Khaled Hassan

Abstract
Large sets of objects written in the hieratic script were found in several places in Egypt and can be attributed to different periods. Therefore, it is safe to say that the New Kingdom period was the heyday of the objects written in hieratic, which come in various categories. Many Museums throughout the world have these thousands of hieratic objects. Similarly, the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, EMC, contained large sets of various hieratic objects. These specimens were recorded in the main registers of the Museum. There are several objects were also moved to other places such as the Grand Egyptian Museum, GEM, with new inventory numbers. Sometimes, searching for these objects in the EMC was not an easy task for many reasons. Thus, this paper will try, as possible, to track the hieratic collections in the EMC with the history of their accession. The four main records of the Museum will be displayed here as well. It will also tackle the problems that can face the scholars during their searches in the database of the Museum. Based on the category, and the finding spots, the paper will display the hieratic objects, such as Ostraca, Papyri, wooden boards with their numbers and comments attached to them in the registers with their new numbers when they moved to the GEM. A few unpublished hieratic examples will be embodied in this paper as well.

Graffiti bear witness to actions that follow one another over time and are linked to one
another, but which appear within the unified framework of the iconotextual space
constituted by the decoration of Egypt’s private funerary chapels. This is so for the
document we present in this article, which was collected as part of the secondary epigraphy
survey we have been conducting in Middle Egypt in private necropolises since 2017.1 During the
2023 season, we were authorised to visit the tombs of El-Hammamyia and Qoseir el-Amarna,2
a provincial necropolis in the 10th nome of Upper Egypt, whose tombs date mainly from the
5th dynasty. We have recorded only one document, which is the subject of this ar ticle.

The area of the North Saqqara plateau south of the causeway of King Unas became one of the most prominent necropolis sites of Memphis during the New Kingdom. It is where the archaeological expedition of the Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University discovered dozens of temple-shaped tombs dating to the Ramesside Period. Recently, the expedition led by Ola El-Aguizy uncovered the tomb of Iurokhy (Urhiya), an army general during the early reign of Ramesses II. This paper focuses on the unusual finds discovered in one of the tomb's chapels. These comprise an intact secondary burial in a wooden coffin along with wooden shabtis. This paper proposes to identify the individual buried in the chapel as a member of the personnel that serviced the mortuary cult of Iurokhy. Further objects deposited in the chapel shed light on the continued use of the chapel as a space of burial and commemoration.

The site of Meir is located about 355 km south of Cairo and about 7 km west of el-Qusiya, identified with the ancient Cusae, the capital of the 14th Upper Egyptian nome. The site extends about 1.6 km north to south and shelters the tombs of nomarchs. The architectural details and decoration of the tombs were first examined and documented in publications by Aylward Blackman between 1914 and 1953.

Generally, the Book of the Dead in the New Kingdom was inscribed in hieroglyphic and cursive hieroglyphic scripts. However, a few examples were inscribed in hieratic handwriting at the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty. This paper will present interesting examples of these early sources. Three hieratic manuscripts from the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty belong to the lady Hatnefer, the mother of the renowned Senenmut. This group of hieratic manuscripts consists of two papyri and one leather roll. This paper will also shed light on the handwriting of the manuscripts and try to figure out the number of scribes who were involved in writing these manuscripts based on palaeographical analysis.

A few examples of the Book of the Dead manuscripts in the hieratic handwriting were discovered at the beginning of the 18th Dynasty. One of these early examples is the Book of the Dead that belongs to the lady Hatnofer, the mother of the renowned official Senenmut. This Book of the Dead comprises four manuscripts i.e. two hieratic papyri, one leather roll, and one linen shroud. They are preserved in the Egyptian Museum of Cairo. This paper will give a general overview of the two hieratic papyri and also will make stress on some aspects and peculiarities of the hieratic handwriting, whereas the details of the script will be displayed in the study of these manuscripts. The other early examples and the reasons for using and abandoned the hieratic script at that time will be discussed in short. The scribes of the two papyri, based on paleographic bases, will be displayed as well.

This paper investigates the wooden kohl tube of Weserhat at the Egyptian Museum of Cairo (CG 44703/JE
18553). The database of the museum reports that it was found at Sheikh ‘Abd el-Qurna in 1862. However, the
method of acquisition is unknown, and the database does not provide a date for this object. This paper reconstructs the archaeological context of this kohl tube, based on other findings of cosmetic objects. It also presents a
full transcription, translation and paleography for the inscriptions placing a chronology based on the style of the
inscription and the jar. Moreover, it looks at the name of the owner, searching for a possible attribution for this
kohl tube, especially as the name of Weserhat was common and is attested in many Theban tombs

Hieratic texts inscribed on wood boards were uncommon through the Middle Kingdom written sources. Thus,
this paper presents a rare example of wooden board of this era preserved in the Egyptian Museum of Cairo (JE
30442– SR 920– CG 25369). This board bears an administrative hieratic text with different entries. Some of them
are very difficult or even unparalleled. This paper also aims at publishing this object in full for the first time
with colored pictures accompanied by the facsimile, hieroglyphic transcription, transliteration, translation, and
commentary on most of the entries of this object. It will also try to shed light on the paleography of the text in
comparison with some contemporary examples. The dating and the provenance of this object will be discussed
based on the examination of the paleography as well

