezvous point to deliver multicast data.
The document discusses the key features and mechanisms of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It begins with an introduction to TCP's main goals of reliable, in-order delivery of data streams between endpoints. It then covers TCP's connection establishment and termination processes, flow and error control techniques using acknowledgments and retransmissions, and congestion control methods like slow start, congestion avoidance, and detection.
Unicasting , Broadcasting And Multicasting Newtechbed
This document summarizes three different types of network transmission methods: unicasting, multicasting, and broadcasting. Unicasting involves sending messages to a single destination host and requires a direct connection between client and server. Multicasting allows sending of data to multiple clients simultaneously by registering interest in the data stream. Broadcasting sends information from one source to all connected sources on a network segment.
TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols used for data transfer in the OSI model. TCP is connection-oriented, requiring a three-way handshake to establish a connection that maintains data integrity. It guarantees data will reach its destination without duplication but is slower than UDP. UDP is connectionless and used for applications requiring fast transmission like video calls, but does not ensure packet delivery and order. Both protocols add headers to packets with TCP focused on reliability and UDP on speed.
Multicast is a communication protocol that allows a single sender to transmit data to multiple receivers simultaneously. It works by addressing data to a group of destination computers, reducing network load compared to unicast which requires separate transmissions to each receiver. The document outlines the history of multicast, how it works including reverse path forwarding using pruning and grafting, the IGMP protocol used by end systems to signal group membership, challenges in implementing multicast security, and applications such as audio/video broadcasting and software distribution where it provides benefits over unicast.
This document discusses different types of routing in computer networks: unicast, broadcast, and multicast. It focuses on multicast routing and describes several multicast routing protocols, including distance vector multicast routing protocol (DVMRP) which uses flooding, reverse path forwarding (RPF), reverse path broadcasting (RPB), and reverse path multicasting (RPM). It also discusses protocol independent multicast (PIM) which has two modes: dense mode PIM uses source-based trees while sparse mode PIM uses group-shared trees with a rendezvous point.
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to report issues with the delivery of IP packets. It allows devices on the network to check connectivity and diagnose routing problems. ICMP messages are transmitted as IP packets and used by ping and traceroute utilities. It supports functions like announcing network errors, congestion, and assisting troubleshooting. While providing important feedback, ICMP redirect messages can potentially direct traffic to unauthorized systems if not restricted to trusted sources.
This document summarizes several internet protocols including IP, TCP, UDP, and ICMP. It describes key aspects of each protocol such as their purpose, packet structure, error handling mechanisms, and how they interact to enable communication over the internet. IP is a connectionless protocol that forwards packets based on destination addresses. TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols, with TCP providing reliable connections and UDP being connectionless. ICMP provides error reporting and control for IP. Port numbers and sockets are used to direct communication to specific applications.
The protocol is based on the Routing Information Protocol (RIP).[1] The router generates a routing table with the multicast group of which it has knowledge with corresponding distances (i.e. number of devices/routers between the router and the destination). When a multicast packet is received by a router, it is forwarded by the router's interfaces specified in the routing table.
DVMRP operates via a reverse path flooding technique, sending a copy of a received packet (specifically IGMP messages for exchanging routing information with other routers) out through each interface except the one at which the packet arrived. If a router (i.e. a LAN which it borders) does not wish to be part of a particular multicast group, it sends a "prune message" along the source path of the multicast.
Link-state routing protocols use Dijkstra's algorithm to calculate the shortest path to all destinations based on a link-state database containing the full network topology. Each router runs the same algorithm locally to determine the optimal path. Key aspects include link-state advertisements to share connectivity information, the topological database to store network maps, and shortest path first calculations to derive routes. Common link-state protocols are OSPF and IS-IS. They provide fast convergence and scalability but require more resources than distance-vector protocols.
The document discusses flow control in TCP. It explains that TCP uses a sliding window mechanism for flow control to balance the sender's transmission rate with the receiver's reception rate. The sliding window allows packets within the window to be transmitted, and slides to the right when acknowledgments are received, making room for more packets. Problems like delayed acknowledgments, silly window syndrome, and solutions like Nagle's algorithm are also covered. TCP provides reliable data transfer using error control mechanisms like checksums, acknowledgments, and retransmissions of lost packets.
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which maps domain names to IP addresses. It describes how DNS works hierarchically with a root server at the top level, below which are generic, country-specific and other domain levels. DNS servers store and distribute this mapping information across multiple computers to avoid a single point of failure. Primary DNS servers store and update zone files mapping domain names to IP addresses, while secondary servers transfer this information from primary servers.
This document provides an overview of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It discusses TCP services like reliable data delivery and connection-oriented communication. The document explains TCP features such as flow control, error control, and congestion control. It describes TCP segments, the three-way handshake for connection establishment, and the TCP state transition diagram. Examples are provided to illustrate TCP windows, acknowledgments, retransmissions, and timers.
- TCP and IP are core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite, with TCP operating at the transport layer and providing reliable data transmission, and IP operating at the internet layer and routing packets between hosts.
- TCP establishes a virtual connection between hosts and provides services like flow control, error checking, and reliable ordered delivery. It uses port numbers to identify applications.
- Common applications that use TCP include Telnet, FTP, and TFTP, with Telnet using port 23, FTP using ports 20 and 21, and TFTP using port 69.
Mobile Network Layer protocols and mechanisms allow nodes to change their point of attachment to different networks while maintaining ongoing communication. Key concepts include:
- Mobile IP adds mobility support to IP, allowing nodes to use the same IP address even when changing networks. It relies on home agents and care-of addresses.
- Registration allows mobile nodes to inform their home agent of their current location when visiting foreign networks. Tunneling and encapsulation techniques are used to forward packets to mobile nodes' current locations.
- Various routing protocols like DSDV have been developed for mobile ad hoc networks which have no fixed infrastructure and dynamic topologies.
