Tiina Laansalu

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneKohanimedel on inimeste omavahelises suhtluses ja maailma mõtestamises eriline roll. Läbitöötatud kohanimematerjal aitab paremini mõista meie ajalugu ning tuvastada nimede tekke ja arengu seaduspärasusi, andes seeläbi ka aluse teha põhjendatud nimekorraldus-otsuseid. Käesolev doktoritöö keskendub Kesk-Harjumaa (Jüri ja Kose kihelkonna) kohanimedele ning täiendab seega Eesti kohanimede piirkondliku uurimise suunda. Töö alusmaterjal pärineb Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimekartoteegist. Uurimus jaguneb kahte mõttelisse ossa. Esimene osa annab traditsioonilise piirkondliku kohanimeuurimise võtmes ülevaate Kesk-Harjumaa kohanimede kujunemisest, pearõhuga põlistel asustusnimedel. Selgus, et paljud Kesk-Harjumaa kohanimed on püsinud juba kesk-ajast peale ning et põliste asustusnimede tõenäoline lähtekoht on sageli isikunimi. Kinnitust leidis, et rakendunud on mitmed eriarengute mehhanismid, samuti ilmnes, et eriarengute kaudu moodu...

Place names have changed with the rest of the vocabulary during the development of the Estonian language. However, with place names characteristic developments have occurred that differ from the general vocabulary. Irregular shortening, group transition, folk etymology and adaptation have occurred. This article will give a brief review of each specific development and will give examples, based on the settlement names in Kiili.

Artefaktinimed on traditsiooniliselt liigitatud kultuurnimede alaliigiks, mis hõlmab inimese loodud rajatiste nimesid. Inimtekkeliste objektide hulk on tänapäeval aga üha suurem ja erinäolisem, eriti linlikus keskkonnas, mistõttu vajab traditsioonilise kohanimede klassifikatsiooni artefaktinimede rühma kirjeldus täpsustamist ja täiendamist. Artikkel vaatleb artefaktinimesid kolmes kasutussfääris: maapiirkonnas, linnapiirkonnas ja slängis. Ruraalsete artefaktinimede puhul on analüüsitud Harjumaa Jüri ja Kose kihelkonna kohanimistuid, urbonüümide alusandmed pärinevad KNABist ning keskenduvad suures osas Tallinna nimedele. Slänginimede puhul on esitatud valdavalt Tallinna ja Tartu näited, mis pärinevad eri aegadel valminud teadustöödest, artiklitest ning internetist. . Tiina Laansalu, Peeter Päll, and Tõnu Tender: An attempt to describe artefact names. Artefact names have been traditionally classified as a subtype of cultural names designating names of man-made facilities. The number o...

This report gives an overview of the materials in the Archive of Estonian Dialects and Finno-Ugric Languages (AEDFUL) at the Institute of the Estonian Language (IEL). The AEDFUL holds the world’s largest collection of Estonian dialect examples as well as many other materials on other Finno-Ugric languages. Materials in the AEDFUL have been collected by researchers from the IEL and the Mother Tongue Society during the 20th century. All the Estonian dialect areas as well as all of the Finnic languages are represented in written and/or recorded form. Especially large amounts of language materials have been collected for Livonian, Ingrian, and Votic. At the beginning of the 21st century when active collecting work ended, a new era began focused on digitization and making these materials publicly available. At present, electronic databases and dictionaries are available via the Internet.

This report gives an overview of the materials in the Archive of Estonian Dialects and Finno-Ugric Languages (AEDFUL) at the Institute of the Estonian Language (IEL). The AEDFUL holds the world’s largest collection of Estonian dialect examples as well as many other materials on other Finno-Ugric languages. Materials in the AEDFUL have been collected by researchers from the IEL and the Mother Tongue Society during the 20th century. All the Estonian dialect areas as well as all of the Finnic languages are represented in written and/or recorded form. Especially large amounts of language materials have been collected for Livonian, Ingrian, and Votic. At the beginning of the 21st century when active collecting work ended, a new era began focused on digitization and making these materials publicly available. At present, electronic databases and dictionaries are available via the Internet.

This report gives an overview of the materials in the Archive of Estonian Dialects and Finno-Ugric Languages (AEDFUL) at the Institute of the Estonian Language (IEL). The AEDFUL holds the world’s largest collection of Estonian dialect examples as well as many other materials on other Finno-Ugric languages. Materials in the AEDFUL have been collected by researchers from the IEL and the Mother Tongue Society during the 20th century. All the Estonian dialect areas as well as all of the Finnic languages are represented in written and/or recorded form. Especially large amounts of language materials have been collected for Livonian, Ingrian, and Votic. At the beginning of the 21st century when active collecting work ended, a new era began focused on digitization and making these materials publicly available. At present, electronic databases and dictionaries are available via the Internet.

