The document discusses different types of waste and waste management technologies. It defines solid waste and municipal solid waste. It then describes various waste treatment technologies like incineration, gasification, and plasma gasification that convert waste into energy. These thermal processes break down waste using high temperatures to produce syngas, ash, and heat energy that can be used for electricity generation and other applications. The technologies allow for waste treatment while also recovering resources and energy from waste.
Solid and hazardous waste management is important for environmental and public health. Solid waste includes materials like food, plastic bags, and yard waste. Hazardous waste can be dangerous if not properly disposed of. The key aspects of waste management are proper collection, transportation, and disposal of waste, including recycling and treatment. Improper management of waste can lead to pollution, disease transmission, and other health issues.
Municipal solid waste management is one of the
major problems in almost all major cities all over the world. A
variety of technologies have been employed to manage the
problem of solid waste as well as the conversion of waste to
clean energy. The constant rise in the world’s population
invariably gives rise to more waste production as well as rise
in energy demands which places a strain on already existing
energy resources like fossil. Waste in the 21st century is no
more seen as ‘waste’ as it were but a resource which can be
transformed into various forms and uses like energy.
Therefore waste multi-reuse and conversion should be given
priority in developing countries, for a better solution of waste
control and management. This will not only reduce the
ecological and environmental damage caused by pollution, but
also reduce the energy demand and consumption and, thus,
save primary energy. This paper presents the challenge of
waste in the environment and makes a case for the potential of
converting this waste to energy. It further discusses six
methods of waste to energy conversion, their environmental
impacts, merits and demerits of each method and finally gives
recommendations for use cases for each method.
The document discusses various topics related to waste management including:
- The meaning of waste management and different types of waste such as solid, liquid, hazardous, organic, and recyclable.
- Sources of waste like municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, and electronic sources.
- Methods of waste disposal including landfilling, incineration, recycling, composting, and energy recovery from waste.
- The importance of sustainability and resource recovery in modern waste management practices.
Human activities generate solid waste that pollutes the environment if not properly managed. Solid waste can be classified into categories like food waste, rubbish, agricultural waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, and construction debris. The main sources are domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks. Effective control methods include waste reduction, collection, disposal through methods like composting and landfilling, and waste utilization.
The document outlines the causes, effects, and methods of controlling solid waste pollution. It discusses how modern consumption patterns lead to increased solid waste generation. Improper disposal of solid waste can pollute the environment and pose health hazards. Common methods to control solid waste pollution include sanitary landfilling, incineration, composting, and recycling which aim to reduce environmental impacts and health risks when compared to open dumping. Proper solid waste management is important for creating a clean and sustainable environment.
Waste is defined as unwanted or useless materials that are disposed of. The Basel Convention provides definitions of waste and disposal. Waste comes in solid and liquid forms from various sources like households, commerce, and industry. Waste is classified based on its properties, effects on health and environment, and origin. Improper waste management can negatively impact health, socioeconomics, and the environment. The waste hierarchy focuses on reducing, reusing, and recycling waste to minimize these impacts. Categories of waste disposal include diluting/dispersing waste or concentrating/containing it.
This document discusses different types of waste and solid waste management in Pakistan. It defines various waste streams and their impacts. Municipal solid waste in Pakistan cities largely consists of paper, food, and plastics. Collection rates are low at 50% or less of total waste generated. There is no proper integrated management system and open dumping is common. Improved regulations, public awareness, and private sector involvement are needed for better solid waste handling.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes. There are different types of wastes including solid, liquid, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and hazardous wastes. Municipal solid waste is a major type and comes from households, commercial areas, and construction sites. Common solid waste management methods include landfilling, incineration, composting, and recycling/reuse. Proper waste management is important for public health and environmental protection.
This document discusses various topics related to solid waste management including definitions of municipal solid waste and hazardous waste. It describes the characteristics and sources of solid waste and different methods of waste treatment including the 3R's approach of reduce, reuse and recycle. Specific case studies on solid waste management challenges for the Yamuna River in Delhi and the Chernobyl nuclear disaster are also summarized.
Waste management involves reducing, reusing, and recycling wastes to minimize environmental impacts. Untreated wastes can pollute land, water, and air, harming human health and contributing to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. Proper waste disposal and education programs that encourage reducing, donating, composting, and recycling can help address this growing problem.
Waste is defined as unwanted or useless materials that are disposed of. The Basel Convention provides definitions of waste and disposal. Waste comes in solid and liquid forms from various sources like households, commerce, and industry. Improper waste management can negatively impact human health through chemical poisoning, increased disease, and toxicity. It can also affect the environment by polluting water sources and harming aquatic life. The key to reducing these impacts is following the waste hierarchy of reducing, reusing, and recycling to minimize waste generation and ensure proper disposal.