Mobile Transport Layer protocols aim to address challenges with TCP over mobile networks. Traditional TCP uses congestion control like slow start and fast retransmit/recovery that can reduce performance over mobile. Indirect TCP splits the connection at the access point to avoid wireless errors affecting the wired segment. Snooping TCP buffers packets at the access point and performs local retransmissions on errors. Mobile TCP splits the connection and uses an optimized TCP between the supervisory host and mobile host, choking the sender when the mobile is disconnected to avoid buffering large amounts of undelivered data.
ICMP is a helper protocol that supports IP by providing error reporting and simple queries. ICMP messages are encapsulated as IP datagrams with a 4 byte header containing the type, code, and checksum. Common ICMP error messages include Destination Unreachable (sent when a datagram cannot be forwarded), Redirect (informs about a better route), and Time Exceeded (sent when the TTL reaches zero).
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BGP is an inter-autonomous system routing protocol that exchanges routing and reachability information between autonomous systems on the internet. It allows traffic to be rerouted to alternate paths if the primary route fails. BGP uses TCP port 179 to send triggered updates when there are changes in the network and maintains routing tables to track routes from multiple autonomous systems to determine the best paths. However, receiving full routing tables from multiple ISPs can require significant memory and resources for routers.
This document discusses different approaches for framing at the data link layer. It describes byte-oriented protocols like BISYNC, PPP that use sentinel characters or byte stuffing to delineate frames. The byte count approach used in DDCMP is also covered. For bit-oriented protocols, HDLC is described in detail, including its use of start/end bit sequences and bit stuffing to recognize frame boundaries despite corruption. Protocols like LCP, PAP, CHAP used along with PPP are also summarized briefly.
The document discusses various topics related to multicast routing including: 1) classification of multicast routing protocols based on path construction and maintenance, 2) optimized and overlay multicast routing approaches that bypass traditional deployment, and 3) challenges and approaches for multicast routing in mobile and inter-domain contexts.
This document discusses multicasting and multicast routing protocols. It defines unicast, multicast, and broadcast messages and describes applications of multicasting like accessing distributed databases and distance learning. It also explains different multicast routing protocols including MOSPF, DVMRP, CBT, and PIM, covering concepts like shortest path trees, flooding, pruning, and grafting. Finally, it discusses MBONE and how tunneling can be used to connect isolated multicast routers.
This document provides an overview of IP multicasting. It defines multicasting as delivering information to multiple recipients simultaneously. It describes protocols like IGMP for hosts to join multicast groups, and PIM for routing multicast traffic along shared or source-based trees. Key challenges include restricting access and securing multicast data delivery.
1. The document discusses IP multicast routing protocols including DVMRP and PIM. It describes how multicast routing differs from unicast routing in establishing distribution trees from sources to receivers.
2. Key aspects covered include IGMP for hosts to join multicast groups, source trees versus shared trees, dense and sparse mode protocols, and data distribution policies using ACK and NACK approaches.
3. DVMRP is introduced as an early multicast routing protocol that uses distance vector exchange and reverse path forwarding to construct source trees and prune branches without receivers.
This document discusses multicast routing protocols. It introduces concepts like multicast trees, reverse path forwarding, and describes several multicast routing protocols including DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, PIM, and MBONE. DVMRP uses reverse path forwarding and pruning/grafting to efficiently route multicast traffic to multiple receivers. PIM comes in two variants - PIM-DM for dense networks and PIM-SM for sparser wide area networks. MBONE enables multicast routing over the Internet using logical tunneling between multicast routers.
IP multicasting allows for bandwidth-efficient delivery of information to multiple recipients simultaneously. It has three main components: IP multicast addressing using class D addresses; IP groups identified by multicast addresses; and multicast routing protocols like PIM-SM, PIM-DM, and DVMRP. PIM-SM uses a shared tree rooted at a rendezvous point, while PIM-DM uses source-based trees and prunes unused links. Multicast groups are identified by addresses and receivers must join groups to receive transmissions.
This document discusses routing and multicast protocols at the MAC, routing, and application layers. It describes key modules like transmission, receiving, and neighbor list handling at the MAC layer. At the routing layer, it discusses unicast and multicast routing tables, forwarding, tree construction, and session maintenance. The application layer handles data transmission, multicast session initiation and termination, and route repair. It also compares source tree and shared tree approaches, and soft state and hard state maintenance mechanisms.
1. Routing is the process of forwarding packets between source and destination networks through routing devices. Routing protocols are used for topology and path discovery.
2. Routers maintain routing tables containing paths to known destinations and routing information like metrics, next hops, and ages. Administrative distances define route preferences.
3. The Internet uses interior gateway protocols (IGPs) within autonomous systems (ASes) and exterior gateway protocols (EGPs) between ASes. Common IGPs include RIP, OSPF, IS-IS. BGP is a prominent EGP.
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
IP Multicast allows one-to-many and many-to-many communication through multicast addressing and routing protocols. It identifies multicast groups with class D IP addresses and uses IGMP for hosts to join and leave groups, while multicast routing protocols like PIM-SM and PIM-DM establish distribution trees. PIM-SM uses a shared tree by default rooted at a rendezvous point, while PIM-DM uses source-based trees and assumes dense receiver distribution initially pruned by leaves.
The document outlines the key components of IP multicasting including multicast addressing, groups, routing protocols, and properties of routing protocols. It discusses Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) and its role in allowing hosts to join and leave multicast groups. The document also explains the differences between opt-in and opt-out routing protocols, source-based and shared trees, and dense and sparse modes such as PIM-Dense Mode and PIM-Sparse Mode.
This document provides an introduction to routing and packet forwarding. It describes routers as computers that specialize in sending packets between networks by selecting the best path using routing tables. The document outlines router components, the boot-up process, interface types, and how routers examine packet headers to determine the best path and switch packets between incoming and outgoing interfaces. It also discusses topics like routing table structure, static and dynamic routing, path determination, and how packets are forwarded hop-by-hop between routers while headers are updated.
Implementation of multicast communication in internet
Individual hosts are configured as members of different multicast groups
One particular user may a member of many multicast groups
For a one multicast can be few members/nodes
IP Multicast group is identified by Class D address (224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255)
Every IP datagram send to a multicast group is transferred to all members of group
- The document discusses IPv6 addressing formats including 128-bit addresses divided into eight 16-bit blocks written in hexadecimal with colons as delimiters and the ability to suppress leading zeros.
