- Interested in music, archaeolmusicology, dance, building musical instruments, archaeologyedit
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76 Roman bells and 91 pellet bells from the Early Medieval Avar and Carolingian periods from Austria, Hungary, and Slovakia cast in various copper alloys were investigated. They were classified into archaeological types and chemical... more
76 Roman bells and 91 pellet bells from the Early Medieval Avar and Carolingian periods from Austria, Hungary, and Slovakia cast in various copper alloys were investigated. They were classified into archaeological types and chemical analyses were carried out to get knowledge about their alloys' compositions. Since the material, among other parameters, influences timbre and sound perception, one Roman bell and one Avar pellet bell were reproduced in six different copper alloys, to examine the influence of the materials. Additionally, six bars were cast, and five plates were forged. All objects were recorded and analysed (psycho-)acoustically for a multitude of parameters to find out which are rather influenced by material and which are mainly altered by other parameters, such as shape or weight.
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Our project is focused on metal sound objects of the Early Iron Age (Hallstatt Culture), the Roman period, and the period of the Avar Khanate in the Carpathian Basin (Early Middle Ages). The idiophones originate from burial and settlement... more
Our project is focused on metal sound objects of the Early Iron Age (Hallstatt Culture), the Roman
period, and the period of the Avar Khanate in the Carpathian Basin (Early Middle Ages). The idiophones
originate from burial and settlement contexts. Our goal is to gain new information on their
function, on tonal inGuence on ancient peoples’ daily lives, and their impact on society. This interdisciplinary
project combines archaeological, metallurgical, acoustical, psychoacoustical, ethnomusicological,
and psychological methods supported by experimental archaeology and handcraft
experience, as well as by ancient written and iconographic sources. In this article we report on the
status of our current results. We present three case studies, one for each period, and an acoustic
and psychoacoustic overview of all currently investigated sound objects. Analyses of textile remains
adhering to pellet bells complete this paper.
period, and the period of the Avar Khanate in the Carpathian Basin (Early Middle Ages). The idiophones
originate from burial and settlement contexts. Our goal is to gain new information on their
function, on tonal inGuence on ancient peoples’ daily lives, and their impact on society. This interdisciplinary
project combines archaeological, metallurgical, acoustical, psychoacoustical, ethnomusicological,
and psychological methods supported by experimental archaeology and handcraft
experience, as well as by ancient written and iconographic sources. In this article we report on the
status of our current results. We present three case studies, one for each period, and an acoustic
and psychoacoustic overview of all currently investigated sound objects. Analyses of textile remains
adhering to pellet bells complete this paper.
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The article initially deals with the difficulties that can arise when sound recordings of archaeological sound objects are made in museum rooms. In order to reduce these problems as much as possible, a simple but effective, sound-reduced... more
The article initially deals with the difficulties that can arise when sound recordings of archaeological sound objects are made in museum rooms. In order to reduce these problems as much as possible, a simple but effective, sound-reduced recording chamber has been developed. It is used in the FWF (Austrian Sciences Funds) project "Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD", which investigates bells, pellet bells, and jewelleries with jingles. The chamber was constructed from 8 mm thick poplar plywood panels. Its isolation consists of a double layer of mineral wool, Rockfon Facett Plano 20 mm. Measurements have shown a reduction of background noise by up to 21.4 dB SPL in various museum rooms. The transportable recording chamber is weighing only 7 kg and is therefore ideally suited for sound recordings in museums and other collections. This article describes shortly the making of the chamber and examines its noise reduction levels by means of a series of measurements.
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The collections of the Balaton Museum in Keszthely and of the Hungarian National Museum contain around 50 pellet bells from the Great Migration period from the Keszthely Region. All originate from cemeteries and were analysed concerning... more
The collections of the Balaton Museum in Keszthely and of the Hungarian National Museum contain around 50 pellet bells from the Great Migration period from the Keszthely Region. All originate from cemeteries and were analysed concerning their find position, function, sounds, psychoacoustic parameters, and chemical compositions. Additionally, adhering textiles were investigated. Primarily children wore pellet bells hanging from their tunic. Pellet bell served as amulets and the idea that their sounds and metals protect are still popular today.
Research Interests: Archaeology, Acoustics, Medieval Studies, History of Textiles, Early Medieval Archaeology, and 15 moreMedieval Archaeology, Archaeometry, Carolingian Studies, Archaeometallurgy, Archaeomusicology, Archaeology of the Avars, Merovingian and Carolingian, Archeometry, Archaeological textiles and clothing, Archaeoacoustics, Archaeology Of The Migration Period And The Early Middle Ages, Carolingian History, Avars, Frühmittelalter, and Musicarchaeology
Metallic idiophones of the Early History Period from the archaeological collection of the Slovakian National Museum in Bratislava. Sixteen Avarian pellet bells and seven Roman bells housed in the Archaeological Slovak National Museum in... more
Metallic idiophones of the Early History Period from the archaeological collection of the Slovakian National
Museum in Bratislava. Sixteen Avarian pellet bells and seven Roman bells housed in the Archaeological Slovak
National Museum in Bratislava were investigated within the framework of the research project “Metallic Idiophones
between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe”. ey originate from Bratislava-Rusovce (Roman Gerulata), Bratislava-
Jarovce, Židovská ulica in Bratislava, Vištuk, Komárno, and Streda nad Bodrogom, and the Avar-period cemeteries
Bratislava-Devínska Nová Ves (cemetery I), Bratislava-Záhorska Bystrica and Bratislava-Rusovce (site: Pri cintoríne).
Due to their nd positions they can give information about their function. Analyses on their sounds, their psychoacoustic
features as well as their chemical compositions were carried out. Textile traces on one pellet bell were analysed. Comparisons
of the existence of pellet bells in contemporary cultures are presented.
Museum in Bratislava. Sixteen Avarian pellet bells and seven Roman bells housed in the Archaeological Slovak
National Museum in Bratislava were investigated within the framework of the research project “Metallic Idiophones
between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe”. ey originate from Bratislava-Rusovce (Roman Gerulata), Bratislava-
Jarovce, Židovská ulica in Bratislava, Vištuk, Komárno, and Streda nad Bodrogom, and the Avar-period cemeteries
Bratislava-Devínska Nová Ves (cemetery I), Bratislava-Záhorska Bystrica and Bratislava-Rusovce (site: Pri cintoríne).
Due to their nd positions they can give information about their function. Analyses on their sounds, their psychoacoustic
features as well as their chemical compositions were carried out. Textile traces on one pellet bell were analysed. Comparisons
of the existence of pellet bells in contemporary cultures are presented.
Research Interests:
The collections of the Balaton Museum in Keszthely and of the Hungarian National Museum contain around 50 pellet bells from the Great Migration period from the Keszthely Region. All originate from cemeteries and were analysed concerning... more
The collections of the Balaton Museum in Keszthely and of the Hungarian National Museum contain around 50 pellet bells from the Great Migration period from the Keszthely Region. All originate from cemeteries and were analysed concerning their find position, function, sounds, psychoacoustic parameters, and chemical compositions. Additionally, adhering textiles were investigated. Primarily children wore pellet bells hanging from their tunic. Pellet bell served as amulets and the idea that their sounds and metals protect are still popular today. Kivonat A keszthelyi Balaton Múzeum és a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum gyűjteményei közel ötven, népvándorlás kori csörgőt őriznek a keszthelyi régióból. A leletek temetőkből származnak. A csörgőket megtalálási helyzetük, hangzásuk, pszichoakusztikus paramétereik és kémiai összetételük alapján elemeztük, valamint vizsgáltuk a rajtuk megőrződött textilmaradványokat. Elsősorban a gyerekek viselték a tunikájukról lelógó csörgőket. A csörgőket amullettként használták, a hangjuk és anyaguk védelmező funkciója manapság is népszerű elképzelés.
