Muzaffer Özgüleş

Acaba anlaşıp aynı anda zıplasak yer yerinden oynar mıydı? Elimizde bir şalter olsaydı ve yer çekimini şıp diye kapatsaydık ne olurdu? Sizin aklınıza da böyle sorular geliyor mu? "Olmaz öyle şey!" deyip geçmeyin. Bunları hayal etmek bile çok ilginç. Hem biliyor musunuz, birçok bilimsel keşif ilk başta hiç de mantıklı durmayan soruların açtığı maceralı yolun sonunda ortaya çıktı. Bu kitapta, Dünya, uzay, teknoloji, yaşam ve daha birçok konuyla ilgili sorular soracak, bu soruların bilimsel ama aynı zamanda son derece şaşırtıcı yanıtlarını birlikte öğreneceğiz. Genç bilimciler, hadi iş başına!

This is an illustrated children’s book about the Byzantine Constantinople and its monuments, blended with a fantastic time travel of children from contemporary Istanbul. It narrates the adventures of İrem (a.k.a Irene), and her schoolmates Ali and Ece, starting with their unusual discovery of the book "A Byzantine Journey with Augmented Reality Plus". After a few amazing time travels to captivating moments and spaces of Byzantine capital, they find themselves in the adventure of finding and rescuing the real owner of the book. However, this will be a difficult task, which would require the collaboration of a wider team, resulting in big surprises.

This book mainly focuses on the building activities of an overlooked Ottoman royal woman, Gülnuş Sultan (d. 1715), and compares her patronage with those of her predecessors’ and successors’, in order to reveal how Ottoman women builders’ patronage was shaped by various parameters. The patronage of Gülnuş Sultan, one of the most important figures of the Ottoman Harem, encompasses a very long and turbulent period, from the mid-seventeenth century to the early eighteenth century. She was the favourite wife of Mehmed IV (r. 1648–1687), who, unusually for Ottoman sultans, did not leave her behind at any time. No other Ottoman royal woman accompanied her husband in military campaigns and hunting parties as she did, being depicted in contemporary European engravings on horseback like no other Ottoman woman. Later on, as queen mother of his sons Mustafa II (r. 1695–1703) and Ahmed III (r. 1703–1730), she played an active role in politics. This book explores her architectural patronage in the context of the extraordinarily powerful and long-lasting public role that she played.
The choice of putting Gülnuş Sultan’s patronage directly under the lens is not arbitrary; her long tenure and rich building repertoire resulted in an ideal sample. Between 1664 and 1715, she witnessed a prolonged period of imperial glory as well as the disastrous decades of Ottoman history, and her patronage was highly influenced by the political, economic and social shifts of this crucial period of Ottoman history that signals the end of the so-called “classical age”. Her building activities were expressions of her dignity and legitimization of her power in ten different locations ranging from the Ottoman capital Istanbul to the Muslim Holy city Mecca, and from Kamianets-Podilskyi (Ukraine) to Oran (Algeria). Varying in size and programme, ranging from bridges to mosque complexes, some of these buildings have now disappeared, obscuring the extent of Gülnuş Sultan’ patronage. My PhD thesis entitled “Building Activities of Gülnuş Emetullah Sultan”, which was mainly based on extensive research in three major Ottoman archives, brought out exciting discoveries enabling an evaluation of Gülnuş Sultan’s patronage within its historical context and resulted in new perspectives on Ottoman women’s patronage. The forthcoming book, which will further deepen my research on the subject, would not only fill a significant gap of Ottoman architectural history but also make this research available to a wider scholarly environment.
This book consolidates its argument by taking the previous and later Ottoman royal women’s building activities into consideration and comparing them with those of Gülnuş Sultan. Far from being a catalogue of buildings, it seeks to provide a fluent narrative of patronage by interweaving the historical background and the emergence of the buildings. The comparative approach enables a better understanding of how and why Ottoman royal women used architectural patronage and how this fluctuated within the long course of Ottoman history. By looking into both the material culture created under their patronage and its implicit meaning, the essence of female patronage is deciphered and an ambitious answer to a challenging question is attempted: How would an Ottoman royal woman, a favourite or a queen mother, carry out her architectural patronage?

This is an illustrated children’s book about the famous Ottoman architect Sinan and his works. It tells the story of Deniz, a ten-year-old school boy, and his unusual meeting with Sinan, after a few email correspondences and through a computer game. Real life becomes a game for Deniz, as the game continues in Sinan's buildings, and he finds himself in mysterious settings and fascinating adventures. At every new level of the game, new challenges and surprises awaits him, and he finally reveals the secret of Sinan.