- It describes different types of IPv6 addresses including unicast addresses, link-local addresses, site-local addresses, and special addresses like the unspecified and loopback addresses.
- The process of address autoconfiguration is outlined where a node derives a tentative link-local address, performs duplicate address detection using neighbor solicitation messages, and obtains network prefixes and configuration from router advertisements.
Marvin Hoffmann presented on multicasting for the next generation internet. He began with introducing himself and explaining why he chose this topic, which has always interested him. The presentation covered what multicasting is, the benefits of using it, how it works under both IPv4 and IPv6 including necessary protocols, and some challenges with multicasting. In the conclusion, Hoffmann restated that multicasting over the internet without a multicast backbone is still an interesting topic and thanked the audience for their attention, inviting any questions.
This document provides an overview of IP multicast, including key concepts, protocols, and technologies. It begins with an introduction to multicast networking and then covers topics such as multicast addressing, group membership discovery protocols, multicast routing protocols, interdomain routing, and the multicast data plane. The document aims to guide readers who are familiar with unicast but new to multicast by comparing different approaches and focusing on commonly used protocols like PIM-SM.
IP Multicast Routing Part One.
Concepts explained inside are : Internet Multicast Backbone, Multicast Addressing and Mapping, Multicast: How it works, IGMP v1,v2,v3 and more.
Note: All slides care of a more detailed explanation about the concepts involved. If you need just that, send me a message and I'll reply with a pdf document with just that. All explanations are in English or/and Portuguese.
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S-HTTP is a secure protocol designed to work with HTTP that provides encryption and authentication. It allows for secure transactions between clients and servers through symmetric and asymmetric cryptography without requiring public key certificates. S-HTTP preserves the existing HTTP model while adding security features like encrypting form data and digital signatures. It supports a variety of cryptographic standards and algorithms to be negotiated between clients and servers.
Unicast involves sending data from one computer to another, with one sender and one receiver. Multicast sends data to a group of devices that have joined the multicast group, with one sender but multiple potential receivers. Broadcast sends data from one computer that is then forwarded to all connected devices, with one sender and all devices receiving the broadcast traffic.
This document summarizes multipoint communication and IP multicast technologies. It discusses various multipoint applications and challenges at different layers. It then covers IP multicast addressing, routing algorithms like flooding, spanning trees, reverse path forwarding. Multicast routing protocols like DVMRP, MOSPF and PIM are explained. IGMP is described for host membership reporting. Transport layer protocols for reliable multicast are also mentioned.
This document discusses IP multicasting and provides an overview of key concepts. It covers IP class D addressing for multicasting, the IGMP protocol for hosts to join and leave multicast groups, and different strategies for multicasting across routers including broadcast, multiple unicast, and distribution trees. It also discusses practical applications of multicasting and various multicast routing protocols like DVMRP, MOSPF, and PIM.
This document discusses various concepts in multicast routing including unicasting, multicasting, source-based trees, group-shared trees, and multicast routing protocols. It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate key differences between unicast and multicast routing as well as different approaches to multicast routing such as reverse path forwarding, reverse path broadcasting, and core-based trees. Common multicast routing protocols including MOSPF, PIM, and CBT are also introduced along with the concept of tunneling to connect isolated multicast networks.
The presentation describes the different ways of routing that takes place in Multicast Communication.
The presentation was prepared in collaboration with Shubham Singhal at IIIT-Delhi for the course "Technical Communication".
Multicast routing protocols use various techniques to efficiently deliver packets from a single source to multiple receivers. Distance vector multicast routing protocol (DVMRP) uses reverse path forwarding to eliminate loops by only forwarding packets that have traveled the shortest path from the source. It also uses pruning and grafting to dynamically adjust the multicast delivery tree when group memberships change. Protocol independent multicast (PIM) supports both dense and sparse multicast environments independently of the underlying unicast routing protocol.
Advanced Routing. Routing is the process of forwarding packets from one network to the destination address in another network. ... Each route is known as a routing entry
Solving QoS multicast routing problem using aco algorithm Abdullaziz Tagawy
In IP multicasting messages are sent from the source node to all destination nodes. In order to meet QoS requirements an optimizing algorithm is needed. We propose an Ant Colony Optimization algorithm to do so. Ants release a chemical called pheromone while searching for food. They are capable of finding shortest path to their target. This can give an effective optimal solution to our Multicast Routing Problem.
This document summarizes and compares different multicast routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks. It reviews tree-based protocols like AMRoute and AMRIS that build multicast trees, as well as mesh-based protocols like ODMRP and CAMP that build multicast meshes. It finds that mesh-based protocols generally outperform tree-based protocols because the multiple routes in a mesh make it more robust to node mobility and channel fading. The document presents simulation results showing how different protocols are affected by parameters like node speed, number of multicast sources, group size, and network traffic load. ODMRP is found to be the most robust to mobility and have the lowest overhead.
The transport layer provides communication between applications running on different hosts by breaking application messages into segments, sending them, and reassembling them at the receiving end. Routing protocols like distance vector and link state routing allow nodes to dynamically learn optimal paths through the network. Exterior routing protocols like BGP allow routing between autonomous systems and influence global Internet routing. IPv6 enhances IPv4 with features like larger addresses, built-in security, and mobility support. Multicast routing protocols efficiently deliver data from single sources to multiple receivers.
The document discusses several methods for multipoint communication over IP and ATM networks. It describes routing algorithms like flooding, spanning trees, and core-based trees. It also covers protocols for multipoint communication in IP like DVMRP, MOSPF, PIM-DM, and PIM-SM. For ATM, it discusses approaches like VC mesh, multicast server, SEAM, and SMART. It provides an overview of challenges and solutions for supporting multipoint applications over both IP and ATM networks.
Routing protocols exchange information to determine the best paths between sources and destinations in a network. The document discusses several routing protocols:
Distance vector protocols like RIP propagate routing tables between routers periodically. They are simple to configure but slow to converge. Link state protocols like OSPF use link state advertisements to build a map of the network and calculate the lowest cost paths more quickly. OSPF divides large networks into areas to reduce routing table sizes and convergence times. It elects routers on area borders to aggregate routing information between areas.