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So far, 39 bells were found during archaeological excavations and surveys of the ancient settlement areas of the Roman city of Ovilava (Wels) in Upper Austria. The investigations of the bells were carried out within the framework of the... more
So far, 39 bells were found during archaeological excavations and surveys of the ancient
settlement areas of the Roman city of Ovilava (Wels) in Upper Austria. The investigations
of the bells were carried out within the framework of the research project “Metallic Idiophones
between 800 bc and 800 ad in Central Europe” at the Natural History Museum Vienna. The
idiophones were analysed concerning their archaeological context, their possible function in the
daily life of the population with the aid of ancient written and pictorial sources, their pitches,
their psychoacoustic parameters and their metal compositions. The interdisciplinary studies shed
a new light on metallic idiophones and add to the knowledge of material culture in the Roman
period.
settlement areas of the Roman city of Ovilava (Wels) in Upper Austria. The investigations
of the bells were carried out within the framework of the research project “Metallic Idiophones
between 800 bc and 800 ad in Central Europe” at the Natural History Museum Vienna. The
idiophones were analysed concerning their archaeological context, their possible function in the
daily life of the population with the aid of ancient written and pictorial sources, their pitches,
their psychoacoustic parameters and their metal compositions. The interdisciplinary studies shed
a new light on metallic idiophones and add to the knowledge of material culture in the Roman
period.
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of roman Bells and avar ringbells – prehistoric idiophones from Vienna The article presents Roman bells and Avar bell finds from Vienna. Excavations within the area of ancient Vienna (Vindobona) unearthed 25 bells. They were found in... more
of roman Bells and avar ringbells – prehistoric idiophones from Vienna
The article presents Roman bells and Avar bell finds from Vienna. Excavations within the area of ancient Vienna
(Vindobona) unearthed 25 bells. They were found in the military camp, the canabae legionis, both in the first district
of Vienna, the civil town in the third Viennese district and near ancient roads. They are cast in diverse copper-alloys
(Cu-Sn-Pb; Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb; Cu-Pb) and forged from iron sheet. A larger amount originates from metallurgic workshops
and probably were produced there. The sizes vary from 7 mm up to 91 mm. The copper-alloy bells are classified
into four types and the iron bells only in one type. Whereas none of the larger bells can be associated with a more
precise function, the tiny bells served as jewellery and apotropaic pendants on necklaces and bracelets. Bells were
signal instruments to regulate the daily life of a settlement, served as apotropaic wind chimes in various buildings,
courtyards and gardens, decorated grazing animals and were part of the harness of draught, pack and riding ani-
mals. They also played a role in religious life. From the Avar period 21 pellet bells, three tutuli shaped bells and two
bells are known in Vienna. Mostly they were found in children’s and a few adults burials. Some horses had pellet
bells as parts of the bridle and saddle. One dog wore a pellet bells on its collar. Pellet bells were cast in copper alloys
(Cu-Sn-Pb; Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb) and forged in metal sheets (Fe, Bz). Their surfaces are smooth ore decorated. Small pebbles
or bronze balls are enclosed in the rattles. They are classified into five basic shapes. Pellet bells probably served as
apotropaic amulets and jewellery. They were not very common in the Avar communities, because they appear only
in a few graves from the middle of the 7th c. onwards. Well-preserved bells and pellet bells were recorded and ana-
lysed acoustically and psychoacoustically. Their frequencies range from 1.2 – 20 kHz. Both types are bright and sharp
in sound but hardly rough.
The article presents Roman bells and Avar bell finds from Vienna. Excavations within the area of ancient Vienna
(Vindobona) unearthed 25 bells. They were found in the military camp, the canabae legionis, both in the first district
of Vienna, the civil town in the third Viennese district and near ancient roads. They are cast in diverse copper-alloys
(Cu-Sn-Pb; Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb; Cu-Pb) and forged from iron sheet. A larger amount originates from metallurgic workshops
and probably were produced there. The sizes vary from 7 mm up to 91 mm. The copper-alloy bells are classified
into four types and the iron bells only in one type. Whereas none of the larger bells can be associated with a more
precise function, the tiny bells served as jewellery and apotropaic pendants on necklaces and bracelets. Bells were
signal instruments to regulate the daily life of a settlement, served as apotropaic wind chimes in various buildings,
courtyards and gardens, decorated grazing animals and were part of the harness of draught, pack and riding ani-
mals. They also played a role in religious life. From the Avar period 21 pellet bells, three tutuli shaped bells and two
bells are known in Vienna. Mostly they were found in children’s and a few adults burials. Some horses had pellet
bells as parts of the bridle and saddle. One dog wore a pellet bells on its collar. Pellet bells were cast in copper alloys
(Cu-Sn-Pb; Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb) and forged in metal sheets (Fe, Bz). Their surfaces are smooth ore decorated. Small pebbles
or bronze balls are enclosed in the rattles. They are classified into five basic shapes. Pellet bells probably served as
apotropaic amulets and jewellery. They were not very common in the Avar communities, because they appear only
in a few graves from the middle of the 7th c. onwards. Well-preserved bells and pellet bells were recorded and ana-
lysed acoustically and psychoacoustically. Their frequencies range from 1.2 – 20 kHz. Both types are bright and sharp
in sound but hardly rough.
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The prehistoric necropolis in the area "Rheintal-Süd" is part of the municipality of Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge. It is located on a gravel terrace of the river Leitha, about 2, 8 km off the townchurch. That area had already... more
The prehistoric necropolis in the area "Rheintal-Süd" is part of the municipality of Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge. It is located on a gravel terrace of the river Leitha, about 2, 8 km off the townchurch. That area had already been used as graveyard during the early and the middle Bronze Age. It was used again as graveyard in the older late Bronze Age and several hundred years later during the Latène. The local historians Friedrich Opferkuh and Heribert Schutzbier started to rescue the first findings. From 1978 – 1984 the departement for maintaining soil monuments of the Federal Office for preservation of monuments undertook rescue excavations guided by Gustav Melzer. 55 graves of the "Urnenfelder" Culture could be identified, a majority of which had been disarranged or completely destroyed. All graves were typical flat graves of the "Mitteldonauländische Urnenfelder" Culture dug shallowly under humus soil. The architecture of the graves can principally ...