The document discusses various topics related to soil pollution and waste management. It defines soil pollution and lists its main causes as waste dumping, mining, agrochemicals, and urbanization. It then discusses strategies for controlling environmental damage and different methods of waste management, highlighting concepts like the waste hierarchy and polluter pays principle. Finally, it defines green chemistry and provides examples of its applications in areas like dry cleaning, paper bleaching, and chemical synthesis.
Waste is unwanted or useless materials that are disposed of. Waste comes in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms from various sources like households, industries, and businesses. Improper waste management has negative impacts on human health, the environment, and climate change by producing pollution, greenhouse gases, and health issues. Proper waste management involves reducing, reusing, and recycling waste as well as educating communities on proper disposal techniques.
Waste is unwanted or useless materials that are disposed of. Waste comes in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms from various sources like households, commerce, industry, and human activities. The Basel Convention aims to reduce hazardous waste movements between nations and ensure environmentally sound waste management. Improper waste management can negatively impact human health through chemical poisoning, disease, and increased cancer and birth defect risks. It can also affect animals through higher mercury levels in fish and damage the environment.
Zero Waste Management for Schools: A module prepared by Prof. Liwayway Memije...Liwayway Memije-Cruz
RATIONALE: ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT
One of the more serious problems that our country and our university in particular encounter nowadays is pollution which is due to improper handling and disposal of solid wastes. This problem occurs not only in urban areas where population density is high and human activities are continuous and intense but is also felt in the regional and rural areas.
In Metro Manila, the population density is 14,440 persons per square kilometer, 63 times more than the national average. Per capita waste production daily is estimated at 0.66 kg. More than half a kilo of trash per person per day is a lot. The volume of daily wastes weights in a little over 6,000 tons. Only 85% of these wastes are collected. Uncollected wastes pile up and fester in street corners and marketplaces, vacant lots and other open (often unauthorized) dumpsites. Ubiquitous scavengers light into these waste piles to pick whatever they can salvage from the junk. These waste materials are the breeding ground of flies, mosquitoes, rats, and other manner of pests and disease-carrying organisms.
An irreducible amount of waste also finds its way into bodies of water, into ditches, storm drains, and sewer mains. This does not only contaminate and pollute our waters; come the rainy season, garbage plugs up the city’ sewerage and flood waters rise-causing untold damages to life and property. Common sense tells us that the most cost-effective way of managing waste is to do something at the source generation, that is, at home, at the office or at the institutional level.
The document discusses various topics related to solid, toxic, and hazardous waste management including: the types of waste (domestic, industrial, etc.); current disposal methods like open dumping, ocean dumping, landfilling, and incineration; ways to reduce waste through reuse, reduce, and recycling; hazardous and toxic wastes and the regulations that govern their disposal like RCRA and CERCLA; and challenges like contaminated brownfield sites and long-term storage of hazardous materials.
This document discusses various types of waste and waste management. It provides definitions and sources of different categories of waste like biomedical waste, radioactive waste, e-waste, and municipal solid waste. It also describes the concepts of reduce, reuse, and recycle in waste management. Common waste disposal methods like landfills and incineration are explained. The document recommends steps to reduce waste in offices like reducing paper usage, recycling, and educating employees.
The document discusses ocean energy technology development in the United States. It provides an overview of key areas including the Energy Policy Act of 2005, stakeholder projects and coalitions, point absorber and in-stream tidal technology examples, and environmental issues and concerns related to ocean energy development. It also outlines initial strategic steps needed, including characterizing ocean energy technologies and establishing environmental standards.
This document provides information on energy considerations for military operations. It discusses the importance of energy planning, defines key energy terms, and outlines responsibilities for energy management. Examples are given of energy usage in different military contexts and how renewable energy sources can be implemented. The document also discusses how energy efficiency can be improved through facility design, passive cooling methods, air sealing, and efficient use of heating/cooling systems.
The IC 555 is an 8-pin integrated circuit capable of producing accurate time delays and oscillations. It has three main operating modes - monostable, astable, and bistable - each representing a different type of circuit with a particular output. In astable mode, the output switches continuously between high and low without intervention, producing a square wave. In monostable mode, the output stays low until triggered and then produces one pulse of set length. In bistable mode, the two stable states are high and low, and inputs trigger or reset the state.
This document discusses various carpentry tools, wood types, and wood joints. It provides details on try squares, steel rules, marking gauges, coping saws, tenon saws, and wood planes. It also describes manufactured wood materials like MDF and plywood. Finally, it examines common wood joints like butt joints, edge joints, halving joints, housing joints, bridle joints, finger joints, mortise and tenon joints, dovetail joints, dowel joints, and mitre joints.
This document summarizes requirements for woodworking machinery from OSHA standard 1910.213. It outlines hazards associated with woodworking like point of operation injuries, kickbacks, flying chips, and noise/vibration. It provides requirements for guarding different types of woodworking machines like table saws, jointers, lathes, sanders and others to protect operators from moving parts. Requirements include guards, anti-kickback devices, exhaust hoods, machine controls and regular inspection/maintenance of equipment. The goal is to minimize hazards from woodworking operations through proper guarding and care of machinery.