Multicasting allows data to be sent from one source to multiple receivers simultaneously. It provides an efficient way to disseminate information to many recipients. The document discusses IP multicast addressing, the IGMP protocol for joining and leaving multicast groups, multicast routing protocols like DVMRP and PIM, and methods for constructing multicast distribution trees like source-based and shared trees. Multicasting is important for applications like streaming media and teleconferencing that require one-to-many or many-to-many communication.
Basics of multicasting and its implementation on ethernet networksReliance Comm
Multicasting allows data to be sent from one source to multiple receivers simultaneously. It provides an efficient way to disseminate information to many recipients. The document discusses IP multicast addressing, the IGMP protocol for joining and leaving multicast groups, multicast routing protocols like DVMRP and PIM, and methods for constructing multicast distribution trees like source-based and shared trees. Multicasting is important for applications like streaming media and teleconferencing that require one-to-many or many-to-many communication.
The document summarizes the OSI network layer and TCP/IP model Internet layer. It describes how layer 3, the network layer, is responsible for routing packets from source to destination by adding addressing and routing. It focuses on IP version 4, the most common network layer protocol, explaining its packet header fields and how routers use IP addresses and routing tables to forward packets between networks. It also discusses techniques for dividing networks, such as hierarchical addressing and static versus dynamic routing protocols.
The document discusses dynamic routing and OSPF. It explains that dynamic routing allows routers to automatically share information with each other to determine optimal paths, in contrast to static routing where paths must be manually configured. OSPF is introduced as a common dynamic interior gateway protocol that uses a link-state algorithm to build a map of the entire network topology and calculate the shortest paths.
This document summarizes several network layer protocols and concepts:
- It describes protocols like IPv4, IPv6, DHCP, ICMP, Mobile IP, NAT, routing, multicast routing, AS, DVR, RIP, LSR, OSPF, DVMRP, PIM, BGP and their functions and characteristics.
- It also explains related concepts such as unicast and multicast routing, autonomous systems, and BGP autonomous system relationships.
The document discusses Internet protocols and IP addressing. It explains that IP provides best effort packet delivery between hosts using global addressing and packet forwarding via routers. While IP is a common spanning layer, it does not guarantee speed, delivery, or packet order. The next session will cover TCP.
This document provides an overview of routing protocols and network security concepts. It discusses distance vector protocols like RIP, path vector protocols like BGP, and link state protocols like OSPF. It covers routing attacks such as source routing, spoofing, and man-in-the-middle attacks. It also discusses secure routing requirements and authentication methods used in protocols.
IPSec provides a framework for securing communications over IP networks by authenticating and encrypting IP packets. It includes protocols for authentication headers and encapsulating security payloads to provide integrity, authentication, and confidentiality. Key management protocols like Oakley and ISAKMP are used to securely establish security associations between communicating parties to protect data flows.
Message authentication provides a way to verify that a received message is from the alleged source and has not been altered. It includes mechanisms for non-repudiation by the source. Authentication functions include lower level authenticators and higher level functions that use authenticators to verify message authenticity. Message authentication codes are appended to messages by the sender and verified by the receiver recomputing the code. MAC attacks aim to find the key or authenticate incorrect messages without finding the key. Hash functions map messages to fixed length values to verify integrity.
SSL and TLS provide secure communication over the internet using encryption. SSL uses public key encryption to establish a secure connection and exchange keys to encrypt data sent between a client and server. It defines sessions which allow parameters like encryption algorithms to be shared for multiple connections. TLS is an updated version of SSL that uses similar record and handshake protocols. SET is an open standard that uses digital certificates and dual signatures to securely conduct credit card transactions over the internet between cardholders, merchants, issuers and payment gateways.
Anycast is a new address type in IPv6 that refers to one among many interfaces with the same address. It is used to identify sets of routers or servers. Anycast addresses are allocated from unicast space and packets sent to an anycast address are routed to the nearest interface. Multicast addresses use a class D range in IPv4 from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 and have a specific format in IPv6 to identify multicast groups and are mapped to Ethernet addresses for multicast transmission.
TCP uses several algorithms to control congestion:
- Slow start exponentially increases the congestion window after each ACK to probe available bandwidth. It is used when connections are first established or after congestion.
- Congestion avoidance linearly increases the window when no packet loss occurs to avoid overloading the network. It takes over from slow start once the window reaches the slow start threshold.
- Fast retransmit retransmits a lost segment after receiving 3 duplicate ACKs to recover quickly from single losses without waiting for a timeout.
- Fast recovery then adds the retransmitted segment to the window and continues transmission without reducing to slow start, to maintain high throughput during moderate congestion.
Congestion occurs when routers receive packets faster than they can forward them, causing their queues to fill up. There are two ways routers deal with congestion - by preventing additional packets from entering the congested region until packets can be processed, or by discarding queued packets to make room for new ones. Congestion control techniques like warning bits, choke packets, and load shedding help detect and recover from congestion on a global scale across an entire subnet, while flow control operates on a point-to-point basis between individual senders and receivers.
TCP uses a retransmission queue and timers to reliably retransmit lost data segments. Each sent segment is placed on the queue and given a retransmission timer. If an acknowledgment is not received before the timer expires, the segment is retransmitted. There are different policies for handling retransmissions of subsequent outstanding segments. TCP also adapts retransmission timers dynamically based on measurements of the round-trip time between devices to account for varying network conditions. The window size advertised by a receiving device controls the amount of outstanding data and affects the sending rate.
The document discusses several algorithms used for congestion control in TCP/IP networks, including slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, fast recovery, random early discard (RED), and traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. Slow start and congestion avoidance control the transmission rate by adjusting the congestion window size. Fast retransmit and fast recovery allow quicker retransmission of lost packets without waiting for timeouts. RED proactively discards packets before buffer overflow. Leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms shape traffic flow through use of buffers and tokens to smooth bursts and control transmission rates.