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Metallic idiophones dating to the Roman and the Great Migration period, excavated in Vas County and housed in the collection of the Savaria Museum in Szombathely are presented here. They were investigated archaeologically, ar-... more
Metallic idiophones dating to the Roman and the Great Migration period, excavated in Vas County and housed in the
collection of the Savaria Museum in Szombathely are presented here. They were investigated archaeologically, ar-
chaeometrically, acoustically and psychoacoustically within the framework of the research project ‘Metallic Idiophones
between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe’ in order to make statements regarding their function, their method
of production and their influence on the listening habits of the respective societies.
keywords: idiophones, archaea musicology, Roman Period, Migration Period, Early Middle Ages, acoustics, psy-
choacoustics, archaeometry
collection of the Savaria Museum in Szombathely are presented here. They were investigated archaeologically, ar-
chaeometrically, acoustically and psychoacoustically within the framework of the research project ‘Metallic Idiophones
between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe’ in order to make statements regarding their function, their method
of production and their influence on the listening habits of the respective societies.
keywords: idiophones, archaea musicology, Roman Period, Migration Period, Early Middle Ages, acoustics, psy-
choacoustics, archaeometry
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Pellet bells forged from metal sheets were common during the Avar period. Their investigation is part of the research project "Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe". A large amount of the pellet bells were... more
Pellet bells forged from metal sheets were common during the Avar period. Their investigation is part of the research project "Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe". A large amount of the pellet bells were forged from sheet iron, and the rest from copper and various copper alloy sheets. To find out the reason why sheet iron was preferred, different materials were used in forging experiments. While sheet copper and bronze were quite easily shaped, sheet iron needed much more force to be shaped into the swage block. Listening to the sounds of the three comparably-shaped pellet bells, they differ substantially in timbre and loudness. The analyses of the sound recordings showed no significant correlations between any of the calculated psychoacoustic parameters. The copper bell showed the lowest values, the bronze bell the middle and the iron bell the highest values. A possible explanation for the use of iron pellet bells could be found in magical-religious imagination and psychological warfare.
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The Great Migration Period collection of the Hungarian National Museum houses more than 67 pellet bells and bells from the Avar Period, which are part of the research project ‘Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central... more
The Great Migration Period collection of the Hungarian National Museum houses more than 67 pellet bells and bells from the Avar Period, which are part of the research project ‘Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe’. They originate from 17 archaeological sites. The idiophones are presented within their find context and classified into types. Chemical analyses were carried out non-destructively by using a handheld XRF. The sounds of the original objects were recorded and analysed about their frequency ranges and psychoacoustic parameters. Several suggestions of the idiophones function complete the article. Ten textiles were analysed on the pellet bells, revealing some information on possible pieces of clothing and the positioning in the burial.
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The Great Migration Period collection of the Hungarian National Museum houses more than 67 pellet bells and bells from the Avar Period, which are part of the research project 'Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central... more
The Great Migration Period collection of the Hungarian National Museum houses more than 67 pellet bells and bells from the Avar Period, which are part of the research project 'Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe'. They originate from 17 archaeological sites. The idiophones are presented within their find context and classified into types. Chemical analyses were carried out non-destructively by using a handheld XRF. The sounds of the original objects were recorded and analysed about their frequency ranges and psychoacoustic parameters. Several suggestions of the idiophones function complete the article. Ten textiles were analysed on the pellet bells, revealing some information on possible pieces of clothing and the positioning in the burial. Kivonat A Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum népvándorlás kori gyűjteményében tizenhét lelőhelyről származó, több mint hatvanhét, avar kori csörgő és csengő található, amelyeket a 'Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe' kutatási projekt keretében vizsgáltunk. Bemutatjuk a tárgyak leletösszefüggéseit és osztályozzuk őket. Kémiai összetételüket roncsolásmentesen, kézi XRF spektrométerrel határoztuk meg. Rögzítettük a tárgyak hangját, elemeztük a frekvenciatartományukat és pszichoakusztikus paramétereiket. Az idiofonok funkciója kapcsán több elméletet felvázolunk. Tíz, csörgőn megőrződött textilmaradványt is elemeztünk, amely révén adatot kaphatunk a lehetséges ruhadarabokról és a síron belüli elhelyezkedésről.
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Table of Roman bells and Avar pellet bells of Vienna, Austria. Supplement to article "Von römischen Glocken und awarischen Schellen - frühgeschichtliche Idiophone aus Wien"
Beate Maria Pomberger - Jörg Mühlhans - Mathias Mehofer
Beate Maria Pomberger - Jörg Mühlhans - Mathias Mehofer
Research Interests:
New finds from the Early Neolithic settlements in Austria and Hungary reconstructed as the first ceramic bells are published in the article. Modern copies of such bells were made and their sound was recorded.
Research Interests:
Sound objects made of metal such as bells, pellet bells and sounding jewelry are scientifically subsumed under the term “metallic idiophones”. They usually receive little conscious attention, albeit they play a major role even in modern... more
Sound objects made of metal such as bells, pellet bells and sounding jewelry are scientifically
subsumed under the term “metallic idiophones”. They usually receive little conscious attention, albeit they
play a major role even in modern European societies. The sound objects had an impact on the social and
ritual sphere of prehistoric and early historic societies also as instruments with signaling function. The
present research project, entitled “Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe
– Their Function and Acoustic Influence in Daily Life” aims to investigate the metallic idiophones of
Central Europe over the Iron Age, Roman Empire and early Middle Ages. It uses an interdisciplinary
approach that connects the methodology of archaeology, metallurgy, acoustics and psychology together
with their function and acoustic influence in daily life. The current status of three case studies is presented
in this article.
Keywords: archaeomusicology, idiophones, acoustics, psychoacoustics, textiles.
subsumed under the term “metallic idiophones”. They usually receive little conscious attention, albeit they
play a major role even in modern European societies. The sound objects had an impact on the social and
ritual sphere of prehistoric and early historic societies also as instruments with signaling function. The
present research project, entitled “Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe
– Their Function and Acoustic Influence in Daily Life” aims to investigate the metallic idiophones of
Central Europe over the Iron Age, Roman Empire and early Middle Ages. It uses an interdisciplinary
approach that connects the methodology of archaeology, metallurgy, acoustics and psychology together
with their function and acoustic influence in daily life. The current status of three case studies is presented
in this article.
Keywords: archaeomusicology, idiophones, acoustics, psychoacoustics, textiles.
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To purchase a printed copy of the latest Archaeological Textiles Review, please visit: https://www.webshophum-en.ku.dk/shop/ archaeological-textiles-664s1.html Information about institutional subscriptions is also available here.
