The document discusses solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste and their effects. It describes concepts of waste management including reduce, reuse and recycle. Methods of solid waste storage, collection, transport, disposal and technologies are explained. Recommendations are made to improve waste management through increased public awareness, prohibiting littering, and moving from open dumping to sanitary landfilling.
The document discusses different classifications and types of solid waste. It defines solid waste as any useless, discarded, unwanted material that is not a liquid or gas. Solid waste can be classified based on its source (residential, commercial, institutional, municipal, industrial, agricultural), composition (organic, recyclable, inert), and characteristics. Municipal solid waste typically consists of household waste, construction debris, and waste from streets. It is also classified according to physical and chemical properties into categories like refuse, rubbish, garbage, bulky waste, and hazardous waste. The composition of solid waste varies depending on socioeconomic factors and can include materials like organics, paper, plastics, metals, and glass.
The document discusses sewage treatment processes. It defines sewage as waste water from communities containing excreta and waste water. Sewage treatment involves primary, secondary, and tertiary processes. Primary treatment separates solids through screens and sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses bacteria to break down dissolved biological matter through trickling filters or activated sludge. Tertiary treatment further treats biosolids before disposal and disinfection of treated water. The goal is to purify sewage to acceptable standards before releasing it or reuse.
This document discusses hazardous waste management. It defines hazardous waste and lists its sources such as chemical, petroleum, metal, and leather industries. Hazardous wastes are classified based on their ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity. The rules and regulations for hazardous waste specify responsibilities for generators and transporters for preparation, manifests, and record keeping. Transportation of hazardous waste requires packing and labeling, and storage facilities are used temporarily before treatment and disposal. The management strategy includes waste minimization, various treatment methods like physical, chemical, and biological, incineration, solidification, and finally disposal in landfills or by deep well injection.
The document discusses solid waste collection in Dhaka City. It defines waste collection as the transfer of solid waste from the point of use to treatment or disposal. The main types of solid waste in Dhaka are household, commercial, and medical waste. Waste is collected by Dhaka City Corporation and some private societies. Collection systems are classified based on availability of service and mode of operation. The most common systems in Dhaka are house-to-house and community bins. Problems with the current collection system include unskilled labor, vehicle issues, and challenges with on-street containers. Improving the skills of labor and developing more efficient collection routes could help address some of these problems.
seminar presentation ppt on solid waste managementGulshan Kumar
This document discusses solid waste management in India. It defines different types of waste and how waste is classified. It notes that India generates over 7 million tons of hazardous waste annually. The sources of municipal solid waste are households, commerce, industry, and agriculture. Waste generation is growing rapidly as populations and economies grow. Current waste collection in India is inadequate. The document discusses various options for waste disposal and management, including sanitary landfilling, composting, incineration, and recycling. It outlines the benefits of reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. The problems associated with poor solid waste management are also mentioned.
Solid waste includes any discarded material from households, businesses, industries, hospitals and other sources. It can be solid, liquid, semi-solid or contained gases. The document discusses the different sources and types of solid waste as well as methods for managing and disposing of solid waste, including landfilling, biological processing, recycling, and ocean dumping. It emphasizes the importance of the 3R's (reduce, reuse, recycle) and highlights some of the negative impacts of improper solid waste management, such as the large amount of hazardous waste generated in India each year.
The document discusses landfills as a technique for solid waste disposal. It provides an overview of landfill components and design, including the essential components of landfills, what happens to waste in landfills, reactions that occur, advantages and disadvantages, environmental concerns and requirements, landfill classification and types, site selection criteria, and design considerations.
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous materials that are discarded after use. Solid wastes include domestic, commercial, and industrial trash like plastics, paper, and metal. Liquid wastes include sewage and wastewater from industrial processes. Wastes are also classified as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, or non-hazardous. Improper waste disposal impacts human health through pollution and disease, and harms animals, aquatic life, and the environment. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle can help mitigate waste and its harmful effects.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists of everyday items discarded by the public. MSW generation is rapidly increasing worldwide due to population growth and increased consumption. Traditional waste disposal methods are no longer viable. This document discusses the nature and management of MSW in India. It outlines key challenges facing MSW management in India and explores various technical solutions for processing MSW, including composting, biomethanation, gasification, refuse derived fuel production, and waste-to-energy. Private sector involvement is growing in MSW management across India.