The primary aim of the project is creating architectural history and cultural heritage awareness, especially for multilayered cities, by establishing bonds with city's past and its inhabitants through innovative, hybrid, learner-based approaches, by particularly using techniques of gamification and digital storytelling. By implementing it, we want to change the mindsets of our students as well as the whole public starting from the underrepresented groups, in an effective and sustainable way.

http://timelinetravel.net
Timeline Travel Project aims to create an alternative architectural history learning and teaching companion, and offers two helpful products: Timeline Travel Tool and Timeline Travel e-Learning Platform. Both are online and completely free!

"Timeline Travel: An Alternative Tool for Architectural History Learning and Teaching" aims to create an alternative tool ( http://timelinetravel.net ) that would trigger visual cognition with the help of a timeline and a map to facilitate and ease architectural history learning and teaching. It gives users the chance of making time travel while studying architectural history: the website shows the buildings of a city on the timeline and on the map, and it is possible to go forward and backward in time to see changes in architecture and style, and learn about the buildings by clicking on them.

Timeline Travel is an EU project, which is funded under the framework of 2017 Erasmus+ KA203 Strategic Partnerships for Higher Education grants by the Center for European Union Education and Youth Programmes (Turkish National Agency). The project is coordinated by Gaziantep University from Turkey, and has University of Bologna from Italy, University of Humanities and Economics in Łódź from Poland and Yeditepe University from Turkey as partners, besides several associated partners and collaborators. The project started on 1 September 2017 and going to end on 31 August 2019. You can learn more about the project and its phases through project website: http://timelinetravelproject.gantep.edu.tr/

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2013Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2013Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun 17. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı ile 18. yüzyıl başında içinden geçtiği ve çokça göz ardı edilen değişim sürecinde, 1664’ten 1687’ye kadar IV. Mehmed’in hasekiliğini yapmış, daha sonra tahta çıkan iki oğlu II. Mustafa ve III. Ahmet’in saltanatları sırasında toplam 20 yıl valide sultanlık makamında bulunmuş Gülnuş Emetullah Sultan ve yapıları da Osmanlı tarihinin bu dönemine gösterilen ilgisizlikten nasibini almıştır. Oysa bu önemli kadın sultan, hem öncelleri gibi devlet yönetiminde aktif bir rol oynamış hem de bu rolünü imparatorluğun dört köşesine yayılan zengin imar faaliyetleriyle meşrulaştırmıştır. Genellikle Üsküdar’daki külliyesi ve Mekke’deki imaret ve darüşşifasıyla tanınan Gülnuş Sultan’ın, Galata’nın tek saltanat camisinin banisi olduğu, aynı semtte su yollarıyla birlikte çeşmeler yaptırdığı...

Many people, even architecture students, fail to connect with the multi-layered city they live in and with its past. Most inhabitants of such “palimpsest*” cities usually live as if the current built environment has always existed throughout the history, failing to see the light that the buildings of different periods shed for their own age and their importance for us. When the reflections of the culture, which has been transmitted through generations and diversified by being fed from different sources, cannot be distinguished on various buildings, the architectural heritage of the cities can be overlooked, and might be consciously or unconsciously destroyed. Unfortunately, present architectural history or cultural heritage conservation courses do not help to adequately establish a healthy relationship between residents and the city or the cultural site that needs to be protected.
In order to fill this important gap, we have recently proposed an EU project and this paper presents the objectives, partners, methodology and prospective implementations of the project, namely “Palimpsest Cities”, which aims to create an alternative, innovative, interdisciplinary curriculum of a new course supported with gamification and storytelling techniques. This course will especially be designed for architecture students, and the project also aims to test this approach by various implementations in partner universities, as well as through collaborations with local governments and professional organizations. By doing so, it aims to deliver the content of this innovative course to whole residents of the city from children to elderly, with a special emphasis on social inclusion of disadvantaged groups. Likewise, this paper and its presentation will be an important opportunity to disseminate the project before its kick-off and contribute to essential network our project is seeking for.
Keywords:

Architectural history classes are usually described as one of “the least enjoyable courses” by architecture students, when they do not use the phrase “the most boring” for these “history” classes. It should be admitted that conventional architectural history teaching methodologies lag behind the cognitive capacities of architecture students who are more inclined to visual and interactive learning. Moreover, digital technologies are waiting to be integrated into the curricula of architectural history courses so as to make them easier and more enjoyable to study. This paper introduces an alternative architectural history teaching and learning technology, Timeline Travel, which is a product of an ongoing EU project with the collaboration of interdisciplinary teams from four universities. Timeline Travel website takes two historic cities―Istanbul and Ravenna―as prototypes, and architectural history databases prepared for these multi-layered cities are displayed on a timeline and map. Students are able to discover architectural histories of Byzantine and Ottoman civilizations during lectures or on their own, and they learn as they “play” with functionalities of Timeline Travel. Moreover, an e-learning platform is being developed and tested, with newly prepared content for four course modules based on newly designed syllabi, and with interactive methods to maximize the efficiency of learning process. Feedbacks from students and user statistics collected during test lectures are also going to be used to improve the design of Timeline Travel. Consequently, this paper presents the results of the preliminary usage of Timeline Travel in architectural history courses and test lectures, and discusses anticipated impacts of this digital technology.