Research Interests: Prehistoric Archaeology, Acoustics, History of Dress, History of Textiles, Textile Archaeology, and 8 moreEarly Medieval Archaeology, Ancient Textiles, Archaeomusicology, Archaeology of the Avars, Music Archaeology, Early Iron Age, Archaeological textiles and clothing, and Hallstatt and Latene period Middle Europe
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the pellet bells from 15 graves of the avar cemeteries komárno iv, viii and iX were examined for their position in the graves, their types, their acoustic and psychoacoustic parameters and their metallurgical compositions within the... more
the pellet bells from 15 graves of the avar cemeteries komárno iv, viii and iX were examined for their position in
the graves, their types, their acoustic and psychoacoustic parameters and their metallurgical compositions within
the framework of the research project ‘Metallic idiophones between 800 Bc and 800 aD in central europe’. Based on
the results, assumptions could be made about their functions. Burials with pellet bells are only a minority among all
the total amount of burials of all three cemeteries together and date from the middle avar period ii onwards. only
five graves belonged to children. these pellet bells can be interpreted as amulets and rather silent signal instruments,
fixed on the clothes of the persons. the other ten grave belonged to horsemen and their horses. these pellet bells were
part of the horse harness and served as jewellery, warning signal instrument and amulet. Most of the pellet bells were
hammered of bronze sheet, and followed by those cast in bronze. But there are also pellet bells hammered of iron, copper
and brass sheet. their main frequencies could be determined between 1.5 – 4.5 khz. acoustic and psychoacoustic
parameters can help to identify also similarities and differences between the objects and to get an idea of the actual
sound. especially loudness and level can also be used to draw conclusions about the use of the objects. a video with
the original sounds of the pellet bells was created and loaded up on the internet platform youtube: ‘Pellet Bells from
the avar Period in komárno’.
the graves, their types, their acoustic and psychoacoustic parameters and their metallurgical compositions within
the framework of the research project ‘Metallic idiophones between 800 Bc and 800 aD in central europe’. Based on
the results, assumptions could be made about their functions. Burials with pellet bells are only a minority among all
the total amount of burials of all three cemeteries together and date from the middle avar period ii onwards. only
five graves belonged to children. these pellet bells can be interpreted as amulets and rather silent signal instruments,
fixed on the clothes of the persons. the other ten grave belonged to horsemen and their horses. these pellet bells were
part of the horse harness and served as jewellery, warning signal instrument and amulet. Most of the pellet bells were
hammered of bronze sheet, and followed by those cast in bronze. But there are also pellet bells hammered of iron, copper
and brass sheet. their main frequencies could be determined between 1.5 – 4.5 khz. acoustic and psychoacoustic
parameters can help to identify also similarities and differences between the objects and to get an idea of the actual
sound. especially loudness and level can also be used to draw conclusions about the use of the objects. a video with
the original sounds of the pellet bells was created and loaded up on the internet platform youtube: ‘Pellet Bells from
the avar Period in komárno’.
Research Interests:
New finds from the Early Neolithic settlements in Austria and Hungary reconstructed as the first ceramic bells are published in the article. Modern copies of such bells were made and their sound was recorded.
Research Interests:
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The lyre shapes of the Hallstatt circle are depicted on ceramic and bronze vessels. They can be classified into three types, the Hallstattphorminx, the Situlae Lyra and the Hallstatt lyre. In the latter two types, two variants... more
The lyre shapes of the Hallstatt circle are depicted on ceramic and bronze vessels. They can be classified into three types,
the Hallstattphorminx, the Situlae Lyra and the Hallstatt lyre. In the latter two types, two variants crystallize. The socalled
Hallstatt lyre, represented as a simple frame construction, can also be interpreted as a zither – frame zither or box
zither. Representations of the stringed instruments discussed here appear predominantly in richly furnished graves of
both sexes. Through analyzation of the basic construction of the chordophones and their string holders, it is possible to
reconstruct them experimentally. Simple manual measurements were used to determine the size of each instrument.
Hallstatt lyres, a Hallstatt zither, a Hallstattphorminx and a Situlae Lyre were reconstructed and played in Vienna by
music archaeologists and musicians.
Keywords: Central Europe, Early Iron Age, Hallstatt culture, musicarchaeology, chordophones, lyres, reconstructions,
experimental archaeology.
the Hallstattphorminx, the Situlae Lyra and the Hallstatt lyre. In the latter two types, two variants crystallize. The socalled
Hallstatt lyre, represented as a simple frame construction, can also be interpreted as a zither – frame zither or box
zither. Representations of the stringed instruments discussed here appear predominantly in richly furnished graves of
both sexes. Through analyzation of the basic construction of the chordophones and their string holders, it is possible to
reconstruct them experimentally. Simple manual measurements were used to determine the size of each instrument.
Hallstatt lyres, a Hallstatt zither, a Hallstattphorminx and a Situlae Lyre were reconstructed and played in Vienna by
music archaeologists and musicians.
Keywords: Central Europe, Early Iron Age, Hallstatt culture, musicarchaeology, chordophones, lyres, reconstructions,
experimental archaeology.
Research Interests:
Seven caged balls and seven rectangular pendants with jingle bobs from the Býčí skála cave (Bull Rock cave) near Brno, an Iron Age sacrificial site in the Moravian Karst, were investigated with regard to their metallurgical composition,... more
Seven caged balls and seven rectangular pendants with jingle bobs from the Býčí skála cave (Bull Rock cave) near Brno, an Iron Age sacrificial site in the Moravian Karst, were investigated with regard to their metallurgical composition, acoustics, psychoacoustics and
effect on human hearing. The studies have been carried out within the FWF-Hertha Firnberg project "Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe", which is located at the Natural History Museum in Vienna, Austria. Their function as sounding ornamental
pendants worn as breast or belt ornaments, is discussed and their impact in creating an acoustic
code of the clothing of Iron Age upper class ladies. The artefacts are also compared with findings
in the western Hallstatt district and the Villanova culture.
Keywords: Music archaeology, psychoacoustics, clothing, Early Iron Age, metal analysis
Sieben geschlitzte Bommeln und sieben hausförmige Anhänger mit Klapperblechen aus der Býčí skála-Höhle (Stierfelshöhle) bei Brünn, einem eisenzeitlichen Opferplatz im Mährischen Karst, wurden im Rahmen des FWF-Hertha-Firnbergprojektes “Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe”, das im Naturhistorischen Museum Wien, Österreich, angesiedelt ist, hinsichtlich ihrer metallurgischen Zusammensetzung, ihrer Akustik, und ihrer
Wirkung auf das menschliche Gehör untersucht. Ihre Funktion als klingendes Ziergehänge mit akustischem Code der Bekleidung eisenzeitlicher Damen der gehobenen Gesellschaftsschicht,
getragen als Brust- oder Gürtelschmuck, wird diskutiert und mit Fundstücken und ihrer Fundposition aus dem Westhallstattkreis und aus der Villanova-Kultur verglichen.
Stichworte: Musikarchäologie, Psychoakustik, Kleidung, Ältere Eisenzeit, Metallanalysen
effect on human hearing. The studies have been carried out within the FWF-Hertha Firnberg project "Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe", which is located at the Natural History Museum in Vienna, Austria. Their function as sounding ornamental
pendants worn as breast or belt ornaments, is discussed and their impact in creating an acoustic
code of the clothing of Iron Age upper class ladies. The artefacts are also compared with findings
in the western Hallstatt district and the Villanova culture.
Keywords: Music archaeology, psychoacoustics, clothing, Early Iron Age, metal analysis
Sieben geschlitzte Bommeln und sieben hausförmige Anhänger mit Klapperblechen aus der Býčí skála-Höhle (Stierfelshöhle) bei Brünn, einem eisenzeitlichen Opferplatz im Mährischen Karst, wurden im Rahmen des FWF-Hertha-Firnbergprojektes “Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe”, das im Naturhistorischen Museum Wien, Österreich, angesiedelt ist, hinsichtlich ihrer metallurgischen Zusammensetzung, ihrer Akustik, und ihrer
Wirkung auf das menschliche Gehör untersucht. Ihre Funktion als klingendes Ziergehänge mit akustischem Code der Bekleidung eisenzeitlicher Damen der gehobenen Gesellschaftsschicht,
getragen als Brust- oder Gürtelschmuck, wird diskutiert und mit Fundstücken und ihrer Fundposition aus dem Westhallstattkreis und aus der Villanova-Kultur verglichen.