Impact of Solid waste on Health and Environmenttabirsir
Solid waste comes from industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural, and community activities. It includes garbage, refuse, sludge, and other discarded materials. Improper management and disposal of solid waste can negatively impact human health, animals, aquatic life, and the environment. As populations and economies grow, more waste is produced which can pollute soil, water, and air if not handled properly. Common health issues from exposure to solid waste include chemical poisoning, increased risk of cancer and disease, and toxicity from heavy metals in contaminated food or water sources. The environment is also harmed through greenhouse gas emissions, destruction of habitats, and pollution of land, rivers, and oceans. Proper treatment and disposal methods like incineration, land
This seminar discusses air pollution, its causes, effects, and methods of control. It defines air pollution and lists major air pollutants like carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter. Air pollution arises from natural and man-made sources such as industries. It affects human health, animals, vegetation and the environment. The document outlines five processes to control particulate pollutants - settling chambers, cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, baghouses and filters, and scrubbers. For gaseous pollutants, absorption, adsorption and combustion are used. Standards for ambient air quality and vehicular emissions in India are also mentioned. In conclusion, appropriate control devices and processes can help remove pollutants
Describes Solid Waste Classification, Characteristics, Process, Treatment Methods, Disposal Methods, 3R Principles, Advantages and Limitation of each Disposal Method, Case Study of Indore City
Waste management involves the collection, transport, treatment, and disposal of waste, as well as monitoring and regulation. It also includes the legal framework around guidance for recycling. Modern concepts of waste management focus on reducing, reusing, and recycling waste over disposal. Improper waste management can lead to environmental contamination of air, soil, surface water and groundwater. It can also negatively impact public health and the economy. However, proper waste management through recycling saves resources, prevents pollution, and creates jobs and economic opportunities.
Industrial waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, and disposal of waste materials generated by industrial operations. There are two main types of industrial waste - hazardous wastes that pose risks to health and the environment, and non-hazardous wastes similar to household waste. Common techniques for managing industrial waste include landfilling, incineration, and deep well injection. More effective strategies are the 4Rs approach of reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover, as well as industrial symbiosis where wastes from one company become resources for another. Eco-industrial parks also encourage collaboration between businesses to minimize waste and pollution.
The document discusses the 3 R principles of waste management - reduce, reuse, and recycle. It defines each principle and provides examples. Reduce means not producing unnecessary waste in the first place. Reuse involves using an item again without processing, like donating or selling second-hand items. Recycling turns waste materials into new products, saving resources. The document provides tips for reducing, reusing, and lists many items that can be recycled like paper, plastic, electronics, and construction waste. It concludes that reducing waste is important to save money and resources and protect the environment.
Waste management is an important issue due to the large amounts of waste generated worldwide from various sources such as homes, businesses, industries, and agriculture. Waste can be classified based on its physical state as solid, liquid, or gaseous, and as biodegradable or non-biodegradable. The management of different types of waste such as municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, biomedical waste, e-waste, and liquid waste presents different challenges. An ideal waste management system aims to minimize waste generation and maximize resource recovery through methods like reducing, reusing, recycling, and proper treatment and disposal.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid wastes as all wastes generated from human and animal activities that are normally solid and discarded as useless or unwanted. Solid waste management aims to control the generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a sustainable manner. It involves technical, economic, social and political considerations. The key elements of solid waste management systems discussed are waste generation and handling, collection, separation and processing, transfer and transport, and disposal. Landfilling remains the most common method of disposal but there are increasing efforts to promote waste reduction, recycling and transformation through composting or combustion.
Integrated Solid Waste Management - Managing waste an environmentally sustainable, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Indian Cities including collection, transportation, processing and final disposal.
It also provides details on designing a collection system, procedure for composting, RDF and Sanitary Landfill.
Classification of waste and storage methodsHamsa Sam Sam
This document defines different types of waste and provides guidelines for proper waste storage and segregation. It identifies municipal solid waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, hazardous waste, and nuclear waste as the main types of waste. It emphasizes the importance of proper waste storage by source and recommends buckets, plastic bins, and metal bins for storage. The document provides specific guidelines for waste segregation and storage based on the waste source, such as households, multi-story buildings, shops, hotels, markets, construction sites, and gardens.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It defines different types of waste and how they are classified. Municipal solid waste, biomedical waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, fishery waste, radioactive waste, and e-waste are some of the key sources and types discussed. Technologies for processing, treating, and disposing of solid waste are also examined, including composting, vermicomposting, waste-to-energy, anaerobic digestion, incineration, pyrolysis, landfilling, and the waste hierarchy of reduce, reuse, and recycle. The magnitude of India's waste problem is highlighted, noting increasing waste generation rates and impacts on health, environment and climate if not managed properly.