In the midst of the turbulent years following the Battle of Vienna, Gülnuş Valide Sultan’s Galata New Mosque replaced the San Francesco Convent, which had been the principal Catholic shrine of Galata in Istanbul. This mosque was intentionally built on the site of the church in 1696 in order to reshape the religious and demographic character of Galata, and was probably a compensation for the recent disastrous Ottoman military defeats. It appears that economic and social constraints shaped the architecture of the mosque, which was extraordinarily modest despite being a royal mosque. The Galata New Mosque later fell into ruin, and was finally replaced by a hardware market in mid-twentieth century. Drawing on hitherto unused Ottoman archival documents, rare photographs, and other primary sources, this article sheds new light on the history and architecture of a long forgotten royal mosque. I investigate reasons for the unusual architecture of the Galata New Mosque, compare it with contemporary structures, and discuss possible factors that motivated the appropriation of a Catholic space.

A series of archival documents recently discovered in Topkapı Palace Museum Archives and Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives in Istanbul shed light on many aspects of several Ottoman structures, which were long forgotten or little known. These documents date from a ten-year period from late seventeenth to early eighteenth century, and they are mostly building registers and letters that give invaluable information about the architectural features of structures, some of which have long disappeared. Moreover, these documents supply the details about construction techniques, materials and unit prices of the period, which are crucial for the structural analysis and preservation of those buildings. In addition, invaluable information is obtained from these documents about the construction site organization, use of spolia, kinds and prices of decorative elements used inside buildings, budgets and decision making processes in Ottoman architectural practice. These documents were composed for constructions or repairs related with a mosque, bridges, fountains and their waterways, all of which were commissioned by Gülnuş Sultan (d. 1715), who occupied the seat of Queen Mother between 1695 and 1715 in the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, this paper takes three specific structures and uses the power of archival documents to reveal an important dimension of Ottoman architectural history. By exploiting these documents to comprehend the construction materials and kinds of labor of a certain period, this paper aims at forming a basis to choose appropriate conservation techniques and materials to preserve those specific examples of heritage architecture as well as their contemporaries.

Today’s Chios lacks many buildings once gave it a Latin character. Apart from its medieval castle and a few buildings within it, the churches of Genoese and Venetian domination have long disappeared. However, two of them have long been forgotten too, even they had been converted into sultanate mosques. Moreover, those had become the most important Catholic churches in the city of Chios after the island surrendered to Ottoman admiral Piyale Pasha in 1566 and major churches within the castle were converted into mosques. However, in September 1694, Venetians took the advantage of the turbulent period that Ottomans fell into after the Battle of Vienna and seized the island. But Venetian domination in Chios lasted only 6 months and the Ottomans’ revenge was very cruel.
After the Ottoman reconquest in February 1695, Catholic community was suppressed, their leaders were hanged, and all the Catholic churches were either demolished or converted into mosques. Most important two were named after brand new sultan Mustafa II and his mother Gülnuş Emetullah Sultan, and those two Latin churches certainly acquired several elements of Turkish art in order to pursue their lives as mosques. However their life as mosques also came to an end in the 19th century and they were totally forgotten since then.
This paper aims at revealing the names of those two lost buildings, their locations and their appearance by using written and visual materials just like gathering the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. The architecture and decoration of those churches are being shed light thanks to reports of travelling clergy and rare engravings. The second phase of their lives as mosques, the pieces of art they gained and the transformations carried out are also revealed with documents from Ottoman archives in Istanbul and endowment deeds kept in Ankara. Consequently, two important lost and forgotten buildings that link Ottomans and Italians are brought into daylight with this paper.


