Jan Koumar

This article describes the history and rituals of the Bavarian Order of St. George as a member of the Austrian aristocracy, Eduard (Odoardo) III Collalto, experienced them in 1802-1803, when he entered the order and made his way through its ranks from a Knight through a Commander to the highest rank of the Grand Commander. It first describes the history of the order and then it continues to the history of the House of Collalto, after which it describes the ceremonies Count Eduard Collalto experienced. The possible reasons why the aristocrats of the Habsburg monarchy entered the order of the Bavarian Elector are also considered. In conclusion it offers two possible reasons why Count Collalto joined the order; the confirmation of his nobility, which the Order offered, and possible hesitation regarding serving the Austrian Emperor after Venice, where Count Collalto had started a promising career, had been annexed to the Austrian Empire in 1797.

Tento text se zabývá rozborem pojmu sláva, jak je k nalezení ve filosofických pracích pruského krále Fridricha Velikého (1712–1786), jmenovitě pak v Rozpravě o posměváčcích (Discours sur les satiriques) a Rozpravě o hanopisech (Discours sur les libelles) z roku 1759. Fridrich v obou pracích odlišuje falešnou a opravdovou slávu, přičemž falešná sláva je pouhou pozorností davů bez hlubší podstaty, jde o slávu celebrit. Fridrich ji popisuje jako slávu Herostratovu, výjimečně pro ni používá slovo célébrité. Pravá sláva je pak popisována slovem gloire a jde o etickou kategorii, o slávu, která je motorem činnosti velkých lidí a jejímž soudcem bude historie. Obě slávy jsou sice v obou rozpravách cílem pisatelů satiry a hanopisů, avšak ti místo pravé slávy dosahují pouhé známosti svého jména, pouhé pozornosti davů. Satira a hanopisy jsou v rozpravách odsouzeny proto, že nedosahují pravé slávy, o kterou by měly usilovat, ale pouze slávy falešné, jež je však eticky bezcenná.

This research provides an insight into the life and actions of Bulgarian Tsarina Eleonora, née Reuss zu Köstritz, during 1915-1917, as narrated in the memoir Erlebtes und Geschautes written by Maria Therese Collalto. Collalto was an aristocrat who participated in the Order of Malta's mission to Bulgaria during the First World War and encountered Queen Eleonora, her childhood acquaintance. To comprehend the information about Eleonora provided in the memoir, the history of Bulgaria, Ferdinand I, the familial background of Maria Therese Collalto, and the life of the Queen herself are briefly summarised. Besides the life and actions of the Queen herself, the important figures of social life that Marie Therese met during her service to Sofia are also described.

This text tries to show the difference between travelling and tourism using the example of the 19th century aristocrat, Prince Emanuel collalto e san salvatore (1854-1952). based on the distinction of James buzzard and Jean-Didier Urbain, his touristic activities, that is travelling for travelling, are separated from the classical aristocratic journeys and stays. His life and family situation are described at the beginning, then the space is devoted to his travel activities. the tourist activities follow. In the conclusion his tourist activities are set in the context of other aristocrats and his case is suggested to be an example of an aristocratic tourist, as opposed to an aristocratic traveller.

This text deals with three nuptial publications, two "Per Nozze" and one "Felice Augurio" booklets, which were published in the early 19th century to celebrate the Italo-Hungarian unions of the Hungarian aristocratic House of Apponyi. The publications followed the almost exclusively Italian tradition of "Per Nozze" booklets and their purpose was to promote the splendor and the ascension of the House of Apponyi through the unions with the prestigious Italian houses, the House of Nogarola and the House of Collalto. They are described and their content is examined with regard to the future which the House of Apponyi expected from these unions.

THE MORAL OBLIGATIONS OF THE SOLDIER: KARL GUSTAV HOHENLOHE-LANGENBURG'S DE DEVOIRS MILITAIRES The paper examines the moral obligations of the soldier as presented in the essay De devoirs militaires authored in 1845 by Karl Gustav Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1777-1866), an important general of the Austrian army of the post-Napoleonic era. It discusses the main points of the essay, offering historical context.