Artefaktinimed on traditsiooniliselt liigitatud kultuurnimede alaliigiks, mis hõlmab inimese loodud rajatiste nimesid. Inimtekkeliste objektide hulk on tänapäeval aga üha suurem ja erinäolisem, eriti linlikus keskkonnas, mistõttu vajab traditsioonilise kohanimede klassifikatsiooni artefaktinimede rühma kirjeldus täpsustamist ja täiendamist. Artikkel vaatleb artefaktinimesid kolmes kasutussfääris: maapiirkonnas, linnapiirkonnas ja slängis. Ruraalsete artefaktinimede puhul on analüüsitud Harjumaa Jüri ja Kose kihelkonna kohanimistuid, urbonüümide alusandmed pärinevad KNABist ning keskenduvad suures osas Tallinna nimedele. Slänginimede puhul on esitatud valdavalt Tallinna ja Tartu näited, mis pärinevad eri aegadel valminud teadustöödest, artiklitest ning internetist.
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Artefact names have been traditionally classified as a subtype of cultural names designating names of man-made facilities. The number of human-constructed objects is growing rapidly and they are very diverse, especially in the urban environment, therefore the classical description of artefact names needs updating and elaborating. The article looks into artefact names in three domains: the rural environment, the urban environment and slang expressions. Examples of rural artefact names have been taken from the Jüri and Kose parishes in Harjumaa, urban names are based on the data from Tallinn of the Place Names Database (KNAB) of the Institute of the Estonian Language, slang names are taken from various sources covering mainly Tallinn and Tartu.

The article provides a survey of the transferred names contained in the toponymy of Central Harjumaa, a region of Northern Estonia. Special attention has been paid to commemorative names that have also emerged as a result of transfer, as a proper name is transferred from its original denotee to another (additional) entity. A detailed analysis is presented of the transferred names of Central Harjumaa, their subdivisions: migratory transferred names and comparative transferred names, as well as the commemorative names of the region. The research material comes from the Place Name Archive of the Institute of the Estonian Language, the National Place Name Register and the Address Data System of the Estonian Land Board. As revealed by the analysis, the vast majority of the transferred names of Central Harjumaa are of a comparative nature. In commemorative names, the most numerous subgroup is the kolkhoz and sovkhoz names group. Also, the commemorative names, as well as the rest of the transferred names of Central Harjumaa, contain names emphasising national heritage and national romanticism. Most of the names originating in Bible names have remained unofficial as ephemeral microtoponyms. A special layer of commemorative names formed by kolkhoz and sovkhoz names has by now vanished from Estonian toponymy without leaving any noticeable trace.

The article explores toponyms that have originated from proprial names. The phenomenon, in which an already existing name has been transferred to denote another place, is called name transfer and the names that have originated from already existing names are called transferred names. Name transfer has not been a particular field of interest in Estonian onomastics so far. The article provides an overview of the relevant theories and perceptions related to the subject of name transfer and also explains which conception applies to Estonian place names.
The more frequent is the use of a place name, the more probable it is that it will be a source for new names. Secondary names are constructed from primary names 1) as annexes or metonymically transferred names (in the case of direct topographical contact); 2) as transferred names (somewhere farther away). Hence, a primary name is like a tree that distributes its seeds (transferred names) and offshoots (annexes). The shape of the tree is duplicated by the shadow next to it (metonymically transferred names). The latter ones rarely occur in Estonian, because the transfer of names is morphologically marked by the change of the basic case.
Annexes often combine name clusters around the primary names. Because annexes are well-localised (as a result of the well-known primary name or name cluster), developing them is an efficient way to get new names. This is also the solution that is recommended by the Estonian Place Name Law and examples of the names created by this method are provided in the article.
Transferred names help to identify migration, whether internal or external, and also to observe and analyse socio-onomastic phenomena (e.g. names motivated by commemorativeness, commercialization etc.). Today, when assigning new names, commerciality and branding play an important role. Developers prefer distinguished and commercially attractive place names and that sometimes leads to adopting names from other countries and foreign languages. When a name has been transferred from elsewhere, it is necessary to consider its initial language context in order to understand, analyse and etymologise it – it is essential to know the name’s essential background.

Rivers are natural watercourses that, due to the inclined surface of the earth, flow constantly in the channels that they have formed. Some rivers run on the surface, but there are also rivers that flow (partly) underground as if in tunnels. This phenomenon often occurs in karst areas. Due to the variable nature of the flow of karst rivers, they are commonly given distinctive names. In Estonian such rivers have been called Dry Rivers (Est sing nom Kuivajõgi), because of the rivers' tendencies to fill their aboveground riverbeds only occasionally, usually leaving the riverbeds dry. Some karst rivers have also been called Secret Rivers (Est sing nom Salajõgi) due to their mysteriously disappearing underground streambeds. In this paper, the Estonian place names Kuivajõgi (Dry River) and Salajõgi (Secret River) are examined. The development of the names (with the help of historical sources, if possible) and their occurrence today are also introduced. In addition, the names Kuivajõgi and Salajõgi are indicated on a map in order to make a comparison with a map of Estonian karst areas, thereby showing how nature is reflected in place names.