TCP has no knowledge of the structure or purpose of data sent by applications. It treats all data as an unstructured stream of bytes and chooses when and how to send data based solely on the sliding window system. The push function allows applications to immediately send data without waiting for more to accumulate. The urgent function allows applications to send critical data with higher priority than other data by setting the URG flag and urgent pointer field in TCP segments.
TCP has two key requirements: reliability through acknowledgments and retransmissions, and flow control to manage data transmission rates. The sliding window mechanism tracks bytes sent and received, and allows the sender to transmit more data as acknowledgments are received by sliding the window. The receive window size can be adjusted by the receiver to control transmission speed and prevent buffer overflows.
The document discusses transport layer protocols and their functions. Transport layer protocols like TCP and UDP provide services to applications to allow communication over an internetwork. They are responsible for establishing and maintaining connections between services on different machines and act as a bridge between the needs of applications and the underlying network layer protocols. Transport layer protocols are tightly tied to and designed to work with the specific network layer protocol below them.
Transport layer protocols provide services like reliable data transfer and connection establishment between applications on networked devices. They address this need through protocols like TCP and UDP. TCP provides reliable, ordered data streams using mechanisms like three-way handshake, sequence numbers, acknowledgments, retransmissions, flow control via sliding windows, and connection termination handshaking. UDP provides simple datagram transmissions without reliability or flow control.
Transport layer protocols provide services like reliable data transfer and connection establishment between applications on networked devices. They address this need through protocols like TCP and UDP. TCP provides reliable, ordered data streams using mechanisms like three-way handshake, sequence numbers, acknowledgments, retransmissions, flow control via sliding windows, and connection termination handshaking. UDP provides simple datagram transmissions without reliability or flow control.
T/TCP solves two TCP performance problems for transaction-oriented communications:
1) It bypasses the three-way handshake to reduce latency by including a connection count in packets.
2) It shortens the TIME_WAIT state delay after closing connections to improve transaction rates by including a connection count in FIN packets.
Anycast is a new address type in IPv6 that refers to one among many interfaces with the same address. It is used to identify sets of routers or servers. Anycast addresses are allocated from unicast space and packets sent to an anycast address are routed to the nearest interface. Multicast addresses use a class D range in IPv4 from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 and have a specific format in IPv6 to identify multicast groups and allow delivery of packets to many destinations.
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) allows hosts to dynamically join multicast groups and routers to manage delivery of multicast data packets. IGMP version 1 uses query and report messages between routers and hosts to discover which hosts belong to which multicast groups on local networks. Version 2 and 3 added new message types and formats to more efficiently manage group membership and enhance security.
Mobile IPv6 integrates mobility support directly into IPv6 and offers improvements over Mobile IPv4 such as no need for foreign agents, auto-configuration of care-of addresses, support for multiple care-of addresses, and route optimization as a fundamental part of the protocol. Security measures in Mobile IPv6 include using hash-based message authentication codes and nonces to authenticate nodes and prevent replay attacks during registration and data forwarding.
MLD is the IPv6 equivalent of IGMPv2 for IPv4. It uses ICMPv6 messages to enable routers to discover the set of multicast addresses for which there are listening nodes on each attached interface. MLD messages include Multicast Listener Query to query for listeners, Multicast Listener Report for listeners to report interest, and Multicast Listener Done for listeners to inform routers they are no longer listening.
Mobile IP allows devices to move between networks while maintaining the same IP address. It uses a home agent and foreign agent to forward data to the device's current location. When a mobile node moves to a new network, it acquires a care-of address and registers this with its home agent so data can be tunneled to it. The home agent intercepts data for the mobile node and encapsulates it for forwarding to the care-of address via direct delivery or through the foreign agent. This allows seamless mobility as the mobile node does not need a new IP address when changing networks.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to map network layer addresses (IP addresses) to data link layer addresses (MAC addresses). This process is necessary because communication between devices on a local network uses MAC addresses, while routing and forwarding between networks uses IP addresses. ARP works by broadcasting a request packet containing the target IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC address. If the MAC address is unknown, ARP uses a broadcast query to determine the address dynamically, while direct mapping provides a way to statically determine addresses through a formula.
Hire a private investigator to get cell phone recordsHackersList
Learn what private investigators can legally do to obtain cell phone records and track phones, plus ethical considerations and alternatives for addressing privacy concerns.
Navigating Post-Quantum Blockchain: Resilient Cryptography in Quantum Threatsanupriti
In the rapidly evolving landscape of blockchain technology, the advent of quantum computing poses unprecedented challenges to traditional cryptographic methods. As quantum computing capabilities advance, the vulnerabilities of current cryptographic standards become increasingly apparent.
This presentation, "Navigating Post-Quantum Blockchain: Resilient Cryptography in Quantum Threats," explores the intersection of blockchain technology and quantum computing. It delves into the urgent need for resilient cryptographic solutions that can withstand the computational power of quantum adversaries.
Key topics covered include:
An overview of quantum computing and its implications for blockchain security.
Current cryptographic standards and their vulnerabilities in the face of quantum threats.
Emerging post-quantum cryptographic algorithms and their applicability to blockchain systems.
Case studies and real-world implications of quantum-resistant blockchain implementations.
Strategies for integrating post-quantum cryptography into existing blockchain frameworks.
Join us as we navigate the complexities of securing blockchain networks in a quantum-enabled future. Gain insights into the latest advancements and best practices for safeguarding data integrity and privacy in the era of quantum threats.
How to Avoid Learning the Linux-Kernel Memory ModelScyllaDB
The Linux-kernel memory model (LKMM) is a powerful tool for developing highly concurrent Linux-kernel code, but it also has a steep learning curve. Wouldn't it be great to get most of LKMM's benefits without the learning curve?
This talk will describe how to do exactly that by using the standard Linux-kernel APIs (locking, reference counting, RCU) along with a simple rules of thumb, thus gaining most of LKMM's power with less learning. And the full LKMM is always there when you need it!