Waste management refers to the collection, transportation, and disposal of various types of waste, including solid and liquid hazardous and non-hazardous waste. It involves waste collection, transportation to disposal sites, segregation, recycling, and minimization efforts. Bangalore generates around 8,000 tonnes of solid waste and 300 million litres of liquid waste daily, with 60% being transported for disposal through burning or burying, 15% recycled, and controlling the remaining waste. Hazardous wastes, which are ignitable, corrosive, reactive and toxic, are generated from industries like pharmaceuticals and chemicals as well as hospitals and can harm human and other living organisms.
Garbage, also known as municipal solid waste, includes household, commercial, and industrial waste. It can be categorized as biodegradable, recyclable, inert, composite, and hazardous waste. Garbage poses environmental issues such as contaminating groundwater and using up landfill space. Many countries are trying to reduce waste through reuse, recycling, composting, and education programs to lessen these impacts. The United Arab Emirates generates a high amount of municipal solid waste per capita due to factors like population growth and lack of awareness, but is taking steps like privatization and recycling programs to minimize its effects.
- Mumbai generates over 10,000 metric tons of waste per day which is increasing with population growth.
- There are only three existing landfill sites for Mumbai that are nearing the end of their operational life.
- One of the major challenges for waste management in Mumbai is the shortage of landfill space due to the huge amount of waste generated daily.
This document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Indore, India. It finds that while Indore Municipal Corporation collects around 900 tons of waste daily, only 400 tons are processed with the remainder disposed in landfills. Issues identified include a lack of segregation, insufficient waste infrastructure, and a need for improved worker safety and transportation. The study forecasts that waste will nearly double by 2021. It recommends improved community involvement in segregation and reduction efforts as well as enhanced municipal infrastructure and monitoring to develop a more sustainable waste management system.
Govardhan Eco Village (GEV) is an attempt to highlight the importance of living in harmony with nature through sustainable construction practices. To comply with green building norms, GEV preserved the landscape during construction, optimized energy and water usage, and sourced over 90% of materials locally to reduce carbon footprint. GEV also utilized natural insulation and a green sewage system called Soil Biotechnology that recovers 95% of water for reuse while integrating with natural cycles. Construction waste was reused to create permanent raised beds for rice and vegetable cultivation.
The document discusses wastewater management and treatment. It describes how wastewater contains pollutants and needs to be treated before discharge. The treatment process typically involves primary, secondary, and sometimes tertiary steps. Primary treatment removes solids through screens and sedimentation. Secondary treatment uses microbes to break down organic matter, often through activated sludge treatment or trickling filters. Tertiary treatment can further remove nutrients and pathogens through methods like filtration or disinfection. The goal of treatment is to make wastewater safe to release into the environment while minimizing environmental impacts.
The document discusses waste management at Govardhan Eco Village, a farm community located 110km from Mumbai. It describes how the integrated waste management system recycles both organic and inorganic waste. Organic waste from food, humans, animals and foliage is converted into compost, biogas or mulch. Inorganic waste such as plastics, construction materials and packaging is reused for agriculture, energy or products. The eco village aims to present a sustainable living model through community living and education in traditional sciences.
This document discusses contemporary human resource management (HRM) practices. It begins by stating that HR is the most important asset for achieving competitive advantage. It then discusses insights into HR, including that attracting and retaining talent is critical in today's dynamic business environment. The document outlines different types of HRM practices like employment security and self-managed teams. It also discusses factors that affect HRM practices, both internal factors like organization structure, and external factors like legislation and globalization. The document claims that effective HRM practices can enhance organizational performance. It provides examples of contemporary practices used by different organizations and concludes that HRM practices should be regularly analyzed and updated based on employee feedback.
Carbonation is a chemical process where atmospheric carbon dioxide reacts with compounds in concrete, like calcium hydroxide, to form calcium carbonate, reducing the pH of concrete. This reaction exposes the reinforcing steel to corrosion. The depth of carbonation depends on factors like CO2 concentration, concrete pore structure, and relative humidity. Carbonation can be tested by using phenolphthalein solution, which changes color at pH 9.2, indicating the boundary between carbonated and uncarbonated concrete. Protective coatings can prevent further carbonation by providing a barrier to water and CO2 ingress.
This document provides an overview of waste management. It begins with definitions of waste and discusses the history of waste disposal from ancient times to the present. It describes the different types of waste including solid waste, sewage, and sullage. Methods of solid waste storage, collection, and disposal are outlined including dumping, controlled tipping, incineration, composting, and others. The Bangalore and mechanical methods of composting are explained in detail.
Powerpoint presentation.