The document describes a pre-apprenticeship carpentry training program run by Anishinabek Employment and Training Services (AETS). The 52-week program provides life and job skills training, math and safety courses, carpentry training through the carpenters' union, and a paid work placement. The goal is to empower Indigenous participants and help them pursue careers in carpentry or related fields.
The document discusses lumber and wood joinery. It defines lumber as wood cut and prepared for use in construction. It explains how board feet are measured and factors that influence lumber prices like length, width, and type of wood. The document also lists common tools used for testing, marking, holding, cutting, smoothing, boring, and fastening wood. Finally, it defines types of wood joints including mortise, tenon, and dovetail joints.
The document describes a pre-apprenticeship carpentry training program run by Anishinabek Employment and Training Services (AETS). The 52-week program provides life and job skills training, math and safety courses, carpentry training through the carpenters' union, and a paid work placement. The goal is to empower Indigenous participants and help them pursue careers in carpentry or related fields.
Welding is a process that joins materials by heating them to melt or soften them and allowing them to coalesce. It is used to join metal components in industries like automotive, aerospace, shipbuilding and more. There are several types of welding processes including arc welding, gas welding, resistance welding, and newer techniques like laser beam and electron beam welding. Arc welding uses an electric arc to heat and fuse metals and is the most common welding method. Gas welding uses a flame from oxygen and fuel gases to heat and fuse metals. Resistance welding applies pressure and heat generated by resistance to join metal surfaces held together under pressure.
This document provides an overview of lessons for teaching the Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process. It outlines 13 lessons that cover striking an arc, running beads in various positions, and making various joint configurations. The lessons provide objectives, required equipment including power sources and electrodes, and base materials for students to practice and learn SMAW skills. The goal is for students to gain proficiency in setting up equipment, controlling variables, and welding in all positions according to AWS standards.
The document discusses various welding and metal joining processes including:
- Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), submerged arc welding (SAW), plasma arc welding (PAW), laser beam welding, resistance welding, friction welding, soldering, and brazing.
- It provides brief descriptions of each process including typical applications, equipment used, parameters like current and voltage, advantages and limitations.
- Formulas for calculating the required lap length for flat and tubular joints in brazing are also presented.
Microbial load on raw bee pollen and bee bread across mid- and high-elevation...Open Access Research Paper
The bacterial population on raw bee pollen and bee bread did not vary significantly across the mid- and high-elevation areas planted with Arabica coffee, with values that range from 5.4 x 106 to 6.4 x 106cfu/g. On the other hand, significant and highly significant differences in the fungal population across the three locations were observed on bee pollen and bee bread, respectively. A low fungal population was recorded on bee pollen collected from the high-elevation area (Site 3-Miarayon, Talakag) with 3.6 x 104cfu/g which was comparable to the population on samples collected from the mid-elevation area (Site 1-Imbayao, Malaybalay City) with 5.4 x 104cfu/g. Similarly, a low fungal count was recorded on bee bread collected from the high-elevation area (Site 3-Miarayon, Talakag) with 3.0 x 104cfu/g. Moreover, seven bacterial isolates were associated with the bee pollen and bee bread samples; three colonies were Gram-positive and four colonies were Gram-negative based on their reaction to Gram stain. On the other hand, yeasts and filamentous fungal species (Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium) were present in the two honey bee products. This study demonstrates that the fungal population in raw samples of bee pollen and bee bread from Arabica coffee plants grown at high elevation is lower than that in samples from mid-elevation areas.
Profitability and efficiency analyses of organic temperate vegetable producti...Open Access Research Paper
This research analyzed the profitability and efficiency of organic temperate vegetable production through the supply chain approach. Survey, key informant interviews, participant observation and archival research were used to gather data. Thirty eight (38) producers and 11 traders in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR), Region III and Region IVA served as respondents. Descriptive statistics, cost and return analysis and efficiency analysis were used to analyze research results. The emergence of new breeds of players makes the marketing channel of organic vegetables in the CAR complex compared to a simpler, more modern and integrated chain in the regions outside of the CAR. The six key players in the marketing of organic vegetables are the cooperative, assembler-wholesaler-retailer, assembler-wholesaler, assembler- retailer, retailer and institutional buyers. Returns to total expenses were highest for native cucumber, cauliflower, Japanese spinach, broccoli and lettuce ranging from 100 percent to 235 percent. Native cucumber, cauliflower, Japanese spinach, broccoli, French beans, and lettuce give higher profits to farmers ranging from 49.00 pesos to 71.00 pesos per kilogram. The production of cabbage, native cucumber, cauliflower, Japanese spinach, broccoli, French beans, and lettuce requires low capital, labor and land use intensity indicating high efficiency. Value chain and marketing margin analyses show cost and margin differentials across players and across geographic locations indicating variations in the distribution of benefits among key actors. With the premium price that organic products command and the low capitalization, land and labor utilization needed, organic temperate vegetable production is profitable and efficient which determine its sustainability in the long run.