Blockchain and Cyber Defense Strategies in new genre timesanupriti
Explore robust defense strategies at the intersection of blockchain technology and cybersecurity. This presentation delves into proactive measures and innovative approaches to safeguarding blockchain networks against evolving cyber threats. Discover how secure blockchain implementations can enhance resilience, protect data integrity, and ensure trust in digital transactions. Gain insights into cutting-edge security protocols and best practices essential for mitigating risks in the blockchain ecosystem.
How RPA Help in the Transportation and Logistics Industry.pptxSynapseIndia
Revolutionize your transportation processes with our cutting-edge RPA software. Automate repetitive tasks, reduce costs, and enhance efficiency in the logistics sector with our advanced solutions.
What's Next Web Development Trends to Watch.pdfSeasiaInfotech2
Explore the latest advancements and upcoming innovations in web development with our guide to the trends shaping the future of digital experiences. Read our article today for more information.
Details of description part II: Describing images in practice - Tech Forum 2024BookNet Canada
This presentation explores the practical application of image description techniques. Familiar guidelines will be demonstrated in practice, and descriptions will be developed “live”! If you have learned a lot about the theory of image description techniques but want to feel more confident putting them into practice, this is the presentation for you. There will be useful, actionable information for everyone, whether you are working with authors, colleagues, alone, or leveraging AI as a collaborator.
Link to presentation recording and transcript: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/details-of-description-part-ii-describing-images-in-practice/
Presented by BookNet Canada on June 25, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
In this follow-up session on knowledge and prompt engineering, we will explore structured prompting, chain of thought prompting, iterative prompting, prompt optimization, emotional language prompts, and the inclusion of user signals and industry-specific data to enhance LLM performance.
Join EIS Founder & CEO Seth Earley and special guest Nick Usborne, Copywriter, Trainer, and Speaker, as they delve into these methodologies to improve AI-driven knowledge processes for employees and customers alike.
Interaction Latency: Square's User-Centric Mobile Performance MetricScyllaDB
Mobile performance metrics often take inspiration from the backend world and measure resource usage (CPU usage, memory usage, etc) and workload durations (how long a piece of code takes to run).
However, mobile apps are used by humans and the app performance directly impacts their experience, so we should primarily track user-centric mobile performance metrics. Following the lead of tech giants, the mobile industry at large is now adopting the tracking of app launch time and smoothness (jank during motion).
At Square, our customers spend most of their time in the app long after it's launched, and they don't scroll much, so app launch time and smoothness aren't critical metrics. What should we track instead?
This talk will introduce you to Interaction Latency, a user-centric mobile performance metric inspired from the Web Vital metric Interaction to Next Paint"" (web.dev/inp). We'll go over why apps need to track this, how to properly implement its tracking (it's tricky!), how to aggregate this metric and what thresholds you should target.
Performance Budgets for the Real World by Tammy EvertsScyllaDB
Performance budgets have been around for more than ten years. Over those years, we’ve learned a lot about what works, what doesn’t, and what we need to improve. In this session, Tammy revisits old assumptions about performance budgets and offers some new best practices. Topics include:
• Understanding performance budgets vs. performance goals
• Aligning budgets with user experience
• Pros and cons of Core Web Vitals
• How to stay on top of your budgets to fight regressions
GDG Cloud Southlake #34: Neatsun Ziv: Automating AppsecJames Anderson
The lecture titled "Automating AppSec" delves into the critical challenges associated with manual application security (AppSec) processes and outlines strategic approaches for incorporating automation to enhance efficiency, accuracy, and scalability. The lecture is structured to highlight the inherent difficulties in traditional AppSec practices, emphasizing the labor-intensive triage of issues, the complexity of identifying responsible owners for security flaws, and the challenges of implementing security checks within CI/CD pipelines. Furthermore, it provides actionable insights on automating these processes to not only mitigate these pains but also to enable a more proactive and scalable security posture within development cycles.
The Pains of Manual AppSec:
This section will explore the time-consuming and error-prone nature of manually triaging security issues, including the difficulty of prioritizing vulnerabilities based on their actual risk to the organization. It will also discuss the challenges in determining ownership for remediation tasks, a process often complicated by cross-functional teams and microservices architectures. Additionally, the inefficiencies of manual checks within CI/CD gates will be examined, highlighting how they can delay deployments and introduce security risks.
Automating CI/CD Gates:
Here, the focus shifts to the automation of security within the CI/CD pipelines. The lecture will cover methods to seamlessly integrate security tools that automatically scan for vulnerabilities as part of the build process, thereby ensuring that security is a core component of the development lifecycle. Strategies for configuring automated gates that can block or flag builds based on the severity of detected issues will be discussed, ensuring that only secure code progresses through the pipeline.
Triaging Issues with Automation:
This segment addresses how automation can be leveraged to intelligently triage and prioritize security issues. It will cover technologies and methodologies for automatically assessing the context and potential impact of vulnerabilities, facilitating quicker and more accurate decision-making. The use of automated alerting and reporting mechanisms to ensure the right stakeholders are informed in a timely manner will also be discussed.
Identifying Ownership Automatically:
Automating the process of identifying who owns the responsibility for fixing specific security issues is critical for efficient remediation. This part of the lecture will explore tools and practices for mapping vulnerabilities to code owners, leveraging version control and project management tools.
Three Tips to Scale the Shift Left Program:
Finally, the lecture will offer three practical tips for organizations looking to scale their Shift Left security programs. These will include recommendations on fostering a security culture within development teams, employing DevSecOps principles to integrate security throughout the development
How Netflix Builds High Performance Applications at Global ScaleScyllaDB
We all want to build applications that are blazingly fast. We also want to scale them to users all over the world. Can the two happen together? Can users in the slowest of environments also get a fast experience? Learn how we do this at Netflix: how we understand every user's needs and preferences and build high performance applications that work for every user, every time.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/07/intels-approach-to-operationalizing-ai-in-the-manufacturing-sector-a-presentation-from-intel/
Tara Thimmanaik, AI Systems and Solutions Architect at Intel, presents the “Intel’s Approach to Operationalizing AI in the Manufacturing Sector,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
AI at the edge is powering a revolution in industrial IoT, from real-time processing and analytics that drive greater efficiency and learning to predictive maintenance. Intel is focused on developing tools and assets to help domain experts operationalize AI-based solutions in their fields of expertise.