This text deals with the morganatic marriage of an aristocrat in the first society of Austria-Hungary. It concentrates on the deviational dimension of this marriage so as to show what problems the long-term relationship and later marital status with the non-aristocratic girl Irma Büttner Emanuel Collalto e San Salvatore had to face. First, the problem of the morganatic marriages in general is expounded, then the social and financial situation of Emanuel Collalto is described, the whole case of his morganatic relationship is exposed and its consequences are paid attention to. The conclusion concentrates on the view of this whole case as a social deviation and the solution of its effects, which Emanuel Collalto chose.

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Geschichte einer mährischen Ziegelbrennerei, die sich im Besitz der Adelsfamilie Collalto befand. Diese Ziegelbrennerei wurde im Jahr 1922 von Emanuel Collalto e San Salvatore in Okříšky gegründet. 1931 wurde sie zum Entstehungsort des später sehr verbreiteten Hohlziegels JESTAV, der vom Ziegelmeister Josef Prášil erfunden wurden. Der Beitrag berichtet auch über andere Patente, welche den Ziegel JESTAV nachgemacht und der Ziegelbrennerei in Okříšky stark konkurriert haben. Es waren jedoch gerade diese Hohlziegel, mit welchen die Ziegelbrennerei die Wirtschaftskrise in den 1930er- Jahren überleben könnte. Der Beitrag beleuchtet auch die Tätigkeit des letzten Leiters der Ziegelbrennerei Okříšky, Eduard Mensdorff-Pouilly. Die dargestellte Geschichte der Ziegelbrennerei endet im Jahr 1942, als die Ziegelproduktion eingestellt wurde und erst nach der Enteignung der collaltschen Güter in Mähren wiederhergestellt werden sollte.

This text deals with the quotidian life of the Czechoslovakia-based members of the House of Collalto e San Salvatore in 1918-1938. After a general introduction summing up the political and family situation of the House, the attention is paid to the means of transport and travelling, places of residence, children upbringing and languages. Furthermore, the cultural life of the House is addressed: their reading habits, writing activities, their pets and jobs. The social life of the House is brought in focus too, which means the visitors of the aristocratic houses living in the neighbourhood and the relatives are paid attention to. Last but not least, the text deals with the documented diseases that occurred at the House in the followed period and with the approach of the Collaltos to the body functions.

Cílem tohoto textu je podat pohled na lovecké a myslivecké aktivity na velkostatcích rodu Collalto v Československu mezi lety 1918 až 1945. Pozornost je nejprve věnována organizaci myslivosti, jež se děla prostřednictvím stanovené hierarchie lesníků. Text vychází především z dokumentů dochovaných v Moravském zemském archivu v Brně, ale také ze vzpomínek dvou dam z rodu Collalto: Marie-Therese (1870-1940) a Giseldy Mensdorff-Pouilly, rozené Collalto (1902-1983). Další část textu se zaměřuje na společenskou stránku myslivosti: podzimní hony ve Staatzu a Brtnici a šlechtickou společnost, která se na nich podílela. Poslední část této práce tvoří popis počtů ulovené zvěře a nakládání s ní. V různých letech se to přirozeně liší, ale i tak byly stavy stabilní až do začátku 2. světové války, kdy počty odstřelené zvěře rychle klesaly a kdy se měnila i struktura druhů. Během války byla věnována mnohem větší pozornost zvířatům způsobujícím škody a škůdcům, zatímco počty ulovených jelenů, pernaté zvěře a zajíců klesly. Text se zabývá i způsoby nakládání s usmrcenou zvěří: většina byla prodána, malá část rozdána, ale přibližně třetina zvěřiny byla spotřebována na zámcích Brtnice, Uherčice a Kněžice. Závěr obsahuje také krátké shrnutí dalšího osudu rodu Collalto a jejich panství v Československu.

The aim of this text is a view of the widowhood of Caroline Collalto née Apponyi through the optics of her received correspondence and preserved documents. The attention is paid to her economic life and stability during widowhood, her social connections and activities influenced by the inherited mental illness. It also describes her childhood and the years of her marriage which influenced her later widowhood, on the other hand only marginal attention is paid to the aristocratic rituals or to the political situation during her life. Her case is an example of how the aristocratic widowhood in the second half of the 19th century could look like.

This article looks at the life and personality of Emanuel Josef, the fourth Prince of Collalto e San Salvatore, a prince whose great-niece called him the last man of the old regime in Austria due to his impractical and odd character. The study looks only at the three most significant periods of his life: 1) his birth and childhood , 2) his morganatic marriage and its consequences, and 3) his family and financial situation at the time of his death. It relies on preserved archived materials and the contemporary press to do so. The objective is to acquire a closer look at the somewhat contradictory head of the Collalto family in the second half of the 19 th century and early 20 th century.