@Call @Girls Aurangabad 0000000000 Priya Sharma Beautiful And Cute Girl any Time
WastetoEnergyPlantTechnology.pptx
2. Waste is a product or substance which is no longer
suited for its intended use. Whereas in natural
ecosystems waste (i.e. oxygen, carbon dioxide and dead
organic matter) is used as food or a reactant, waste
materials resulting from human activities are often
highly resilient and take a long time to decompose.
For legislators and governments, defining and
classifying waste based on risks related to the
environment and human health are therefore important
in order to provide appropriate and effective waste
management. For the producer or holder, assessing
whether a material is waste or not is important in
identifying whether waste rules should be followed.
Definitions are also relevant in the collection and
analysis of waste data as well as in domestic and
international reporting obligations.
Waste has been defined in most countries and is
generally tied to the concept of disposal.
3. Wastes: Wastes are substances or objects which are
disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are
required to be disposed of by the provisions of
national law.
Forms of waste: Solid, Liquid, gases
Solid waste (refuse): The wastes in the solid or
semisolid forms are called solid wastes.
Refuse comprises all of solid waste resulting from the
normal activities of the community except excreta.
Solid waste: Solid waste is all-inclusive, encompassing
the heterogeneous mass of throw aways from the
urban community as well as the more homogeneous
accumulation of agricultural, industrial and mineral
wastes.
4. Consequences of solid waste:
1. Littering of food and other solid waste in medieval towns-the practice of
throwing wastes into the unpaved streets, roadways and vacant land led to
the breeding of rats with their attendant fleas carrying bubonic plague.
2. The lack of any plans for the management of solid waste thus key to
epidemic of plague, the Black Death.
3. Ecological phenomena such as water and air pollution have been attributed
to improper management of solid waste.
4. For instance, liquid form dumps and poorly engineered landfills has
contaminated surface waters and ground waters.
5. Methods for the final disposal of solid wastes:
(i) Dumping on land
(ii) Dumping in water
(iii)Plowing into the soil
(iv)Feeding to hogs
(v) Reduction
(vi) Incineration
Objective of solid waste management
The objective of solid waste management is to reduce the quantity of
solid waste disposed off on land by recovery of materials and energy
from solid waste. This in turn results in lesser requirement of raw
material and energy as inputs for technological processes. Such
techniques and management programs have to be applied to each and
every solid waste generating activityin a society to achieve overall
minimization of solid waste.
6. Effective management of solid waste
Effective solid management systems are needed to ensure better human
health and safety. They must be safe for workers and safeguard public health
by preventing the spread of disease. In addition to these prerequisites, an
effective system of solid waste management must be both environmentally
and economically sustainable.
Environmentally sustainable: It must reduce as much as possible, the
environmental impacts of waste management.
Economically sustainable: It must operate at a cost acceptable to
community.
8. Waste can be classified based on source (who/what
generated the waste? See Figure 1), substance (what is
it made of?), hazard properties (how dangerous is it?),
management (who handles it?) or a mix of these
concepts.
9. Two main waste categories can be established based on the
distinct legislation and policy instruments usually in place: non-
hazardous or solid waste; and hazardous waste. Such a
classification is also used in the Basel Convention. Hazardous
waste is usually regulated at the national level, while non-
hazardous is regulated at the regional or local (municipal) level.
(See Figure 2.)
11. Non-hazardous/solid waste is all waste which has not been classified
as hazardous: paper, plastics, glass, metal and beverage cans, organic
waste etc. While not hazardous, solid waste can have serious
environmental and health impact if left uncollected and untreated While a
significant proportion of solid waste could theoretically be reused or
recycled, collection by type of waste a prerequisite for reuse and
recycling is one of the biggest waste management challenges.
Hazardous waste is waste that has been identified as potentially
causing harm to the environment and human health and therefore needs
special, separate treatment and handling Chemical and physical
characteristics determine the exact collection and recycling process.
Flammability, corrosiveness, toxicity, ecotoxicity and explosiveness are
the main characteristics of hazardous waste. Liquid, gaseous and
powder waste need special treatment by default to avoid the dispersal of
the waste. Generally, separate collection and handling are established to
avoid contact with non-hazardous waste. Chemical treatment,
incineration or high-temperature treatment, safe storage, recovery and
recycling are possible modes of treatment for hazardous waste.
12. Most hazardous waste originates from industrial production.
Special kinds of hazardous waste include:
E-waste is waste from electric and electronic equipment such
as end-of-life computers, phones and home appliances. E-
waste is generally classified as hazardous because it contains
toxic components (e.g. PCB and various metals).
Medical waste originates from the human and animal
healthcare systems and usually consists of medicines,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, bandages, used medical
equipment, bodily fluids and body parts. Medical waste can be
infectious, toxic or radioactive or contain bacteria and harmful
microorganisms (including those that are drug-resistant).