In this talk, Thimmanaik explains how Intel’s software platforms simplify labor-intensive data upload, labeling, training, model optimization and retraining tasks. She shows how domain experts can quickly build vision models for a wide range of processes—detecting defective parts on a production line, reducing downtime on the factory floor, automating inventory management and other digitization and automation projects. And she introduces Intel-provided edge computing assets that empower faster localized insights and decisions, improving labor productivity through easy-to-use AI tools that democratize AI.
Fluttercon 2024: Showing that you care about security - OpenSSF Scorecards fo...Chris Swan
Have you noticed the OpenSSF Scorecard badges on the official Dart and Flutter repos? It's Google's way of showing that they care about security. Practices such as pinning dependencies, branch protection, required reviews, continuous integration tests etc. are measured to provide a score and accompanying badge.
You can do the same for your projects, and this presentation will show you how, with an emphasis on the unique challenges that come up when working with Dart and Flutter.
The session will provide a walkthrough of the steps involved in securing a first repository, and then what it takes to repeat that process across an organization with multiple repos. It will also look at the ongoing maintenance involved once scorecards have been implemented, and how aspects of that maintenance can be better automated to minimize toil.
Coordinate Systems in FME 101 - Webinar SlidesSafe Software
If you’ve ever had to analyze a map or GPS data, chances are you’ve encountered and even worked with coordinate systems. As historical data continually updates through GPS, understanding coordinate systems is increasingly crucial. However, not everyone knows why they exist or how to effectively use them for data-driven insights.
During this webinar, you’ll learn exactly what coordinate systems are and how you can use FME to maintain and transform your data’s coordinate systems in an easy-to-digest way, accurately representing the geographical space that it exists within. During this webinar, you will have the chance to:
- Enhance Your Understanding: Gain a clear overview of what coordinate systems are and their value
- Learn Practical Applications: Why we need datams and projections, plus units between coordinate systems
- Maximize with FME: Understand how FME handles coordinate systems, including a brief summary of the 3 main reprojectors
- Custom Coordinate Systems: Learn how to work with FME and coordinate systems beyond what is natively supported
- Look Ahead: Gain insights into where FME is headed with coordinate systems in the future
Don’t miss the opportunity to improve the value you receive from your coordinate system data, ultimately allowing you to streamline your data analysis and maximize your time. See you there!
2. Many applications transmit the same data at one time to multiple receivers Broadcasts of Radio or Video Videoconferencing Shared Applications A network must have mechanisms to support such applications in an efficient manner Applications with multiple receivers
3. Multicasting Multicast communications refers to one-to-many communications. IP Multicasting refers to the implementation of multicast communication in the Internet Multicast is driven by receivers: Receivers indicate interest in receiving data Unicast Broadcast Multicast
4. Multicast Groups The set of receivers for a multicast transmission is called a multicast group A multicast group is identified by a multicast address A user that wants to receive multicast transmissions joins the corresponding multicast group, and becomes a member of that group After a user joins, the network builds the necessary routing paths so that the user receives the data sent to the multicast group
5. Multicasting over a Packet Network Without support for multicast at the network layer: Multiple copies of the same message is transmitted on the same link
6. Multicasting over a Packet Network With support for multicast at the network layer: Requires a set of mechanisms: (1) Packet forwarding can send multiple copies of same packet (2) Multicast routing algorithm which builds a spanning tree (dynamically)
7. Semantics of IP Multicast Multicast groups are identified by IP addresses in the range 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 (class D address) Every host ( more precisely: interface) can join and leave a multicast group dynamically no access control Every IP datagram send to a multicast group is transmitted to all members of the group no security, no “floor control” Sender does not need to be a member of the group The IP Multicast service is unreliable
8. The IP Protocol Stack IP Multicasting only supports UDP as higher layer There is no multicast TCP ! Network Interface User Layer IP IP Multicast UDP TCP Socket Layer Stream Sockets Datagram Sockets Multicast Sockets
9. IP Multicasting There are three essential components of the IP Multicast service: IP Multicast Addressing IP Group Management Multicast Routing
10. Multicast Addressing All Class D addresses are multicast addresses: Multicast addresses are dynamically assigned. An IP datagram sent to a multicast address is forwarded to everyone who has joined the multicast group If an application is terminated, the multicast address is (implicitly) released.
11. Types of Multicast addresses The range of addresses between 224.0.0.0 and 224.0.0.255, inclusive, is reserved for the use of routing protocols and other low-level topology discovery or maintenance protocols Multicast routers should not forward any multicast datagram with destination addresses in this range. Examples of special and reserved Class D addresses, e.g,
12. Multicast Address Translation In Ethernet MAC addresses, a multicast address is identified by setting the lowest bit of the “most left byte” Not all Ethernet cards can filter multicast addresses in hardware - Then: Filtering is done in software by device driver.
14. IGMP The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a simple protocol for the support of IP multicast. IGMP is defined in RFC 1112. IGMP operates on a physical network (e.g., single Ethernet Segment. IGMP is used by multicast routers to keep track of membership in a multicast group. Support for: Joining a multicast group Query membership Send membership reports
15. A host sends an IGMP report when it joins a multicast group (Note: multiple processes on a host can join. A report is sent only for the first process). No report is sent when a process leaves a group A multicast router regularly multicasts an IGMP query to all hosts (group address is set to zero). A host responds to an IGMP query with an IGMP report . Multicast router keeps a table on the multicast groups that have joined hosts. The router only forwards a packet, if there is a host still joined. Note: Router does not keep track which host is joined. IGMP Protocol
16. IGMP Packet Format IGMP messages are only 8 bytes long Type: 1 = sent by router, 2 = sent by host
19. Networks with multiple multicast routers Only one router responds to IGMP queries ( Querier ) Router with smallest IP address becomes the querier on a network. One router forwards multicast packets to the network ( Forwarder ) .