Turkish Abstract
Günümüzde Sakız şehri, ona bir zamanlar Latin karakterini veren yapılardan yoksundur.
Ortaçağdan kalan kaleyi ve içindeki birkaç yapıyı bir tarafa bırakırsak, Ceneviz ve Venedik
dönemlerine ait kiliseler uzun zaman önce ortadan kalkmıştır. Üstelik bu kiliselerden ikisi,
Osmanlı döneminde saltanat camilerine dönüştürülmüş olsalar dahi unutulmuşlardır. Dahası
bu iki kilise, adanın 1566’da Kaptan-ı Derya Piyale Paşa tarafından ele geçirilmesinden ve
kale içindeki önemli kiliselerin camiye dönüştürülmesinden sonra Sakız şehrindeki en önemli
Katolik kiliseleri idiler. Eylül 1694’te Venedikliler, Osmanlıların başarısız Viyana Kuşatması
sonrasında içine düştükleri çalkantılı dönemi fırsat bilerek adayı ele geçirmişlerdi. Ancak
Sakız’daki Venedik egemenliği yalnızca altı ay sürmüş ve Osmanlıların intikamı acımasız
olmuştu. Osmanlıların adayı Şubat 1695’te yeniden ele geçirmelerinden sonra adadaki
Katolik cemaati baskı altına alınmış, liderleri idam edilmiş, tüm Katolik kiliseleri ya yıkılmış
ya da camiye çevrilmişti. En önemli iki kilise, tahta yeni geçen II. Mustafa ve annesi Gülnuş
Emetullah Sultan adına camiye çevrilmiş ve bu iki Latin kilisesi varlıklarını cami olarak
sürdürebilmeleri için şüphesiz Türk-İslam sanatının örnekleriyle donatılmışlardı. Ne var ki bu
yapıların cami olarak yaşamları da 19. yüzyılda son bulmuş ve o zamandan beri tümüyle
unutulmuşlardır. Bu makale bu iki yitik yapının adlarını, konumlarını ve mimari özelliklerini,
yazılı ve görsel kaynakları kullanarak ve bir yapbozun parçalarını bir araya getirircesine
ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlıyor. Bu kiliselerin mimarisi ve süslemesi, gezgin din adamlarının
raporları ve bazı ender gravürlerin ışığında aydınlatılıyor. Bu yapıların cami olarak geçen
ikinci yaşamları, söz konusu dönüşüm ve bu dönüşüm sırasında edindikleri öğeler ise
İstanbul’daki Osmanlı arşivlerinden edinilen belgeler ve Ankara’da korunan vakfiyeler
sayesinde ortaya koyuluyor. Sonuçta, Osmanlıları ve İtalyanları buluşturan iki yitik ve
unutulmuş yapı, bu makale ile yeniden gün yüzüne çıkarılıyor.

This paper, presented in the 9th International Üsküdar Symposium and published in the proceedings book, deals with the hitherto unknown aspects of the Üsküdar Yeni Valide Complex in Istanbul, which was built by queen mother Gülnuş Emetullah Sultan, between 1708 and 1711.

Gülnuş Emetullah Sultan is one of the little known female sultans of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century Ottoman world. At the beginning, she was the favourite of Mehmed IV and later she became queen mother during the reigns of Mustafa II and Ahmed III, and occupied an important position both in the Harem and in state politics. However, her building activities are not well known, although she surpassed her husband and sons in patronage and financed several buildings, most of which still survive, but some unfortunately have disappeared. Yet, the significance of Gülnuş Sultan for the cultural heritage is not limited with her buildings. She also repaired a series of buildings during her tenure as queen mother, and these were not investigated thoroughly so far. As a result, not only the patronage of an important Ottoman woman, but also her role in the conservation of cultural heritage was overshadowed.
This article aims to reveal the buildings that Gülnuş Sultan repaired by making use of documents from Prime Ministry Ottoman Archive and Topkapı Palace Museum Archive, as well as other primary and secondary sources. After briefly examining Gülnuş Sultan’s life and her building activities, this study will cover the repairs of fountains and waterways around Edirne and Menemen; repair of the roof, stairs and Hicr-i İsmail of Kaaba in Mecca as well as the renovation of Makam-ı İbrahim, Kaaba curtains and pulpit finials; repair of Nasrullah Efendi Mosque in Kastamonu; repair of Yasemin Hatun double bath in Anadoluhisarı; and the repair of the waterways of Vani Mehmed Efendi's complex in Bursa, Kestel. The extent, cost and significance for architectural history of these repairs will be revealed, and the reason why Gülnuş Sultan undertook these repairs will be determined. Thus, a little known woman sultan’s uncommon and overlooked efforts for the conservation of cultural heritage will be brought into day light.

Açık Radyo’da ‘Açık Mimarlık’ programında Timeline Travel (Zamandizin Yolculuğu) Projesi üzerine konuşma (Irmak Yamaner ile) / Talk on Timeline Travel Project on Açık Radio’s ‘Açık Mimarlık’ (with Irmak Yamaner)
http://acikradyo.com.tr/acik-mimarlik/acik-mimarlik-konuklari-muzaffer-ozgules-ve-irmak-yamaner
Presented by: Yağmur Yıldırım, Açık Radyo, İstanbul, July 18th, 2019.