Radioactive waste contains radioactive materials. The
management of radioactive waste differs significantly from that
of other waste.
15. Waste to Energy(WTE) Waste energy works by burning waste at a very
high tempr,heat is then transferred ,transformed into energy. the steam then
drive a turbine-creates electricity and surplus heat which can be used for
district heating and cooling. Also recovered clean water, valuable metals and
construction material from the waste.
Residual waste to energy is most economical compare to solar, tidal, wind,
Hydro, Thermal and nuclear.
According to the confederation of European waste to energy plants(CEWEP)
Europe treats 50 million ton of waste at WTE plant, generates an amount of
energy that can supply electricity for 27 million people and heat for 13
million people.
Worldwide 130 million tonnes of MSW combusted annually in over 600 wte
facilities that produce electricity & steam and recovered metals for recycling.
1ton MSW can generate up to 750 kWh. Ash 10% of original volume.
16. Apprx.100000MTonnes of waste is generated per day world wide, production
of this waste is expected to be approximate 27 billion tonnes/year by 2050,
1/3 of this waste which will come from Asia( major countries China+ India)
Waste generation rate in Urban India will become 0.7kg per person per day by
2025, 4-6 times higher than in 2012. Current-0.2-0.45kg/person/day on an avg.
This waste has a potential of generating 439MW of power,1.3million cubic
meter of biogas per day or 72 MW of electricity from Biogas and 5.4 million
metric tonnes of Compost.
Morover, 62 million tonnes annual generation of MSW requires 3,40,000
cubic meter of landfill space everyday (1240 hectare per year) if continues to
be dumped.
17. Solid Waste Types
Municipal solid waste commonly known as trash or garbage, refuse or rubbish
is a waste type consisting of everyday items we consume and discard.
It predominantly includes food wastes, yard wastes, containers and product
packaging and other inorganic wastes from residential, commercial,
Institutional and industrial sources.
Organic waste –food scrapes, wood, rubber, canteen or cafeteria wastes, news
papers, tires, furniture etc.
Municipal solid waste does not include industrial wastes, agriculture waste and
sewage sludge.
Biodegradable waste-food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper (can be
recycled);
Recyclable material-Paper, glass bottles, cans, metals, certain plastics, etc.;
Inert waste- dirt, rocks, debris, C & D waste
Composite waste-waste plastics, tetra packs, waste closing
18. Waste to energy recovery plant
waste-to-energy plant converts
solid waste into electricity and/or heat - an
ecological, cost-effective way
of energy recovery. The energy plant
works by burning waste at high
temperatures(850) and using the heat to
make steam. The steam then drives a
turbine that creates electricity.
.
20. Severe illnesses, including encephalitis and dengue fever, have been attributed
to disease-carrying mosquitoes originating from scrap tire piles.
Illegal dumping can impact proper drainage of runoff, making areas more
susceptible to flooding when wastes block ravines, creeks, culverts, and
drainage basins.
In rural areas, open burning at dumpsites containing chemicals may
contaminate wells and surface water used as sources of drinking water.
Dumpsites that caught fire, either by spontaneous combustion or, more
commonly.
Rodents, insects, and other vermin attracted to open dumpsites may also pose
health risks. The health risks associated with illegal dumping are significant for
rag pickers and residents living nearby
Areas used for illegal dumping may be easily accessible to people, especially
children, who are vulnerable to the physical (protruding nails or sharp edges) and
chemical (harmful fluids or dust) hazards posed by wastes.
(Source: Illegal Dumping Prevention Guidebook. US EPA. EPA905-97-001)
21. 1. Segregation at source-Reduce, Reuse, Recycles,
2. Collection and transportation
3. Treatment and Energy Recovery-Waste which can be heated, converted processed
into gas, fuel and electricity.
4. Scientific land filling for inert, hazardous and Toxic.
Criteria for selection of WTE technology
1. Waste characterization-type ,quantity and waste content.
2. Environment and health-CO2 control, DXNs control, Emission control, landfill
control.( Air, water and land pollution overall)
3. Economy-cost control, profit and growth, relative capital cost, O &M.
4. Energy and efficiency – energy recovery, high efficiency, utilization and safe.
Power generation- Efficiency(50-60% based on VOC)
22. 3 E’s Technology selection Criteria
Environment
Economy
Energy
• Emissions control
• Minimize Landfill
Cost Vs. Benefit
Social & Financial
Energy recovery
Efficiency
Selection of waste to energy technology is based on scale of waste to be processed,
existing emission norms, energy recovery and economic factors
23. Waste-to-Energy (WtE)
also known as energy-from-waste, is complicated technology in the realm of
renewable energy. The waste that is neither recycled nor used is converted
to energy in the form of heat, steam or electricity. The electricity generated is
fed into the grid and distributed to the households, industries, communities,
etc. Hence, WtE provides a cost effective and hygienic alternative to treat
residual waste, reducing its volume by 90% . WtE is an integral part to reach
100% RE in future along with other renewable sources.