Abstract: The article deals with the rejectionist and anti-natalist frames of mind in philosophy of Otokar Březina and Anna Pammrová. Březina's rejectionist features can be situated in the late 80's and the early 90's, they are related to his distaste for love, sexuality and with his pessimistic view on of existence. However, later they are overcome without developing into anti-natalism. The texts of Pammrová on the contrary, express not only rejectionist but also anti-natalist features. Her antinatalism is feministic; in her texts, it is not systematic and results from fact that women are made to procreate and thus, made to multiply bodies instead of spirit.

This study deals with the life and activities of the three last Princes Collalto e San Salvatore in Czecho-slovakia (1918-1945). It provides a biographical overview of their lives, family situation and of their activi-ties connected with their Moravian estates from the First Czechoslovak Republic to post-war Czechoslovakia. It starts with a description of the Land Reform which the old Prince Emanuel had to deal with. The short reign of the fifth Prince Manfred and the final results of the Reform are then described. The last part briefly describes the fate of the last owner of the Moravian possessions Octavian and his siblings, together with the confiscation of all the Collalto estates in Czechoslovakia.

Based on the original hand-written travel ac-count, this article describes the hunting expe-dition of Emanuel Collalto e San Salvatore to Abyssinia in early 1908. Collalto did not conduct this expedition alone, but together with a group led by Arnold Holtz, who brought a car as a gift for the Abyssinian Negus Menelik II. The journey started in Naples and on 2nd January 1908 they arrived by liner in Djibouti. While Holtz contin-ued to Addis Ababa in his car, Collalto and other gentlemen went by train to Dire Dawa and then they rode camels to Hursu, Erer, Gotha, Ellebalo, Mulu, spending almost a month around the river Awash. The hunts were successful. At the end of March 1908, the expedition returned to Djibouti, with a lot of trophies. On their way back to Eu-rope they visited Cairo and the pyramids and on 4th April they reached Trieste.

This study deals with life and activities of the last four Princes Collalto
e San Salvatore who owned the Moravian family estates between 1854
and 1945. On the basis of preserved archive materials, it provides a biographical overview of their lives, family situation and of their activities
connected with Moravian estates during the end of Austria-Hungary, First Czechoslovak Republic and post-war Czechoslovakia. Among these four Collaltos, Emanuel Josef (1854–1924) is the central figure, though, to understand the stagnation of the House of Collalto under its four last Princes, attention is also paid to Emanuel’s father Eduard and his two successors: Manfred and Octavian.

The article describes the houses, palaces and chateaus of Emanuel Collalto e San Salvatore with the emphasis on the places he himself built and used as temporary or permanent residences. These comprise the Moravian castle Uherčice and the small chateau Kněžice near Brtnice, which he used as his summer residences or for temporary stays purposed to manage his Moravian estates. Furthermore, it includes Viennese houses built by prince Collalto: the house at Rathausstrasse 21 and two villas in Heiligenstadt. The personality of prince Emanuel is described with regard to his housing and settlement preferences.

This paper deals with possible approaches to ethics of sexuality, with their advantages and disadvantages. Ethics of sexuality is not considered in terms of moralising, also sexuality is not limited only to coitus but it is considered in its broader meaning including the vast area of human seduction, hesitation and ado. Four classic approaches to sexual ethics are described: traditionalistic, romantic, Marxist-feminist and liberal, though, the antinatalist approach based on the asymmetric argument by David Benatar published in his work Better Never to Have Been is considered too. Benatar’s antinatalism creates sexual ethics in which only non-procreative sex can be moral. Even though this fifth, antinatalist approach is quite controversial and is not intuitive at all, its extremity is not very different from the traditionalistic approach, in which only procreative sex is moral. When considering sexual ethics, these two approaches can be put in opposition as two extremes, while liberal approach, the only one which does not see sexual ethics different from ethics of any other human conduct will play a part of the middle path between extremes.