This is a ppt for safe diposal of waste. It basically talks about 4 methods:
-> Segregation of Waste
-> Dumping/Landfills
-> Composting of Wate
-> Drainage
It also provides the various methods and explanatory diagram
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling, or disposal of unwanted materials. Sources of waste include households, agriculture, fisheries, commerce, and industry. Objectives of solid waste management are public health, reuse, recycling, energy generation, and sustainable development. Improper waste management can negatively impact health, socioeconomics, the environment, and climate through pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Wastes are classified and different types require specific treatment and disposal methods like composting, landfilling, incineration, and secure landfilling for hazardous and biomedical waste.
This proposal discusses solid waste management in three key areas:
1) It defines solid waste and discusses its sources and impacts. Improper management poses risks like bacterial contamination, toxic contamination, and air pollution.
2) It outlines objectives to improve solid waste management including achieving 90% waste collection efficiency within 30 months through monitoring, coordination, and facilitating improved practices.
3) It discusses several solid waste management methods like recycling, composting, and sanitary landfilling and their environmental benefits compared to open dumping and burning. The proposal is presented to a professor and seeks to improve local solid waste management over three years.
The document discusses the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003) in the Philippines, which aims to reduce solid waste through minimization efforts and proper treatment and disposal of waste. It emphasizes recycling, reuse, and composting to minimize waste problems. The law also gives local governments an important role in providing solid waste management and requires participation from various community organizations.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT at KALUTHARA(KALUTHARA URBAN COUNCIL)
A presentation Done by the 1st Year Students (Group 2) of the Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura for the Environmental Chemistry Assignment..
This document summarizes key aspects of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (R.A. 9003). It establishes a National Solid Waste Management Commission and National Ecology Center to oversee solid waste management. It also creates Solid Waste Management Boards to prepare management plans and close open dumpsites. The law promotes reduce, reuse, recycle practices and assigns roles to local governments, private entities, and non-governmental organizations in waste disposal. It imposes fees on waste generators and fines for non-compliance.
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000(RA 9003 )Jan Del Rosario
RA 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, provides the legal framework for solid waste management in the Philippines. It mandates local governments to implement comprehensive solid waste management programs, including waste segregation, recycling, and conversion of dumpsites to sanitary landfills. The law also establishes institutions like the National Solid Waste Management Commission to oversee its implementation. However, weaknesses include lack of funding support from the national government, lack of technical capability at the local level to develop waste management plans, and insufficient political will among some local officials to fully carry out the law.
This document summarizes waste management issues in Pakistan. It categorizes different types of waste and identifies hazardous waste. It discusses problems with waste collection and disposal from hospitals and municipalities. Waste is often burned openly or dumped in improperly designed landfills, polluting the environment. The role of local governments in waste management is outlined, though capacity is limited. It concludes more attention and education is needed from the government to adopt best practices that reduce, reuse, and recycle waste.
The document summarizes the key aspects of Republic Act No. 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. It establishes the National Solid Waste Management Commission to oversee the implementation of solid waste management policies. Local government units are primarily responsible for waste management in their jurisdictions based on 10-year management plans. The law mandates waste segregation at the source and prohibits open dumping, providing penalties for non-compliance. It also creates incentives and a special fund to finance solid waste management programs.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste like municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, biomedical waste, and their effects. It describes concepts of waste management like reduce, reuse, recycle (3Rs) and the waste hierarchy. Methods of solid waste management include storage, collection, transport, disposal through sanitary landfilling, composting and incineration. Technologies like GPS and cameras are being used to improve efficiency. Laws related to waste management in India are also mentioned.
Dr. Nirbhaysudhir Pimple of the Department of Zoology at Abasaheb Garware College defines different types of waste and their management. Solid waste includes garbage, rubbish, demolition waste and more. Improper waste management can lead to health issues and environmental impacts. The 3Rs - reduce, reuse, recycle - should be followed. Various methods of waste collection, transportation, and disposal are discussed, including landfilling, composting, and more advanced techniques using technologies like RFID. Laws and policies related to waste management in India are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of solid waste, its types and effects. It discusses municipal, industrial, biomedical and hazardous wastes. The concepts of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and waste management approaches like storage, collection, transport, disposal and technologies are covered. The methods of disposal include dumping, landfilling, incineration and composting. Recommendations include improving public awareness, prohibiting littering, and transitioning from open dumping to sanitary landfilling.
This document discusses different types of solid waste and methods for managing solid waste. It defines solid waste and lists various categories. It then covers concepts for managing solid waste like the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) and different methods of collection, transport, and disposal such as landfilling, composting, and incineration. New technologies and recommendations for improving solid waste management are also mentioned.