24. Waste to energy recovery
Stock pallet waste- furnaces-Burn- Heat-steam-Turbine-Electricity, Components:
furnaces, turbines, heat exchanges boilers, generators etc.
The technology options available for processing the Municipal Solid Waste(MSW)are
based on either Bioconversion or thermal conversion
The Bioconversion process is applicable to the organic fraction of wastes, to form
compost or to generate biogas such as methane (waste to energy) residual
sludge(manure).
Various technologies are available for composting such as aerobic, anaerobic & vermi-
composting.
The thermal conversion technologies are incineration with or without heat recovery,
pyrolysis and gasification, plasma pyrolysis and pelletization or production of Refuse
Derived Fuel(RDF).
25. 1. Thermochemical Conversion of Waste
The three principal methods of thermochemical conversion
of MSW are combustion (in excess air), gasification (in
reduced air), and pyrolysis (in absence of air). The most
common technique for producing both heat and electrical
energy from wastes is direct combustion. Combined heat
and power (CHP) or cogeneration systems, ranging from
small-scale technology to large grid-connected facilities,
provide significantly higher efficiencies than systems that
only generate electricity.
Combustion technology is the controlled combustion of
waste with the recovery of heat to produce steam which in
turn produces power through steam turbines. Pyrolysis and
gasification represent refined thermal treatment methods as
alternatives to incineration and are characterized by the
transformation of the waste into product gas as energy
carrier for later co
26. 2. Biochemical Conversion of Waste
Biochemical processes, like anaerobic digestion, can
also produce clean energy in the form of biogas which
can be converted to power and heat using a gas
engine. Anaerobic digestion is the natural biological
process which stabilizes organic waste in the absence
of air and transforms it into biofertilizer and biogas.
Anaerobic digestion is a reliable technology for the
treatment of wet, organic waste. Organic waste from
various sources is biochemically degraded in highly
controlled, oxygen-free conditions circumstances
resulting in the production of biogas which can be used
to produce both electricity and heat.
27. 3. Physico-chemical Conversion of Waste
The physico-chemical technology involves various
processes to improve physical and chemical properties
of solid waste. The combustible fraction of the waste is
converted into high-energy fuel pellets which may be
used in steam generation. The waste is first dried to
bring down the high moisture levels. Sand, grit, and
other incombustible matter are then mechanically
separated before the waste is compacted and
converted into pellets or RDF.
Fuel pellets have several distinct advantages over coal
and wood because it is cleaner, free from
incombustibles, has lower ash and moisture contents,
is of uniform size, cost-effective, and eco-friendly.
29. Technologies for conversion of WtE
Waste to energy technologies recover energy from organic fraction of waste using either
biochemical or thermo chemical processes
Waste
Thermo chemical
Biochemical
Crushing, compressing,
pelletizing
Incineration
Conventional/
Plasma gasification
Pyrolysis
Biomethanation
Fermentation
Refuse derived fuel
Flue gas/steam
Syngas
Syngas & Bio-oil
Biogas
Ethanol
Mechanical
Electricity
Chemicals
Hydrogen
Transport fuel
Feed stock for
thermal process
Heat
Concept Process Energy carrier Application
31. Incineration
• Incineration involves combustion of
waste at very high temperatures in the
presence of excess oxygen
• Results in the production of ash, flue gas
and heat energy
• Incineration is feasible for unprocessed
or minimum processed refuse besides for
the segregated fraction of the high
calorific waste
Advantages
• Immediate reduction in volume and weight
by about 90% and 75% respectively
• Stabilization of waste
• Energy recovery
Challenges
• Management of dioxins and furans formed
in incineration
Incineration is a maturated technology for processing and energy recovery from waste
34. Gasification
• Gasification is thermo chemical conversion of
carbonaceous fraction of waste into syngas (CO,
H ,
2 CH4 and CO )
2 in oxygen deficient
environment and at high temperatures (650-
1600°C)
• Inorganic fractions present in the waste
converted to ash and can be safely land filled
• Syngas can be used for variety of applications
such as generation
chemicals, hydrogen
electricity, Bio fuels,
Advantages
• Immediate reduction in volume and weight
• Environment friendly
• Energy efficient
Challenges
• Higher initial cost compared to incineration
• Skilled labour is required
Gasification is more efficient and environmental friendly technology than incineration
for conversion waste into energy
36. Plasma gasification
• Plasma is an ionized gas where the atoms of the
gas have lost one or more electrons and have
become electrically charged
• Waste introduced into the plasma field, where
intense heat breaks down the waste molecules
into simple compounds
• Waste converted into fuel gases with high
calorific value and inert solid slag in the
temperature range 1200 – 2000 C
0
Advantages
• Immediate reduction in volume and weight
• Converts waste to inert vitrified slag
• Suitable for low calorific value waste
Challenges
• Expensive compared to
conventional gasification
• Skilled labor is required
Plasma gasification is an emerging waste to energy technology for processing of variety
of waste such as MSW, medical waste, agro waste etc.
