specimen collection&handling,Lusubilo2012

Clinical pathology is the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids and tissues to diagnose disease. It involves collecting samples such as blood, urine, and tissues and analyzing them via techniques including virology, bacteriology, clinical chemistry, serology, and histology. Blood can be collected via arterial sampling, venipuncture, or fingerstick while urine is usually collected via clean-catch, catheterization, or suprapubic aspiration. Samples must be properly labeled and either immediately transported or preserved/refrigerated to maintain integrity for laboratory analysis and diagnosis.

This document provides guidelines for safely collecting urine and blood specimens. It outlines the personal protective equipment that should be worn to prevent transmission of pathogens when handling potentially infectious materials. Proper techniques are described for midstream urine collection, catheterized urine collection, blood collection via venipuncture, and transporting specimens in appropriate media. Adhering to safety, technique, and transport methods helps protect healthcare workers and ensures specimen viability for testing.

This document discusses the importance of blood cultures for diagnosing bloodborne pathogens and the need for optimal blood collection and culture methods. It outlines the current process for blood culture collection and identifies areas for improvement, including faster detection times and greater automation. New technologies like the BacT/AlerT 3D culture system aim to continuously monitor blood cultures and detect pathogens more quickly through non-invasive means.

Fungal specimens collection hair shaft, urine , body fluids, eye swabs, nails, sputum. specific methodology for staining.

This document provides definitions and information about clinical serology. It defines serology as the scientific study of blood serum and antigen-antibody reactions, especially for diagnostic identification of antibodies. The key difference between serum and plasma is that serum is obtained from clotted blood without anticoagulants, while plasma is obtained from anticoagulated blood and contains clotting factors. Serological tests are important for diagnosis of infectious diseases and conditions by detecting antibodies or antigens in serum. The document discusses terms used in serology like sensitivity, specificity, quantitative vs. qualitative tests, and seroconversion. It also provides information on serum and plasma separation methods, disposal of lab waste, and equipment used in serology labs.

A brief presentation on specimen collection and handling on some of the routine tests carried out in district hospitals in Malawi.

The VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) test is a screening test for syphilis that detects antibodies produced against antigens released by damaged host cells in patients infected with Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. It is a non-treponemal test that detects IgM and IgG antibodies. To perform the test, serum is heated to inactivate inhibitors and then mixed with cardiolipin antigen on a slide. Under a microscope, clumping or agglutination indicates a reactive or positive result, while a homogeneous suspension indicates a non-reactive or negative result. The VDRL test is useful for syphilis screening but must be confirmed with a treponemal-

The document discusses the proper procedures for collecting, transporting, and processing microbiological specimens to accurately identify infectious agents, noting that specimens must be representative of the infection, collected and transported aseptically, and processed promptly in the laboratory to identify causative organisms and guide treatment. Close communication between clinicians and the microbiology lab is important to select the appropriate tests and properly interpret results.

A properly collected and handled specimen is critical to quality test results. Test Information Sheets provide comprehensive instructions, including: Type of specimen to collect Collection kit and requisition Special requirements Specimen handling Test methodology and links to relevant Labstracts Turnaround times

Specimen collection and proper waste management are critical in microbiology. Specimens must be obtained and transported carefully to minimize contamination and ensure viability. Proper containers and labeling are required. Microbiological waste includes sharps, solids and liquids and must be disposed of safely through methods like incineration, autoclaving, or encapsulation using appropriate containers. Laboratories should follow guidelines for collection, transport, and disposal to obtain accurate results and protect health.

Laboratory safety rules are a major aspect of every clinical lab. Each student in clinical laboratory must follow specific safety rules and procedures.

Blood can be obtained through venous or capillary puncture for laboratory testing. Venous puncture from the median cubital vein is preferred as it provides a large, undiluted sample for many tests. The procedure involves selecting and cleaning the vein site, inserting the needle at a 30-35 degree angle, collecting blood in an anticoagulant tube, and applying pressure to stop bleeding. Capillary puncture from the finger or heel is an alternative for small volume tests, but carries a higher risk of erroneous results due to dilution or contamination of the sample. Proper patient identification, aseptic technique, and disposal of sharps are important to perform both procedures safely.