Stichworte: Musikarchäologie, Psychoakustik, Kleidung, Ältere Eisenzeit, Metallanalysen
Research Interests:
Insgesamt fünf fragmentierte Artefakte aus Tierknochen, die sich vermutlich der Gruppe der Musikinstrumente zuweisen lassen, wurden schon vor längerer Zeit in einem großflächig ausgegrabenen Siedlungsbereich der römischen Zivilsiedlung im... more
Insgesamt fünf fragmentierte Artefakte aus Tierknochen, die sich vermutlich der Gruppe der Musikinstrumente zuweisen lassen, wurden schon vor längerer Zeit in einem großflächig ausgegrabenen Siedlungsbereich der römischen Zivilsiedlung im 3. Wiener Gemeindebezirk entdeckt. Es handelt sich dabei um das
Bruchstück einer geschnitzten Flöte und um vier gedrechselte, zylindrische,
längs gelochte Objekte.
Bruchstück einer geschnitzten Flöte und um vier gedrechselte, zylindrische,
längs gelochte Objekte.
Research Interests:
The FWF (Austrian Science Fund) - Hertha Firnberg - research project "Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe", deals with metallic idiophones in Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia and Hungary. Among the sound objects... more
The FWF (Austrian Science Fund) - Hertha Firnberg - research project "Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe", deals with metallic idiophones in Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia and Hungary. Among the sound objects to be investigated are bells from the Avar Kaghanat in the latter three countries. Shapes of Avar pellet bells are the focus of this article.
Research Interests:
Aus dem Awarenreich sind einige wenige Glockenfunde bekannt, die jedoch nicht weiter erforscht sind. Um Aufschluss über ihre Funktion und Bedeutung zu erhalten, wurden in einer Pilotstudie fünf Bronzeglöckchen aus dem spätawarischen... more
Aus dem Awarenreich sind einige wenige Glockenfunde bekannt, die jedoch nicht weiter erforscht sind. Um Aufschluss über ihre Funktion und Bedeutung zu erhalten, wurden in einer Pilotstudie fünf Bronzeglöckchen aus dem spätawarischen Mädchengrab 157, Vösendorf- Laxenburger Straße, Niederösterreich, auf Tonhöhe, Schallpegel und Reichweite akustisch untersucht. Die Grundtöne der beiden größeren und eines der drei kleinen Glöckchen ergaben einen Dreiklang, welcher durch das vierte gemessene kleine Glöckchen durch eine Sekund gestört wurde. Der Schallpegel der Glöckchen ist gering, ihre Reichweite geht nicht über 0,5 m hinaus. Die im zweiten Teil des Beitrags vorgestellte Glockentypologie zeigt, dass die Formen Großteils antike Wurzeln haben, drei Typen dürften auf östliche Vorgänger zurückgehen. Alle 72 bislang bekannten awarischen Glocken, die aus 40 Fundorten und 63 Fundkontexten stammen, beschränken sich auf Ungarn, Österreich, Serbien und die Slowakei. Zurzeit sind keine Funde aus Rumänien bekannt. Ist in frühawarischer Zeit die größte Anzahl an Glocken in Gebrauch, so nimmt diese in den späteren Epochen rapide ab, was wahrscheinlich darauf zurückzuführen ist, dass Schellen modern werden. Der Vergleich der Glockenfunde aus den 53 Awarengräbern bezüglich ihrer Lage im Grab zeigt, dass sich die meisten Glocken im Becken- und Oberschenkelbereich befanden. Das deutet darauf hin, dass die Idiophone in Behältnissen oder an Ketten bzw. Schnüren am Gürtel getragen wurden. Der Brauch, sich mit Glocken zu schmücken bzw. diese mit sich herumzutragen, dürfte vorwiegend spätantike Wurzeln haben und steht möglicherweise mit apotropäischem Schutz in Verbindung. Innerhalb der Gräber mit Glocken nehmen Frauenbestattungen die erste Stelle ein, gefolgt von Kindern und Männern. Lediglich in einem Grab lag die Glocke beim Pferd. Da in der Regel jedes Grab nur eine Glocke enthielt, nehmen das Mädchengrab 157 aus Vösendorf-Laxenburger Straße mit fünf Bronzeglöckchen, das Männergrab 471 aus Kölked Feketekapu A mit drei Eisenglocken und drei weitere ungarische Gräber mit je zwei Glocken eine Ausnahmestellung ein.
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Zusammenfassung: Zwei Schellen aus Hallstatt-Lahn, die 1941 von Friedrich Morton westlich des Salzbergweges in einer Schicht mit römischem und mittelalterlichem Fundgut entdeckt wurden, befinden sich in der Sammlung des Hallstätter... more
Zusammenfassung:
Zwei Schellen aus Hallstatt-Lahn, die 1941 von Friedrich Morton westlich des Salzbergweges in einer Schicht mit römischem und mittelalterlichem Fundgut entdeckt wurden, befinden sich in der Sammlung des Hallstätter Museums. Beide Stücke wurden aus Buntmetall hergestellt. Die Größere misst 75 mm im Durchmesser und ist unverziert. Das kleinere Exemplar trägt Schuppendekor und die Marke " FD ". Nach Konrad Spindlers Typologie sind beide Objekte dem Typ B3 zuzuordnen und datieren in die frühe Neuzeit. Instrumentalkundlich zählen die Schellen zu den Gefäßrasseln. Ihre Grundtöne erklingen in der 4. Bzw. 5. Oktave. Ein Musikvideo mit Bildern und Foto sowie den Originalklängen wurde kreiert und ins Internet auf das Videoportal YouTube ins Internet gestellt. Die Geschichte der Schellen beginnt nach derzeitigem Forschungsstand im 12. Jahrhundert BC. Ihre Spuren verlieren sich in der jüngeren Eisenzeit und treten wieder im 7. Jahrhundert AD bei den Awaren auf in Europa auf.
Summary: Two pellet-bells, found in Hallstatt-Lahn, Upper Austria, by Friedrich Morton in 1941 belong the collection of the Museum of Hallstatt. Both objects are manufactured from non-ferrous metals. The bigger one's diameter measures 75 mm and shows no decoration. The smaller rattle decorated with imbricative patterns has the mark " FD " on its underpart. According to the typology of Konrad Spindler the bells belong to type B3 and date into the Early Modern Times. Pellet bells are idiophones and vessel rattles. The Hallstatt pellet bells have keynotes in the fourth and fifth octave. A music video with the original sounds and pictures was created and uploaded on the internet platform YouTube. The history of pellet bells started at the end of the 12 th century BC and lasted in Europe until the younger Iron Age. They appear again during the 7 th century AD in the Avar Khanate.