37. Pyrolysis
• Pyrolysis is thermal decomposition of organic
fraction of waste in the absence of oxygen
• Pyrolysis is an endothermic process and usually
required heat is generated by burning of some
of the product gas in separate heater
• Pyrolysis produces three components:
Fuel gas: A mixture of fuel gases
Fuel oil: Consisting of tar, pitch, light oil etc.
Char along with the inert materials in the
waste feed
Advantages
•
Immediate reduction in volume and weight &
less space requirement
• Stabilization of waste
• Easy to operate
Challenges
• Pyrolysis oil is unstable & needs
further processing
• Energy is distributed in 3 fractions
Pyrolysis of waste plastics is an upcoming technology for conversion plastics to either
liquid fuels or chemicals
38. Hydrolysis and fermentation
• First step in conversion of cellulosic
fractions of waste to ethanol is hydrolysis
of cellulose and hemicellulose into simple
sugars using chemicals / enzymes
• Second step is fermentation of sugars into
ethanol followed by distillation
• Lignin is by a product in this process
Advantages
• Generation of drop-in bio-fuels
• Stabilization of waste
• Energy recovery
Challenges
• High capital and O & M Cost
• Convert only cellulosicand hemi cellulosic
fractions
• Conversion of polysaccharides to sugars is
complex
Major challenges in hydrolysis and fermentation are integration of hydrolysis and
fermentation into single step, and availability of low cost enzymes –Biochemical process
39. Besides the individual processes (incineration,
gasification or pyrolysis), combinations of these
processes, possibly combined with other processes (e.g.
melting, distillation) are also applied. A limited selection
of combination processes is presented in the following
subsections.
Combination pyrolysis – gasification
Combination gasification – combustion
40. Refuse Derived Fuel(RDF)
• RDF is produced by removing recyclables and noncombustibles from waste
and producing a combustible material by shredding, compressing and
pelletization of remaining waste
• RDF is easily storable, transportable, and more homogeneous fuel for either
steam/ electricity
furnaces/boilers
generation or as alternate fuel in industrial
• RDF may also be utilized in co-processing in cement kilns, co-combustion in
coal fired power plants
Advantages
• High calorific value of the waste
Challenges
• Suitable for the areas where large
amount of combustible waste is being
generated
41. RDF process flow scheme
RDF is usually prepared in the form of pellet/ briquette/ fluff from dry high calorific
value combustible wastes
44. Handling and storage of waste: Refuse Bunkers, pallets, moving
cranes, storage units, blown air curtains to prevent odor outside.
Waste incineration: Furnace, fire grates, air blowers, Boilers with
HE and Air condensers, closed loop of water supply feeding station.
Flue gas treatment unit: Gas cooler, gas scrubber, electrostatic
precipitator, bag filters, addition of lime and activated carbon
process, DeNOx reactor, emission control for residue(APCR)
Fly ash Chamber and Bottom ash chamber:
Steam Turbine : low pressure high speed turbines, generators,
electricity tower etc.
District heating system: part of steam used for community heating.
Leachte treatment unit: waste water and wet flue gas treatment.
Magnetic tray: On the bottom of furnace, recycled metals, vitrified
glass and other metals
48. Renewable resource
Reduces landfills- volume reduction by 90% only
residue goes to landfill
Protects clean water supplies
Reduces air pollution and smog-advanced pollution
control of gas emissions and flue gases.
Reduces ground and surface water pollution
Reduces greenhouse gases
◦ Carbon dioxide
◦ Methane
53. Attributes Incineratio
n
RDF Anaerobic
digestion
Pyrolysis Gasification Landfill gas
Methods Thermoche
m
ical
Thermochemical Biochemical Thermochemi
cal
Thermochemical Biochemical
Suitable waste characteristics Sorted
combustible
waste
Sorted combustible
waste
Sorted organic
waste: suitable for
either wet or dry
waste depending
on type of AD
system
Sorted
heterogeneous
MSW
Sorted organic
(combustible,
putrescible, and
plastic fractions of
the waste)
Unsorted waste
Description Waste is
broken down
to produce
heat.
Waste is broken
down to produce the
high calorific
fraction.
Organic
biodegradable
waste broken
down without
oxygen
(anaerobic) to
produce methane
gas, carbon
dioxide, water, and
digestive (which is
composted). Can
be wet or dry.
Waste is
broken down
by heat in the
absence of
oxygen to
produce fuel
gas.
Waste is broken
down by heat with a
limited quantity of
oxygen to produce
fuel gas.
Waste placed in a landfill
breaks down over time due to
biological, physical, and
chemical processes emerging
technologies, such as
bioreactor landfills, may offer
more sustainable approaches
to landfill disposal of wastes.