Seminar on solid waste disposal by prashant ilpateprashantilpate
This document discusses solid waste disposal and management. It defines solid waste and describes its types and sources. Municipal solid waste and biomedical waste are discussed in more detail. The effects of solid waste include health hazards if not properly managed. Methods of solid waste management include reducing, refusing, and recycling waste (3R approach). Other methods covered are storage, collection, transport, disposal techniques like dumping, landfilling and incineration. The document also discusses zero waste systems and waste management policies and recommendations.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste and sources of waste. The three main types are household waste, industrial waste, and biomedical waste. Effective waste management involves proper storage, collection, transport, recycling, and disposal. Challenges of improper waste management include health hazards from disease outbreaks. Modern technologies can help improve waste collection efficiency. Public awareness and private sector involvement are needed for better solid waste management.
Biodegradable waste comes from many sources and includes household, medical, agricultural, industrial, and construction waste. It is classified as non-hazardous or solid waste and hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks like pollution and disease. Effective management involves reducing, reusing, recycling, and disposing of waste safely through methods like composting, incineration, and landfilling. Segregation and proper storage, collection, transport, and treatment are important for reducing waste impacts.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and classifies it based on origin and properties. It describes the composition of refuse and different collection methods. The effects of solid waste are explained along with various management approaches like the 3Rs and different disposal methods including landfilling, incineration, composting, and more. Recommendations are provided around improving management through public awareness, prohibiting littering, and increasing waste collection. Finally, key legal provisions governing solid waste handling and management in India are outlined.
How our communities collect waste and recyclablesJhaPratik
This document discusses different types of waste, how communities collect waste and recyclables, and the importance of recycling. It outlines five main types of waste - organic, hazardous, solid, liquid, and recyclable. It then describes three methods of waste collection: household, neighborhood, and community. The document emphasizes that recycling saves resources and energy, reduces pollution and landfill use, and notes that paper, plastic, metal, glass and other materials can all be recycled to produce new products.
Solid waste pollution occurs when solid waste contaminates the environment. There are different types of solid waste including municipal, industrial, and toxic waste. Municipal waste comes from households while industrial waste comes from factories. Toxic waste includes materials from hospitals and laboratories. Methods to manage solid waste include reducing, reusing, and recycling materials (the 3Rs), composting, landfilling, and incineration. The Philippines implements various technologies and programs to control solid waste pollution through government agencies, private sectors, and communities in accordance with the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.
The document discusses waste management in the hotel industry. It defines waste and its composition. It describes the key aspects of waste management as waste minimization, recycling, processing, and disposal. It discusses various waste minimization techniques, recycling processes, processing methods like composting and biogas production, and disposal technologies like landfilling and incineration. Effective waste management ensures conservation of resources, prevention of pollution, and potential energy recovery from waste.
Solid waste management current risk and future remedies.towfique12345
This document discusses solid waste management, current risks, and future remedies. It defines solid waste and describes its types and sources. Improper management of solid waste poses health and environmental risks. The concepts of reduce, reuse, and recycle (3Rs) are important for waste management. Effective management involves storage, collection, transport, disposal, and monitoring. Current risks include unhygienic conditions from open dumping. Future remedies include improving efficiency through public awareness programs and enforcing laws against littering. Transitioning from open dumping to sanitary landfilling can help reduce environmental and health impacts.
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. Solid waste includes household garbage and industrial hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks through disease transmission and pollution. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle aims to lessen waste. Common waste disposal methods include landfilling, incineration, compaction, biogas generation from organic materials, and composting of organic matter to produce manure. Proper waste handling and treatment helps protect public health and the environment.
This document provides an overview of different types of waste, sources of waste, and approaches to waste management. It discusses solid waste, liquid waste, hazardous waste, biomedical waste, and e-waste. For each type of waste, it outlines generation sources, health and environmental impacts, and management strategies like reduction, collection, treatment and disposal. It notes that waste management in India faces challenges like lack of segregation, expertise, funding, and community participation. Proper waste handling requires coordinated efforts from individuals, local governments and improved infrastructure.
This document summarizes different methods of waste disposal, including controlled tipping (sanitary landfilling), composting, incineration, manure pits, and burial. It first defines waste and classifies it based on source and nature. Controlled tipping involves compacting waste into trenches, ramps, or areas and covering it daily. Composting uses mechanical, Bangalore, or windrow methods to decompose organic waste into fertilizer over months. Incineration burns waste under controlled conditions to reduce its volume and recover energy. Manure pits and burial are used by individual households.