Zwei Schellen aus Hallstatt-Lahn, die 1941 von Friedrich Morton westlich des Salzbergweges in einer Schicht mit römischem und mittelalterlichem Fundgut entdeckt wurden, befinden sich in der Sammlung des Hallstätter Museums. Beide Stücke wurden aus Buntmetall hergestellt. Die Größere misst 75 mm im Durchmesser und ist unverziert. Das kleinere Exemplar trägt Schuppendekor und die Marke " FD ". Nach Konrad Spindlers Typologie sind beide Objekte dem Typ B3 zuzuordnen und datieren in die frühe Neuzeit. Instrumentalkundlich zählen die Schellen zu den Gefäßrasseln. Ihre Grundtöne erklingen in der 4. Bzw. 5. Oktave. Ein Musikvideo mit Bildern und Foto sowie den Originalklängen wurde kreiert und ins Internet auf das Videoportal YouTube ins Internet gestellt. Die Geschichte der Schellen beginnt nach derzeitigem Forschungsstand im 12. Jahrhundert BC. Ihre Spuren verlieren sich in der jüngeren Eisenzeit und treten wieder im 7. Jahrhundert AD bei den Awaren auf in Europa auf.
Summary: Two pellet-bells, found in Hallstatt-Lahn, Upper Austria, by Friedrich Morton in 1941 belong the collection of the Museum of Hallstatt. Both objects are manufactured from non-ferrous metals. The bigger one's diameter measures 75 mm and shows no decoration. The smaller rattle decorated with imbricative patterns has the mark " FD " on its underpart. According to the typology of Konrad Spindler the bells belong to type B3 and date into the Early Modern Times. Pellet bells are idiophones and vessel rattles. The Hallstatt pellet bells have keynotes in the fourth and fifth octave. A music video with the original sounds and pictures was created and uploaded on the internet platform YouTube. The history of pellet bells started at the end of the 12 th century BC and lasted in Europe until the younger Iron Age. They appear again during the 7 th century AD in the Avar Khanate.
Research Interests:
The article deals with Neolithic musical instruments of all kinds in the middle Danube region and their frequencies and sounds, as well as their distribution and., sounddistribution. Deep sounding instruments like hunting-musical bows,... more
The article deals with Neolithic musical instruments of all kinds in the middle Danube region and their frequencies and sounds, as well as their distribution and., sounddistribution. Deep sounding instruments like hunting-musical bows, bull roarers and drums are presented.
Research Interests:
The Pellet Bells‘ Sounds. Pellet bell finds from the Avar cemetery of Vösendorf-Laxenburgerstraße, Austria. The Avar necropolis of Vösendorf is located near the strong frequented main road Laxenburgerstrasse, on a slight slope. It... more
The Pellet Bells‘ Sounds. Pellet bell finds from the Avar cemetery of Vösendorf-Laxenburgerstraße, Austria.
The Avar necropolis of Vösendorf is located near the strong frequented main road Laxenburgerstrasse, on a slight slope.
It contains 443 burials from the middle Avar period until the very late Avar period. Beside objects which belonged to
the costumes of the buried, weapons and pottery, some idiophones of metal – bells and pellet bells – were detected. The
pellet bells were cast in bronze, made of iron or of bronze sheet. Small pebbles served as rattle balls. The metal rattles
have to be classified to the group of vessel rattles after the classification of instruments of Hornbostel and Sachs. In the
graves 9 and 532 they clearly belonged to the dead and were found near their hips. Probably the pellet bells served as
sounding apotropaic amulets and were worn in small bags made of organic material, fastened on the belts. Researching
other burials with pellet bells found in necropolis from Lower Austria, Hungary and Slovakia, we found out,
that predominantly children and women had metal rattles and only a few men. The rattle from burial 525 might belong
to the horse gear and not to the man. Bronze sheet pellet bells mostly are detected together with horse skeletons. The
idiophone of burial 715, a horse man’s burial with his horse, was part of the horse gear and decorated the strap on the
front (headband). Two pellet bells could be examined acoustically and show very high sounds, low sound levels and
low ranges. Pellet-bells appear from phase Middle Avar II on and were used until the very late Avar time.
The Avar necropolis of Vösendorf is located near the strong frequented main road Laxenburgerstrasse, on a slight slope.
It contains 443 burials from the middle Avar period until the very late Avar period. Beside objects which belonged to
the costumes of the buried, weapons and pottery, some idiophones of metal – bells and pellet bells – were detected. The
pellet bells were cast in bronze, made of iron or of bronze sheet. Small pebbles served as rattle balls. The metal rattles
have to be classified to the group of vessel rattles after the classification of instruments of Hornbostel and Sachs. In the
graves 9 and 532 they clearly belonged to the dead and were found near their hips. Probably the pellet bells served as
sounding apotropaic amulets and were worn in small bags made of organic material, fastened on the belts. Researching
other burials with pellet bells found in necropolis from Lower Austria, Hungary and Slovakia, we found out,
that predominantly children and women had metal rattles and only a few men. The rattle from burial 525 might belong
to the horse gear and not to the man. Bronze sheet pellet bells mostly are detected together with horse skeletons. The
idiophone of burial 715, a horse man’s burial with his horse, was part of the horse gear and decorated the strap on the
front (headband). Two pellet bells could be examined acoustically and show very high sounds, low sound levels and
low ranges. Pellet-bells appear from phase Middle Avar II on and were used until the very late Avar time.
Research Interests:
Abstrakt Kannte man in der Urgeschichte Europas bis zum Ende des zweiten Jahrtausends Gefäßrasseln aus gebranntem Ton, Holz und getrockneten Früchten, so kommen im 10./9. Jhdt. v. Chr. geschlitzte Bommeln in verschiedensten Formen vom... more
Abstrakt Kannte man in der Urgeschichte Europas bis zum Ende des zweiten Jahrtausends Gefäßrasseln aus gebranntem Ton, Holz und getrockneten Früchten, so kommen im 10./9. Jhdt. v. Chr. geschlitzte Bommeln in verschiedensten Formen vom Kaukasus und Nordiran, über Ost-und Mitteleuropa bis zu Ostfrankreich als Anhänger vor. Diese Pendelanhänger gefüllt mit Rasselkörpern ergeben die er-sten metallenen Gefäßrasseln (Schellen) und bereichern die Vielfalt der Idiophone mit ihrem hellen " Glockenklang ". Die Skythen führten die Erfindung der Schellen als Stangenbekrönungen weiter. Eine eigene Innovation stellen die spätbronzezeitlichen Schellen Mittelirlands dar. Abstract From the European prehistory until the end of the second millennium BC we know vessel rattles made from fired clay, wood and dried fruits. Then, in the 10th/9th cent. BC, openwork bird-cage bronze pendants came from the Caucasus and North Italy through East and Central Europe to as far as Eastern France. These pendants filled with rattle cores gave rise to the earliest vessel rattles made from metal (pellet bells) and enriched the wide spectrum of idiophones with their bright " sound of bells ". The Scythians implemented the invention of jingle bells in their life by mounting them on wooden sticks. A specific innovation represented the Late Bronze Age pellet bells in Central Ireland.