21. Multicast Routing protocols Source based tree DVMRP Reverse path forwarding (RPF) Reverse path Broadcasting (RPB) Reverse path multicasting (RPM) MOSP Core based Tree (CBT) PIM ( Protocol Independent Multicast) PIM-DM PIM-SM
22. Objectives Every member should receive only one copy Non members should not receive a copy There should be no loops Source to destination must be shortest path
23. Multicast routing as a graph problem Problem : Embed a tree such that all multicast group members are connected by the tree
24. Multicast routing as a graph problem Problem : Embed a tree such that all multicast group members are connected by the tree Solution 1: Shortest Path Tree or source-based tree Build a tree that minimizes the path cost from the source to each receiver Good tree if there is a single sender If there are multiple senders, need one tree per sender Easy to compute
25. Multicast routing as a graph problem Problem : Embed a tree such that all multicast group members are connected by the tree Solution 2: Minimum-Cost Tree Build a tree that minimizes the total cost of the edges Good solution if there are multiple senders Very expensive to compute (not practical for more than 30 nodes)
26. Multicast routing in practice Routing Protocols implement one of two approaches: Source Based Tree: Essentially implements Solution 1. Builds one shortest path tree for each sender Tree is built from receiver to the sender reverse shortest path / reverse path forwarding Core-based Tree: Build a single distribution tree that is shared by all senders Does not use Solution 2 (because it is too expensive) Selects one router as a “core” (also called “rendezvous point”) All receivers build a shortest path to the core reverse shortest path / reverse path forwarding
27. Multicast Routing table Routing table entries for source-based trees and for core-based trees are different Source-based tree : (Source, Group) or (S, G) entry. Core-based tree: (*, G) entry. I1, I3 I2 G2 * I2, I3 I1 G1 S1 Outgoing interface list Incoming interface (RPF interface) Multicast group Source IP address
28. Multicast routing in practice Routing algorithms in practice implement one of two approaches: Source Based Tree Tree: Establish a reverse path to the source Core-based Tree: Establish a reverse path to the core router
29. Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) RPF builds a shortest path tree in a distributed fashion by taking advantage of the unicast routing tables. Main concept: Given the address of the root of the tree (e.g., the sending host), a router selects as its upstream neighbor in the tree the router which is the next-hop neighbor for forwarding unicast packets to the root. This concept leads to a reverse shortest path from any router to the sending host. The union of reverse shortest paths builds a reverse shortest path tree . RPF Forwarding: Forward a packet only if it is receives from an RPF neighbor
31. Building a source-based tree Set routing tables according to RPF forwarding Flood-and-Prune Flood= Forward packets that arrive on RPF interface on all non-RPF interfaces
32. Building a source-based tree Set routing tables according to RPF forwarding Flood-and-Prune Flood= Forward packets on all non-RPF interfaces Receiver drops packets not received on RPF interface
33. Building a source-based tree Set routing tables according to RPF forwarding Flood-and-Prune Prune= Send a prune message when a packet is received on a non-RPF interface or when there are no receivers downstream Prune message disables routing table entry
34. Pruning Prune message temporarily disables a routing table entry Effect : Removes a link from the multicast tree No multicast messages are sent on a pruned link Prune message is sent in response to a multicast packet Question: Why is routing table only temporarily disabled? Who sends prune messages? A router with no group members in its local network and no connection to other routers (sent on RPF interface) A router with no group members in its local network which has received a prune message on all non-RPF interfaces (sent on RPF interface) A router with group members which has received a packet from a non-RPF neighbor (to non-RPF neighbor)
35. Building a source-based tree When a receiver joins, one needs to re-activate a pruned routing table entry Grafting Sending a Graft message disables prune, and re-activates routing table entry.
36. Alternative method for building a source-based tree This only works if the receiver knows the source Explicit-Join Receiver sends a Join message to RPF neighbor Join message creates (S,G) routing table entry Join message is passed on
37. Building a core-based tree One route is the core Receiver sends a Join message to RPF neighbor with respect to core Join message creates (*, G) routing table entry
38. Building a core-based tree Source sends data to the core Core forwards data according to routing table entry
39. Multicast routing protocols in the Internet Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP): First multicast routing protocol Implements flood-and-prune Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF): Multicast extensions to OSPF. Each router calculates a shortest-path tree based on link state database Not widely used Core Based Tree (CBT): First core-based tree routing protocol Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM): Runs in two modes: PIM Dense Mode (PIM-DM) and PIM Sparse Mode (PIM-SM). PIM-DM builds source-based trees using flood-and-prune PIM-SM builds core-based trees as well as source-based trees with explicit joins.
40. PIM Messages (PIM version 2) Encapsulated in IP datagrams with protocol number 103. PIM messages can be sent as unicast or multicast packet 224.0.0.13 is reserved as the ALL-PIM-Routers group 8 Candidate-RP-Advertisement 7 Graft-Ack 6 Graft 5 Assert 4 Bootstrap 3 Join/Prune 2 Register-Stop 1 Register 0 Hello PIM-SM PIM-DM Type PIM-DM messages
42. PIM-SM: PIM Sparse Mode Core is called rendezvous-point (RP) Receivers know RP (statically configured or dynamically elected) When receiver joins, a Join message is sent to RP on RPF.
43. PIM-SM: PIM Sparse Mode Host H3 joins: Join message is only forwarded until the first router that is part of the core-based tree.
44. PIM-SM: Data transmission Source sends multicast packet to RP Packet is attached to an RP Register message When packet reaches RP, it is forwarded in the tree Also: RP sends a Join message on reverse path to S1
45. PIM-SM: Data transmission When Join messages reaches R1, it sends a native multicast packet to the RP (in addition to the packet attached to the register message)
46. PIM-SM: Data transmission When RP receives native multicast packet it sends a register stop message to R1. This message stops the transmission of register messages from R1.
47. PIM-SM: Switching to source-based tree When data to receivers exceeds a threshold, routers switch to a source-based tree This is done by sending an explicit join message to the source There may be duplicate packets being sent for some time
48. PIM-SM: Switching to source-based tree When data arrives from source (as opposed to RP), a Prune message is sent to the RPT Now: data is forwarded only along the shortest-path tree