Sources of waste can be broadly classified into four types: Industrial, Commercial, Domestic, and Agricultural.
Industrial Waste. These are the wastes created in factories and industries. ...
Commercial Waste. Commercial wastes are produced in schools, colleges, shops, and offices. ...
Domestic Waste. ...
Agricultural Waste.
The document discusses various types of waste and waste management methods. It describes hazardous waste as highly toxic waste and non-hazardous waste as other municipal and household waste. Various disposal methods are discussed, including landfills, incineration, recycling, biological reprocessing, and energy recovery from waste.
This document discusses different methods of solid waste and sewage disposal. It defines solid waste and sewage and identifies their sources. Methods of solid waste disposal discussed include dumping, landfills, composting, and incineration. Landfills can be improved by making them sanitary and controlled. Composting and recycling are better options. Sewage disposal methods include pit latrines, flush toilets, and aqua privies. The role of community health nurses in educating about proper waste disposal and preventing disease transmission is also covered.
Municipal solid waste management has evolved significantly over time. Early cities simply threw waste into streets, while now collection, processing, recycling and disposal are integrated. Sources of municipal solid waste include homes, businesses and some industrial sites, excluding hazardous, construction, sewage or agricultural waste. Waste is classified as wet (food) or dry (plastics, paper). Management strategies include reducing waste, recycling materials like metal and glass, and disposing of remaining waste through sanitary landfills or incineration. Vermicomposting is a natural alternative that uses worms to break down organic waste into nutrient-rich soil.
Emergency response preparedness for Monsoon in humanitarian response.Mohammed Nizam
Emergency Preparedness for Monsoon presentation will help to know the protection risks due to heavy monsoon in refugee camps, emergency response plan, anticipatory action plan, challenges for monsoon and mitigation measures.
Growth and yield performance of red Okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) applied wit...Open Access Research Paper
The study was conducted to determine the effect of different foliar fertilizers on the growth and yield performance of red okra and specifically, the study aimed to determine the response of red okra in terms of: plant height (cm), number of fruits, length (cm) of fruits, weight (g) of fruits per plant; the yield in (kg) per hectare and return on investment. The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used in the study with four treatments and replicated four (4) times. The experimental treatments were as follows: T1 (control); T2 (Golden crop multi-NPK 12-2-44); T3 (Malago solid foliar fertilizer); and T4 (Yield master-crop growth enhancer 15-15-30+ME master). The result of the study did not show significant differences in plant height, but significantly different in terms of number of fruit, length of fruit, yield per hectare weight of fruits and yield per hectare sprayed with different foliar fertilizers was observed. Results of the study on plants sprayed with Foliar 3 (15-15-30+ME) T4 produces the longest average length (cm), heaviest weight (g) of fruits, and highest in yield per hectare and with the highest return on investment of 168.73%. The result of the study, on the application of foliar fertilizer Yield master-crop growth enhancer 15-15-30+ME to red okra is recommended to farmers within the locality. However, similar study using other vegetable crops should be conducted for more reliable and conclusive results.
Profitability and efficiency analyses of organic temperate vegetable producti...Open Access Research Paper
This research analyzed the profitability and efficiency of organic temperate vegetable production through the supply chain approach. Survey, key informant interviews, participant observation and archival research were used to gather data. Thirty eight (38) producers and 11 traders in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), Region III and Region IVA served as respondents. Descriptive statistics, cost and return analysis and efficiency analysis were used to analyze research results. The emergence of new breeds of players makes the marketing channel of organic vegetables in the CAR complex compared to a simpler, more modern and integrated chain in the regions outside of the CAR. The six key players in the marketing of organic vegetables are the cooperative, assembler-wholesaler-retailer, assembler-wholesaler, assembler- retailer, retailer and institutional buyers. Returns to total expenses were highest for native cucumber, cauliflower, Japanese spinach, broccoli and lettuce ranging from 100 percent to 235 percent. Native cucumber, cauliflower, Japanese spinach, broccoli, French beans, and lettuce give higher profits to farmers ranging from 49.00 pesos to 71.00 pesos per kilogram. The production of cabbage, native cucumber, cauliflower, Japanese spinach, broccoli, French beans, and lettuce requires low capital, labor and land use intensity indicating high efficiency. Value chain and marketing margin analyses show cost and margin differentials across players and across geographic locations indicating variations in the distribution of benefits among key actors. With the premium price that organic products command and the low capitalization, land and labor utilization needed, organic temperate vegetable production is profitable and efficient which determine its sustainability in the long run.