Research Interests:
The article deals with ancient bells cast in bronze, formed of terra cotta or hammered of iron sheet. It shows an overview of typologies of Egyptian, Grecian and Roman bells. Differences of typologies are demonstrated. The possible origin... more
The article deals with ancient bells cast in bronze, formed of terra cotta or hammered of iron sheet. It shows an overview of typologies of Egyptian, Grecian and Roman bells. Differences of typologies are demonstrated. The possible origin of three rare bell finds could be determined. To round up acoustical phenomenona are illustrated. Abstrakt: Antike Glocken aus Bronze, gebranntem Ton und Eisen sowie deren gängige Typologien ägyptischer, griechischer und römischer Glockenfunde werden in einem Überblick präsentiert. Dabei werden diverse Unterschiede demonstriert. Drei seltene Glockenfunde, deren Ursprung ermittelt wurden konnte, werden vorgestellt. Akustische Eigenheiten der Glocken bilden den Abschluss des Artikels.
Research Interests:
During the 6 th millennium BC new cultures developed though new subsistence strategies like farming and cattle breeding – combined with sedentariness, new types of houses, new tools and vessels made of burnt clay. Musical instruments... more
During the 6 th millennium BC new cultures developed though new subsistence strategies like farming and cattle breeding – combined with sedentariness, new types of houses, new tools and vessels made of burnt clay. Musical instruments created after own imaginations were formed from clay. Fragments of six possible vessel flutes were discovered in Brunn am Gebirge/locality Wolfholz in site 2 and 3, which date 5670–5350 calBC respectively 5300–5250 calBC. Their shapes are cylindrical and subconical. On the front side, they show three finger holes, on the backside one. Reconstruction with suitable mouth pieces allow five tunes in the fourth and fifth octave with sound levels between 74–93 db. The ranges were calculated until maximal 62 m at surroundings sound level in the free field of 42 dB. Similar objects, interpreted as idols, were found in the Late Starčevo site of Gellénháza, Hungary, in Ovcharovo-gorata and Hotnitsa in Bulgaria. One ball shaped ocarina derives from Mramor in Makedonia. Longbones of birds were still used in creating musical instruments as the small bone whistle from Sesklo, Greece, Middle Sesklo culture proves. Another fragment of a pipe with a finger hole was unearthed in Anzabegovo, Macedonia. The oldest pan pipe belonged to the grave good of a rich man's burial in Mariupol, Ukraine, from the Lower Don culture. Music – compositions with melodies up from the fourth octave – played certainly an important role in every day's live as well as in cultic ceremonies of the Early Neolithic people.
Research Interests:
During the 6 th millennium BC new cultures developed though new subsistence strategies like farming and cattle breeding – combined with sedentariness, new types of houses, new tools and vessels made of burnt clay. Musical instruments... more
During the 6 th millennium BC new cultures developed though new subsistence strategies like farming and cattle breeding – combined with sedentariness, new types of houses, new tools and vessels made of burnt clay. Musical instruments created after own imaginations were formed from clay. Fragments of six possible vessel flutes were discovered in Brunn am Gebirge/locality Wolfholz in site 2 and 3, which date 5670–5350 calBC respectively 5300–5250 calBC. Their shapes are cylindrical and subconical. On the front side, they show three finger holes, on the backside one. Reconstruction with suitable mouth pieces allow five tunes in the fourth and fifth octave with sound levels between 74–93 db. The ranges were calculated until maximal 62 m at surroundings sound level in the free field of 42 dB. Similar objects, interpreted as idols, were found in the Late Starčevo site of Gellénháza, Hungary, in Ovcharovo-gorata and Hotnitsa in Bul-garia. One ball shaped ocarina derives from Mramor in Makedonia. Longbones of birds were still used in creating musical instruments as the small bone whistle from Sesklo, Greece, Middle Ses-klo culture proves. Another fragment of a pipe with a finger hole was unearthed in Anzabegovo, Macedonia. The oldest pan pipe belonged to the grave good of a rich man's burial in Mariupol, Ukraine, from the Lower Don culture. Music – compositions with melodies up from the fourth octave – played certainly an important role in every day's live as well as in cultic ceremonies of the Early Neolithic people.
Research Interests:
Fragmente römischer Blasinstrumente aus der Zivilsiedlung von Vindobona , wie einer Flöte, eines Pfeifchens sowie gedrechselte Knochenfragmente mit konischer Bohrung, die möglicherweise tuben oder tibiae zuzuordnen sind, werden in diesem... more
Fragmente römischer Blasinstrumente aus der Zivilsiedlung von Vindobona , wie einer Flöte, eines Pfeifchens sowie gedrechselte Knochenfragmente mit konischer Bohrung, die möglicherweise tuben oder tibiae zuzuordnen sind, werden in diesem Artikel vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Research Interests:
Archaeomusicology is quite a rich and fascinating research field when we try to operate with more acoustical methods. Having used frequency analysis, sound level measuring and calculating acoustic radius in the open air in my... more
Archaeomusicology is quite a rich and fascinating research field when we try to operate with more acoustical methods. Having used frequency analysis, sound level measuring and calculating acoustic radius in the open air in my dissertation for making statements on the development of musical instruments in prehistory, I shall now include in this work the analyzing of musical instruments represented in pictures and statues. The geographical region of my present research area expands from the river Salzach in Austria to the Danube in Hungary, from the Upper-Sava to the Bohemian Massif . All in all 44 musical instruments and sound objects of the Late Bronze Age (Lausitz Culture and Urnfield Culture), 109 musical objects of the Hallstatt Culture, 11 of the La Tène Culture as well as 29 iconographical depictions are the basic corpus of this archaeomusicological essay.
Research Interests:
Prehistoric stringed instruments are known in Europe through iconographic representations and a few fragments. In order to research and reconstruct these, comparisons and studies of preserved musical instruments from ancient civilizations... more
Prehistoric stringed instruments are known in Europe through iconographic representations and a few fragments. In order to research and reconstruct these, comparisons and studies of preserved musical instruments from ancient civilizations and ethnological musical instruments are required. Autodidact I approach the construction of chordophones with experimental attempts, deal with the different possible materials to produce strings, as well as their attachment to the resonance body. A continuous exciting working process in which the knowledge of professional instrument makers is not neglected.
Urgeschichtliche Saiteninstrumente sind in Europa anhand ikonographischer Darstellungen und einiger weniger Fragmente bekannt. Um diese zu erforschen und nachzubauen, bedarf es Vergleiche und Studien erhaltener Musikinstrumente der antiken Hochkulturen sowie ethnologischer Musikinstrumente. Autodidakt nähere ich mich mit experimentellen Versuchen dem Bau von Chordophonen an, befasse mich mit den verschiedenen möglichen Materialien, Saiten herzustellen, sowie deren Befestig am Resonanzkörper. Ein fortlaufender spannender Arbeitsprozess, in dem auch die Erkenntnisse professioneller Instrumentenbauer nicht zu kurz kommen.