Energy form Heat Solid fuel Fuel gas Char,
pyrolysis oil,
and gases
Syngas LFG
General performance Thermal
treatment
can divert 70
per cent of
waste from
landfill
Can divert most
combustible of
waste from landfill
Can divert all or
most organic and
biodegradable
products (food,
yard waste, some
papers)
Can divert
most a mixed
(heterogeneou
s) waste
stream from
landfill
Can divert most
combustible organic
of waste from landfill
A wide range of performance
is available. Individual
facilities are
custom designed and
constructed to meet desired
waste management objectives
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF WTE
TECHNOLOGY.
54. Community
characteristics
Thermal
treatment is
a high-tech
system that
requires
skilled
technical
operators.
Depending
upon the
specific
technology,
it is suitable
for
communities
ranging from
small
villages
to large
urban
RDF systems
treat waste is a
high-tech system
that requires
skilled technical
operators.
Depending upon
the specific
technology, it is
suitable for
communities
ranging from
large urban
Anaerobic digestion is
a high-tech system
that requires skilled
technical operators. It
is most suited to
reasonably large
urban areas to justify
the construction of the
system
Pyrolysis of waste
is a high-tech
system that
requires skilled
technical operators.
Depending upon
the specific
technology, it is
suitable for
communities
ranging from large
urban
Gasification of
waste is a high-tech
system that
requires skilled
technical operators.
Depending upon
the specific
technology, it is
suitable for
communities
ranging from large
urban
Landfill disposal of
waste is a
necessary element
of an integrated
approach to waste
management in all
Thailand
communities
Factors that influenced
acquisition
The
availability of
local energy
markets is a
critical factor
in the
decision
The availability
of local energy
markets is a
critical factor in
the decision
Availability of local
energy
The availability of
local energy
markets is a critical
factor in the
decision
The availability of
local energy
markets is a critical
factor in the
decision
Low costs relative
to other options.
Limitations on
availability of other
alternatives
Possible environmental
impact
air pollution,
particulate
matter, solid
residue and
wastewater
soot or dust and
air pollution
generated from
fuel burning
odor and disease
generated from solid
wastes fermentation
gas or vapor from
combustion, carbon
black, solid residue
from burning and
wastewater
gas or vapor from
combustion, carbon
black, solid residue
from burning and
wastewater
Methane gas that
is risk to explosion
Energy implication Thermal
energy and
convert to
electrical
energy
Thermal energy
and convert to
electrical energy
Net energy generator Energy for
conventional
engines and boilers
Energy for making
products; Methanol,
Ammonia, Diesel
fuel
Net energy
generator
55. Waste to Energy Fundamentals
There are three principal ways to recover the energy content of
MSW by treating it thermally, as shown
below. These include pyrolysis, gasification and combustion. These
processes are differentiated by the
ratio of oxygen supplied to the thermal process divided by oxygen
required for complete combustion.
This ratio is defined as the “lambda” ratio and in the case of
pyrolysis, it is equal to zero. Gasification is
conducted at substoichiometric conditions and full combustion is
carried out using a lambda greater than
one.
• Pyrolysis λ= 0, no air, all external heat
• Gasification λ = 0.5, partial use of external heat
• Combustion λ = 1.5 +, no external heat
where λ represents: oxygen input/ oxygen
59. The waste is recovered if:
• Its combustion generates more energy than is
consumed by the process itself;
• Most of the waste is consumed during the
operation
• Most of the energy generated is recovered and
used ( either as heat or electricity)
• The waste replaces the use of a source of Primary
Energy
60. A designated calculation procedure takes the amount of useful
electricity and heat DESIGNED to be produced by the facility and
applies appropriate factors to determine the amount of energy
necessary to produce this with modern plant. It then compares this
energy requirement with the energy used by the facility.
This approach uses a complicated set of data including:
• Start-up oil,
• Standby power,
• Imported power,
• Energy required to run the plant and
• Energy required for dust removal and gas clean up.
If the factor produced is < 0.65 the facility is classed DISPOSAL.
If the factor produced is =>0.65 the facility is classed RECOVERY.
61. The definition of energy efficiency used in the revised WFD is:
where:
Ep means annual energy produced as heat or electricity. It is calculated with
energy in the form of electricity being multiplied by 2.6 and heat produced for
commercial use multiplied by 1.1
Ef means annual energy input to the system from fuels contributing to the
production of steam
Ew means annual energy contained in the treated waste calculated using the
lower calorific value of the waste
Ei means annual energy imported excluding Ew and Ef
0.97 is a factor accounting for energy losses due to bottom ash and radiation.
Comparison With Other Generating Methods
• Coal Fired Power station: 37% efficient
• Gas Fired CCGT: 41% efficient
• Waste Fired Power Station (EfW) 26% Efficient
62. Calculate the Energy Content of MSW
Total Energy = (Solid waste, lb) * (Energy Content,
Btu/lb)
Specific Energy content =
Total energy Btu
Total waste,lb