This study deals with the postwar confiscation of the possession of a Czech Jew Richard Fischmann, the last owner of the castle and manor farm estate Puklice in Czechoslovakia. Using the direct method of the archive document research, it tries to find the reasons why Fischmann was designated as a German despite the Nazi persecution of his whole family and his death in Auschwitz. The particular aim of this study is to set the whole event into the context of the relations between the last owner and Puklice village prior 1939, furthermore to try to find the causes leading to the subsequent postwar enmity and finally to extend the existing description of the whole confiscation process based on the Decree No. 12/1945 and its substantiation.

The aim of this text is to provide a description as well as a philosophical analysis of the possible meanings of the words " natural " and " unnatural " in sexual ethics. Its particular aim is to clarify the meanings of both words, which are used and misused through moral judgements or moralising, and thus to examine what they may signify when being used as a category for labelling certain sexual behaviour. The text carries the assumption that sexual morality is often looked upon with suspicion, and as a discipline trying to reassert old Victorian morality; but such suspicion is largely based on a misunderstanding of the term ethics, and on mistaking ethics for etiquette and morality for moralism. For this reason, throughout this article all the " unnatural " acts are seen in the light of three distinctive levels of the term ethics: manners (which is socially shared, mainly unreasoned and partly enforced custom), morality (which is an individual layer based on the moral consciousness of an individual) and ethics (which is a philosophical endeavour trying to find a way not only to a good life but to the best one). These three levels are considered here to be three different meanings in the extensive ethical area. Morality is mainly focussed on, and four possible moral views of sexual conduct are taken into account. Firstly, the traditionalistic view; in which sexuality is used only as a tool of procreation. Secondly, the romantic view; in which sexuality is a solely human phenomenon deeply bound with erotic love and so necessarily leading to physicality and mutual embodiment. Thirdly, is the Marxist-feminist view; in which the centre of moral judgement is not sexuality itself, but its connection with male-female or interclass power manipulations from which it should be freed. Fourthly, is the liberal view; the only one in which sexual ethics is not considered different from ethics of any other human activity; it understands sex itself as an ethically neutral activity, and what matters is not whether some conduct is sexual or not but whether it is good or bad. Based on these four approaches to the ethics of sexuality and putting aside all moralising based on the universalization of one particular idea of an individual, four possible meanings of " unnatural " can be considered: Firstly, unnatural can be seen in comparison with animals, whose behaviour is taken as an example of naturalness. Such a view is based on the Rousseauic vision of civilisation as a process destroying the originally noble human; animal and nature represent here the example of original states which we can revert to. Secondly, the usage of body organs in an inappropriate way can be considered unnatural. Here, the appropriateness is usually assessed in accordance with the intended design of these body parts, which firstly assumes we know their purpose and furthermore it calls for the existence of this purpose determiner – ordinarily the Creator. Thirdly the unconventionality of certain acts can also be labelled as unnatural due to low statistical frequency, and fourthly is polarisation; where behaviour is not marked as " unnatural " , but on the contrary, it justifies naturalness as an innate desire-based behaviour. It, thus, assumes that every genetically given or innate desire must be morally right. The validity of these meanings is then analysed. The first one is found to be incorrect because animals actions are taken as examples of naturalness only in certain conditions, while their other actions are rather called " animalistic " and regarded with scorn. The third meaning has nothing to do with morality, since it is based on conformity and thus belongs to manners. The fourth one is not correct because the very existence of an innate urge does not make the behaviour based on it good or bad and thus cannot be used for its justification. Only the second meaning of the word " unnatural " is considered strictly moral, but since it is based on religion it is valid only for its followers and is not generally plausible. Thus, in the conclusion the suggestion is made that the general reason for calling certain acts " unnatural " in sexual ethics is merely a visceral distaste for certain activities. Although it is a good reason for an individual not to participate in them, it is not a plausible reason for calling them immoral.

Cílem textu je jednak základní orientace v povaze  etikety,  jednak  pak  snaha  vyjmenovat pěthlavních pozitivních i negativních důsledků, které etiketa pro společenské vztahy přináší: usnadnění  společenského  styku,  pokrytectví,  oddělení  společenských  vrstev,  úcta  k  ženě, avšak z ní pramenící sexismus a konečně druhotný sexismus.

This paper deals with moral values of the individuals and their relation to their sexual behaviour. Its aim is to examine the moral ideas related to sexuality and the sources of these ideas found by the qualitative research conducted among citizens of the EU in 2016. Even though the qualitative research strategy does not provide a representative view of the society, it represents the problem, thus a simple typology of the moral views found at the informants is presented.