The Book of the Dead was commonly found in the New Kingdom, written in hieroglyphs and cursive hieroglyphs. Few examples recorded in hieratic script date to the early 18 th Dynasty. They display an interesting format that differs from the other examples of different scripts. At the time, hieratic was used in the Book of the Dead on the papyrus and the linen shrouds. Before the New Kingdom, a few examples of the Book of the Dead were in written hieratic script as well. From the second half of the 18 th Dynasty, writing Book of the Dead in hieratic was stopped and the scribes used only the hieroglyphs and cursive hieroglyphs for the rest of this era. Thus, this paper tackles the reasons behind stopping the Book of the Dead"s writing in hieratic during the rest of New Kingdom. The layout and scribal practices of these examples are presented, focusing on the handwriting and scribes of the long papyrus of Hatnefer.

These scribal graffiti from Deir el-Gebrawi tombs in general and Ibi’s in particular are
further examples of the general interest of 18th Dynasty scholars in monuments of the past,
throughout Egypt. The concomitance of a long visitor inscription and a perfectly understood
copy of an iconographic motif testifies to the reception of the decorative program of the tomb
by these visitors, whose visit must have been motivated in part by an antiquarian interest and
the search for models of the past. It also demonstrates a community of practice in different
scribal communities across the country. Along with the visitors’ graffiti from Assiut and Beni
Hassan, this evidence from Deir el-Gebrawi shows that local scholars had interest for the local
monuments from the distant past, as well as it was the case in necrepoleis of the capital cities
such as Memphis or Thebes.

This article represents a combination between two ostraca uncovered in the provenance of Deir el-Bahri, and now stored in the basement of the Egyptian museum of Cairo. This ostracon contains a quite interesting visitor's formula that usually inscribed on the walls of tombs as graffiti. Now this ostracon constitutes the longest known visitor's formula inscribed on ostraca.

This paper presents one of the earliest versions of the prophecy of Neferti. It is a wooden tablet found in Saqqara and kept in the Egyptian Museum of Cairo. This paper publishes this tablet for the first time, as it has never been published before. It is also shed more light on the palaeography of the text in comparison with several other 18th dynasty hieratic texts

The present paper deals with an interesting Ramesside literary hieratic ostracon, HO. Cairo 425,
2
stored in the
basement of the Egyptian museum in Cairo. Unfortunately its provenance is unknown, and the catalogues of the
museum have no certain information concerning its exact find spot. Nevertheless, based on the Palaeography of
the text and the scribe’s signatures, i. e. Amunnakhte, on bothsides; this ostracon could safely came from Western  Thebes  e. g.  Deir  el-Medina  or  Valley  of  the  Kings.  Particularly,  most  of  the  administrative  and  literary
compositions that belongs to Amunnakhte came from these sites. This article aims at publishing this ostracon
with concentration on its newly content especially when attributed to a productive and famous scribe. It also
will try to spotlight on the most interesting handwriting of the ostracon in comparison with other sources belongs to the same writer. In addition to the attempting to figure out a specific dating for this text.

The documents that were found at Deir el-Medina provided us with detailed information on the lives of the
small group of people who were responsible for creating the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings throughout
Ramesside times. However, at the end of the 20th dynasty such documents were quite rare, particularly when the
workmen moved to be resettled at the temple of Ramses III at Medinet-Habu and abandoned their village due to
frequent disturbances.

The tombs of Beni Hassan contain distinctive scenes of daily life, thus they have been attractive for both ancient and modern visitors. The hieratic graffti that were left by the ancient visitors reeects the signiicance of these tombs. Thus, this article examines the New Kingdom visitors' graffti in two tombs of Beni Hassan (Ameny and Khnumhotep II). It also sheds more light on the location of these graffti on the walls and their connections with the original decoration of the tombs.

this paper deals with the texts on three hieratic ostraca written in black ink on one side only, now stored in the basement of the egyptian museum in cairo. according to the palaeography and the contents, the first ostracon probably dates to the 18
th dynasty, while the other two date to the 20th dynasty.

The ostracon treated in the following pages bears a hieratic text, which normally was written on the walls of the tombs and funerary temples as graffiti. This paper will attempt to shed more light on the formula of this text, as well as the reasons for the writing of such a text on an ostracon.

The ostracon under discussion represents a Hymn to the first hour of the day. The other known parallels of such a text were usually written in hieroglyphs on the walls of tombs or temples, as well as in a very few cases on statues. It is worth to be mentioned, that this is the first time to find a similar text to be written on ostracon.

This book displays an exceptional example of a Book of the Dead papyrus found in Saqqara. This papyrus was discovered in 2021 by the expedition of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Egypt. This papyrus was owned by a man named Ahmose. It is considered one of the most complete examples found in the area of Saqqara. The importance of this specimen that was found in the wooden coffin of the owner means the archaeological context is well known. This did not happen before in the Book of the Dead examples from Saqqara. The text was written in hieratic only on the front side of the papyrus, while the back side was left empty. A wide range of vignettes were inserted into the text and placed in different places. The hieratic handwriting of the papyrus proposed a date for the early Ptolemaic period.