The age, origins and structure of the settlement names in Kose Parish in Estonia are examined in this paper. A classification is provided for the age-based groupings of the settlement names (the main groups are older or indigenous names, on the one hand, and newer names, on the other). Moreover, the division of the names based on their origins and structure is also introduced. Then the disparities between the origins and structure of the settlement name layers are discussed in order to determine the differences and similarities that appear in older and newer settlement name layers and to understand which aspects of the names are more enduring through various periods and which aspects can change as a result of the conditions during these periods.

The purpose of this article is to provide a more detailed survey of the age and origins of the indigenous settlement names in Kose Parish. The place names that already existed before the Great Northern War are considered to be indigenous, and therefore, the names recorded between the 13th and 17th centuries will be examined. The source material comes primarily from the place name archives of the Institute of the Estonian Language, for which place names from Kose Parish
have been collected from 1929 to 1969.
A large percentage of the village names from Kose Parish are very old – a quarter of the village names in the place name archives of the Institute of the Estonian Language date back to ancient times and they are already mentioned in the Danish Census Book. Later on, the names of the manors that were established in place of the villages sometimes adopted the names of the ancient villages. By the end of the 17th century, recordings related to 26% of the names had been added, which means that more than half the village and manor names in Kose Parish are indigenous. In the case of the farm names, about 25% of them can be connected to the names that are found in the old sources (a similar result has also been achieved in the research of place names in the neighboring areas). Of them 4% were indigenous, i.e. farm names that appeared in sources before the 18th century. The main section of the article is comprised of a list of indigenous names, where we can see the oldest spelling of the name and information regarding the probable origins of the name.
The definite etymology of the oldest village and manor names can be determined very seldom, but the centuries-old forms of the name can surprisingly often be juxtaposed with old personal names (e.g. Alansi). The most transparent village
and manor names are usually based on names related to nature (e.g. Kivioja). Most of the names of ancient farms are based on personal names (e.g. Hansoni). In many cases, this is only an indirect classification, because the names cannot be
explained with only one equivalent. In the case of several settlement names that are not transparent today, the most likely point of departure is still a personal name (e.g. Ardu). Concurrences have also been discovered with Germanic personal names, and comparisons with Low German and Frisian names have helped to find explanations for place names that are difficult to etymologize. Settlement names have also undergone various specific developments.

In time, language evolves, as do place names, similarly to the rest of the vocabulary. Place names are often more enduring, although they undergo some changes that differ from the general vocabulary. The differences may have been caused
by the fact that place names do not need understandable apellative meanings to function. The specific developments can be traced only when earlier documentation exists.
Several parallel forms of a place name can exist simultaneously.  The parallel forms may emerge due to economic reasons, dialectal differences, language change or ambiguities in the name shape. It cannot always be determined whether a parallel form will lead to an actual change in the place name or variations in the forms are only incidental. Nowadays, name changes can be prevented by the written language in which the unshortened name form, which is considered to be more correct, is preferred.
The types of specific developments include irregular shortening, group transition, folk etymology and adaptation. Irregular shortening, which is distinctive to place names, occurs over time and cannot be explained by the phonetic rules of
the general vocabulary. It occurs mostly in the second component of compound names, but can also occur in the first component. Group transition is a phenomenon whereby parts of a name with similar phonetic shapes can replace each other
during variation – the most common example is -mäe ~ -ma(a). Folk etymology means the reinterpretation of a name. During adaptation, foreign names are made to conform to the phonetic structure of the target language.
In this paper a selection of settlement names from Kose Parish is presented
in the form of name entries that contain the specific developments. The material for the study comes from the Place Names Archive at the Institute of the Estonian Language and it has been compared with some earlier and later documentation.
Examples of all the different types of developments can be found in the settlement names of Kose Parish.

The paper provides a survey of the settlement names used in the municipality of Kiili, Harju county. As a regional study it is intended to become a brick in the foundation for more general studies covering the whole language area. The material for the study comes from the place name archives of the Institute of the Estonian Language. Besides the list of Kiili settlement names the study contains an analysis of the date and origin of the names, as well as their parallel names and structure. The names have been dated using some sources from 1241–1875. The analysis revealed that since the mid-19th century the proportion of anthroponymic names has considerably dropped and that of non-anthroponymic ones has increased while especially many recent farm names derive from the names of natural objects. One might assume that the steep drop in the number of anthroponymic farm names is due to liberation from serfdom; removal of peasants from estate property while keeping lands and buildings, created a need for naming the farms that earlier used to be called by the names of their owners, resp. families. Recent farm names often originated in natural names, secondary names, master’s surnames, or, more rarely, first names. Twenty per cent of farms had parallel names, whereas of the settlements only twelve per cent had parallel names. By structure the settlement names studied were classified into simple names and compound names. The simple names included abstracted names, names with a locative or collective suffix, and term names. The compound names were classified by the number of components, as well as by parts of speech. The study also deals with irregular shortening, group transition, folk etymology, adaptation, and a few dialectal features in Kiili settlement names.

Place names have changed with the rest of the vocabulary
during the development of the Estonian language. However, with place names characteristic developments have occurred that differ from the general vocabulary. Irregular shortening, group transition, folk etymology and adaptation have occurred. This article will give a brief review of each specific development and will give examples, based on the settlement names in Kiili.