2. Introduction to waste and types
Solid waste
Types of solid waste
Effects of solid waste
Waste management concept
Concept of 3R
solid waste management
storage
collection
waste handling and transport
method of disposal
Technology
Zero waste system
Recommendation
3. It is defined as
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse,
garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless
materials.
OR
Any materials unused and rejected as
worthless or unwanted and “A useless or profile
less activity using or expanding or consuming
thoughtlessly or carefully.”
5. It is defined as
“ non liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that
contain complex & sometimes hazardous
substances”
Solid waste also include
Garbage
Rubbish
Demolition products
Sewage treatment residue
Dead animals
Manure and other discarded material.
-- Per capita solid waste out put 0.25-2.5 Kg/day
6. Agriculture
Fisheries
Household
Commerce and industry
7. Broadly there are 3 types of waste
which as follows
1. Household waste as municipal waste
2. Industrial waste as hazardous waste
3.Biomedical waste or hospital waste as
infectious waste
8. Municipal solid waste consist of---
household waste
construction and demolition debris
sanitation residue
waste from streets
With rising urbanization and change in life
style and food habits ,the amount of
municipal solid waste has been increasing
rapidly and its composition changing.
10. Industrial and hospital waste is considered
hazardous as they may contain toxic substances
Hazardous waste could be highly toxic to
humans, animals and plants. They are
- corrosive
- highly inflammable or explosive
In the industrial sector the major generators of
hazardous waste are the metal’ chemical’
paper, pesticide, dye and rubber goods
industries.
Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste
such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal
11. Bio-medical waste means “Any waste which
is generated during the diagnosis, treatment
or immunization of human beings or animals
or in research activities pertaining thereto or
in the production or testing of biological”
-Bio-medical waste rules ,1998
It may includes wastes like sharp waste,
pathological waste, pharmaceutical waste,
genotoxic waste, chemical waste, and
radioactive waste etc.
12. A:Health hazard
If solid waste are not collected and allowed
to accumulate , they may create unsanitary
conditions.
This may lead to epidemic outbreaks .
Many diseases like cholera. Diarrhea,
dysentery, plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal
diseases may spread and cause loss
of human lives.
13. In addition improper handling of the solid
wastes ,a health hazard for the workers who
come in direct contact with the waste.
B: Environmental impact
If the solid wastes are not treated properly
decomposition and putrefaction( decay) may
take place .
The organic solid waste during decomposition
may generate obnozious (intolerable odour)
14. The 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) to be
followed for waste management.
15. Disposable goods: paper plate, paper bowl,
Styrofoam cup, plastic spoon, roll of paper
towels, paper napkin; Durable goods:
ceramic/plastic plate, metal spoon,
glass/plastic drinking cup,
dish towel, cloth napkin)
Recovery of one tonne paper can save 17
trees.
16. Instead of buying new containers from the
market, use the ones that are in the house.
Don’t through away the soft drink can or
bottle cover them with home made paper or
paint on them and use them as pencil stands
or small vases.
17. Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute
which can be used over and over
19. There are a number of concepts about waste
management which vary in their usage between
countries or regions. Some of the most general,
widely used concepts include:
1. Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to
the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify
waste management strategies according to their
desirability in terms of waste minimization. The
waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most
waste minimization strategies.
• The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the
maximum practical benefits from products and to
generate the minimum amount of waste .
21. Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays
Principle is a principle where the polluting
party pays for the impact caused to the
environment. With respect to waste
management, this generally refers to the
requirement for a waste generator to pay for
appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable
material.
22. Waste management is the
storage
collection
transport and handling
recycling
disposal and monitoring of waste materials.
23. Storage:
- Galvanized steel dust bin
- Paper sack
- Public bins
24. Collection
- House-to-house collection
- Collection from the public bins
25. Waste handling and separation involves
activities associated with waste management
until the waste is placed in storage
containers for collection. Handling also
encompasses the movement of loaded
containers to the point of collection.
waste is transferred from a smaller
collection vehicle to larger transport
equipment
26. Recycling refers to the collection and
refuse of waste materials such as empty
beverage container.
The materials from which the items are
made can be processed into new
products.
Materials for recycling may be collected
separately from general waste using
dedicated bins.
28. Public hygiene and health.
Reuse, recovery and recycle
Energy generation
Sustainable development
Aesthetics
29. Low lying areas.
Mainly for dry refuses
Kolkata disposes by this
method and reclaimed land
given for cultivation.
Unsanitary method
- Exposed to flies and rodents
- Nuisance
- Dispersed by wind
- pollution of surface water
30. Satisfactory method
- Material placed in a trench
- compacted with earth at the end of the
working day.