To maximize sensitivity of diagnostic testing, specimens should be stored frozen at -70°C and shipped on dry ice, with some exceptions. Specimens that will be evaluated within 1-2 days can be refrigerated at 4°C. Fixed tissues can be stored and shipped at room temperature. Blood specimens should not be stored overnight. Proper storage temperatures help preserve specimens until testing.

Molecular detection of pathogens (molecular microbiology) is a new, dynamic and progressive spinoff of classic microbiology. It plays an important role in those clinical situations when standard microbiology (relying on the successful cultivation of potential pathogens) produces suboptimal results or completely fails. OR Modern approach for identification and quantification of microorganisms (pathogens) in the diagnostics of infections or foodborne illness using molecular microbiology. Broadest range of available tests and tailor-made packages.

This document discusses various epidemiological marker typing methods used to differentiate bacterial strains, including serotyping, bacteriocin typing, and colicin typing. Serotyping is based on antigenic differences expressed on bacterial cell surfaces and has good reproducibility but poor discriminatory power. Bacteriocin typing examines bacteriocin production and susceptibility patterns to distinguish strains. It has fair reproducibility and discriminatory power but some strains are non-typeable. Colicin typing specifically examines colicin production in E. coli strains using a spot culture method with indicator strains. These typing methods can help epidemiological studies and hospital infection control.

This document provides an introduction to blood collection, including the importance of proper techniques and safety precautions. It discusses the learning objectives, which focus on correct collection methods, specimen integrity, and quality assurance. Types of specimens that can be collected include whole blood, plasma, serum, and differences between them. Anticoagulants prevent clotting to obtain certain specimens. Venous blood is preferred but arterial or capillary can also be collected with proper training and procedures.

This document provides guidance on collecting, handling, and transporting specimens for laboratory diagnosis of animal diseases. It discusses the purposes of collecting samples, such as for direct examination, isolation of microorganisms, serological and molecular testing. Key steps include using proper protective equipment, collecting sufficient samples before treatment, using sterile containers, maintaining cold chain transport, and providing epidemiological information. A checklist is provided for field sample collection kits and samples that should always be collected from various tissues and body fluids. Proper handling and rapid transport of samples to the laboratory is emphasized.

This document provides an introduction to genomics and proteomics. It begins with definitions of genetics and genomics, noting that genomics studies large-scale genetic patterns across genomes. Prokaryotes like bacteria have small genomes contained in a single DNA molecule, while eukaryotes have larger, more complex genomes with chromosomes. Model organisms discussed include yeast, nematodes, fruit flies, plants, and humans. The human genome is around 3 billion base pairs distributed across chromosomes, with only around 5% consisting of coding sequences. Gene expression is also examined, along with how regulatory regions control gene expression in response to conditions.

This document provides information on laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections. It discusses specimen collection and various examination techniques including microscopic examination of stool, blood, and biopsy samples. Wet mount examination, concentration methods, staining techniques, and culture methods are described to detect parasites, eggs, larvae, cysts or other structures. Examination of different specimens helps diagnose infections caused by protozoa, helminths, and other parasites. Serologic tests like indirect haemagglutination, fluorescent antibody, and indirect fluorescent antibody tests are also used for diagnosis of certain parasitic diseases.

This document discusses the challenges of handling social science data and potential responses. It describes the types of social science data, including large surveys, longitudinal studies, administrative data, and qualitative data. Three main challenges are identified: researchers lack skills for complex analysis, data processing lacks coordination, and incentives are needed for documentation. Potential responses include training programs, collaborative online services, and tools to facilitate data organization, standardization, linking, and modeling.

Presentations focused on materials and documentation that should be saved in order to prepare data file from a survey for secondary use. Some hints were given on how to label items, code missing values, organize folder structure etc. Additionally to clean dataset, documentation on data level, following internationally accepted DDI specification, could be prepared using Colectica for Excel or Nesstar Publisher. Event was one of Foster Cessda training events for doctoral students. Related link: https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/project/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=23&Itemid=104 Abstract: https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/event/research-data-management-and-open-data-0