Modified sanitary land fill-where compaction
and covering are accomplished once or twice
a week.
31. 3 Methods
1. Trench method
2. Ramp method
3. Area method
Refuse is compacted on its exposed surface
with excavated earth (30 cm).
32. Long trench of 6-10 feet deep and12-36 feet
wide.
Refuse is compacted and covered with
excavated earth.
Refuse is filled up to 6 feet.
It is estimated one acre of land per year for
10,000 population.
RAMP METHOD: suited where the terrain is
moderately slopping.
33. Used for filling land depressions, disused
quarries and clay pits.
Refuse is deposited, packed and consolidated
in uniform layers for 6-8 feet.
Each layer is sealed with a mud cover at
least 12 inches.
Sealing prevents infestation by flies and
rodents.
Prevents nuisance of smell and dust.
34. Changes
- Chemical
- Bacteriological
- Physical
The temperature rises to over 60 deg. C
within 7 days and kills all pathogens and
hastens the decomposition process.
It takes 4 to 6 months for complete
decomposition.
38. it is a disposal method in which solid organic
wastes are subjected to combustion so as to
convert them into residue and gaseous products.
This process reduces the volumes of solid waste
to 20-30% of the original volume.
Also described as thermal treatment
Where land is not available
Hospital waste
39. Method of combined disposal of refuse and
night soil/ sludge
Principal by products are: CO2 , Water and
heat
End product- compost
Methods
a. Bangalore method
b. Mechanical composting
c. Vermicomposting
41. IISc- Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Trenches are dug 3ft deep, 5-8ft broad, 15-30ft
long.
Composting procedure
- 1. Layer of Refuse- 15 cm
- 2. Layer of Night soil – 5 cm
Physical, chemical and biological changes takes
place
42. Compost manufactured by processing raw
materials.
1. Screening
2. Pulverization (<2inches)
3. Mixing
4. Incubation
Process completed in 4-6 week
C: vermicomposting :It is a method
of disposal of kitchen and plate
wastes, which serves the dual
purpose of disposing off the
garbage as well as proving
eco-friendly.
43. Mostly used in rural areas
Digging “manure pits” is to prevent the
refuses thrown around the houses.
The garbage, cattle dung, straw, and leaves
should be dumped into the mannure pits and
covered with earth.
Two pits will be needed
In 5-6 month’s time the refuse is converted
into manure which can be returned to the
field.
44. Suitable for small camp
A trench 1.5m wide &2 m deep is excavated
The refuse is covered with 20 -30cm of earth
When the level in the trench is 40cm from
ground level, the trench is filled with earth
& compacted
4-6 months
45. Technologies like
RFID( Radio frequency identification) tags are
now being used to collect data on presentation rates
for curb-side pick-ups.
GPS tracking is particularly evident when
considering the efficiency of ad hoc pick-ups (like
skip bins or dumpsters) where the collection is done
on a consumer request basis.
Rear vision cameras are commonly used for
OH&S (Occupational Health & Safety) reasons and
video recording devices are becoming more widely
used, particularly concerning residential services.
46. Zero waste system which was founded by PhD
chemist .Paul parmer in Okland.
It is a philosophy that encourages the
redesign of resource life cycle so that all
products are reused.
48. There are two solid waste management
plant in Mysore.
J.P Nagar
vidyaranyapuram
50. BBMP represents the third level of
government & forth largest municipal
corporation in India .
It is responsible for the development of the
city , health hygiene, licensing trade &
education.
53. The improvement of people and private
sector through NGOs could improve the
efficiency of solid waste management.
Public awareness should be created
especially at primary level.
Littering of solid waste should prohibited in
cities towns and urban areas.
More over house to house collecting solid
waste should be .
54. The collection bins must be have a large
enough capacity to accommodate 20% more
than the expected waste generation in the
area.
Municipal authorities should maintain the
storage facilities to avoid unhygienic &
unsanitary condition.
It is advisable to move from open dumping to
sanitary land filling in a phased manner.
55. Park K. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social
Medicine. 22nd ed. Jabalpur: Banarsidas Bhanot
Publishers; 2013. Chapter 20, Communication for
Health Education; p699-701
Bhalwar, Rajvir et al, 2009, Textbook of Public Health
and Community Medicine, Prune, WHO/AFMC;p715-
717
BK Mahajan. (2011) Text book of preventive and
social medicine. 7th Edition. Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers (P) Ltd., Daryaganj, New Delhi.;p71-73
AH Suryakantha. Community Medicine With Recent
Advances. 3rd Edition. Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers (P) Ltd., Daryaganj, New Delhi; 2013;p233-
237