Urgeschichtliche Saiteninstrumente sind in Europa anhand ikonographischer Darstellungen und einiger weniger Fragmente bekannt. Um diese zu erforschen und nachzubauen, bedarf es Vergleiche und Studien erhaltener Musikinstrumente der antiken Hochkulturen sowie ethnologischer Musikinstrumente. Autodidakt nähere ich mich mit experimentellen Versuchen dem Bau von Chordophonen an, befasse mich mit den verschiedenen möglichen Materialien, Saiten herzustellen, sowie deren Befestig am Resonanzkörper. Ein fortlaufender spannender Arbeitsprozess, in dem auch die Erkenntnisse professioneller Instrumentenbauer nicht zu kurz kommen.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Entwicklung Musikinstrumente von Spätbronzezeit bis Latènezeit zwischen Salzach und Donauknie
Development musical instruments of the late Bronze Age to Latène between the Salzach and the Danube Bend
Development musical instruments of the late Bronze Age to Latène between the Salzach and the Danube Bend
Research Interests:
Frühneolithische Gefäßflöten - Rekonstruktion & Spielart
Early Neolthic Vesselflutes - Reconstruction & Way of Playing
Early Neolthic Vesselflutes - Reconstruction & Way of Playing
Research Interests:
This table lists mentions of metallic idiophones, such as bells, pellet bells, cymbals and the sistrum within ancient Greek and Roman as well as Biblical and Early Christian literature, covering a time span from 600 BC to 800 AD. The aim... more
This table lists mentions of metallic idiophones, such as bells, pellet bells, cymbals and the sistrum within ancient Greek and Roman as well as Biblical and Early Christian literature, covering a time span from 600 BC to 800 AD. The aim is to connect the references to various religious and social settings. So, this compilation shall provide an overview of different situations in which metallic idiophones have been in use throughout different phases in history. (The authors do not claim for it to be complete; rather it will be edited and expanded constantly.)
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
• Verfasserangabe:Verf. Beate Maria Pomberger • Erscheinungsjahr:2009 • Umfang / Format:156, 63 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. • Hochschulschrift:Wien, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2009 Institution: Universität Wien Universitätsbibliothek... more
• Verfasserangabe:Verf. Beate Maria Pomberger
• Erscheinungsjahr:2009
• Umfang / Format:156, 63 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
• Hochschulschrift:Wien, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2009
Institution: Universität Wien
Universitätsbibliothek Universität Wien
• Permalink:http://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC07958244
Links
• Volltext am Hochschulschriftenserver der UB Wien
http://search.obvsg.at/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?mode=Basic&vid=UWI&tab=default_tab
Summary
The prehistoric necropolis in the area “Rheintal-Süd” is part of the municipality of Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge. It is located on a gravel terrace of the river Leitha, about 2, 8 km off the townchurch. That area had already been used as graveyard during the early and the middle Bronze Age. It was used again as graveyard in the older late Bronze Age and several hundred years later during the Latène. The local historians Friedrich Opferkuh and Heribert Schutzbier started to rescue the first findings. From 1978 – 1984 the departement for maintaining soil monuments of the Federal Office for preservation of monuments undertook rescue excavations guided by Gustav Melzer. 55 graves of the “Urnenfelder” Culture could be identified, a majority of which had been disarranged or completely destroyed. All graves were typical flat graves of the
“Mitteldonauländische Urnenfelder” Culture dug shallowly under humus soil. The architecture of the graves can principally be classified into two types: Type I is longishrectangle-
shaped with or without rests of stone covering, Type II round oval to circle round. Type I showed only one way of burials: cremation heaped on the ground, whereas Type II in
addition contained cremation in urns. The longish-rectangle pits were mostly oriented toward northwest-southeast. Tomb 72 and tomb 194 are exceptions as they are directed to
northeast-southwest, grave 53 is aligned with east-west. Possibly some characteristic points of the nearby hills, the so called “Leithagebirge”, played a special role within the orientation of the tombs. The ashes of the cremated corpses were mostly placed in that part of the grave pits, which pointed to the west, sometimes they were in the middle of the graves. Ceramics however were placed on different positions, for example alongside the longitudinal axis, or on the southeast part of the pit. Bronze artefacts could be traced in 40 % of the tombs. In most cases parts of the traditional costumes, as needles, fibulas, rings, pendants/razors, and knives were cremated with the corps and thus are only preserved in deformed condition. Some Bronze artefacts as knives and arrowheads, were put intact into the tombs. All pieces
show traces of having been used. A large part of the ceramics and bronze objects typically represent the older “Mitteldonauländische Urnenfelder” Culture of the period “Baierdorf-Velatize”. Therefore the necropolis has to be dated in the period HaA1 until HaA2. Cultural and economic contacts with the South German area, Northern Europe, Central and Northern Lower Austria as well as Moravia and the Lausitz Culture can be identified through some objects.
• Erscheinungsjahr:2009
• Umfang / Format:156, 63 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
• Hochschulschrift:Wien, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2009
Institution: Universität Wien
Universitätsbibliothek Universität Wien
• Permalink:http://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC07958244
Links
• Volltext am Hochschulschriftenserver der UB Wien
http://search.obvsg.at/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?mode=Basic&vid=UWI&tab=default_tab
Summary
The prehistoric necropolis in the area “Rheintal-Süd” is part of the municipality of Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge. It is located on a gravel terrace of the river Leitha, about 2, 8 km off the townchurch. That area had already been used as graveyard during the early and the middle Bronze Age. It was used again as graveyard in the older late Bronze Age and several hundred years later during the Latène. The local historians Friedrich Opferkuh and Heribert Schutzbier started to rescue the first findings. From 1978 – 1984 the departement for maintaining soil monuments of the Federal Office for preservation of monuments undertook rescue excavations guided by Gustav Melzer. 55 graves of the “Urnenfelder” Culture could be identified, a majority of which had been disarranged or completely destroyed. All graves were typical flat graves of the
“Mitteldonauländische Urnenfelder” Culture dug shallowly under humus soil. The architecture of the graves can principally be classified into two types: Type I is longishrectangle-
shaped with or without rests of stone covering, Type II round oval to circle round. Type I showed only one way of burials: cremation heaped on the ground, whereas Type II in
addition contained cremation in urns. The longish-rectangle pits were mostly oriented toward northwest-southeast. Tomb 72 and tomb 194 are exceptions as they are directed to
northeast-southwest, grave 53 is aligned with east-west. Possibly some characteristic points of the nearby hills, the so called “Leithagebirge”, played a special role within the orientation of the tombs. The ashes of the cremated corpses were mostly placed in that part of the grave pits, which pointed to the west, sometimes they were in the middle of the graves. Ceramics however were placed on different positions, for example alongside the longitudinal axis, or on the southeast part of the pit. Bronze artefacts could be traced in 40 % of the tombs. In most cases parts of the traditional costumes, as needles, fibulas, rings, pendants/razors, and knives were cremated with the corps and thus are only preserved in deformed condition. Some Bronze artefacts as knives and arrowheads, were put intact into the tombs. All pieces
show traces of having been used. A large part of the ceramics and bronze objects typically represent the older “Mitteldonauländische Urnenfelder” Culture of the period “Baierdorf-Velatize”. Therefore the necropolis has to be dated in the period HaA1 until HaA2. Cultural and economic contacts with the South German area, Northern Europe, Central and Northern Lower Austria as well as Moravia and the Lausitz Culture can be identified through some objects.
Research Interests:
Movements, dance and sound of the Early Iron Age in Central Europe are rarely discussed. Some contemporary pictorial sources give hints at dance movements. Dance attracts people not only visually, but also by sound – that of the music,... more
Movements, dance and sound of the Early Iron Age in Central Europe are rarely discussed. Some contemporary
pictorial sources give hints at dance movements. Dance attracts people not only visually, but also by sound – that
of the music, but also other sounds that are created by the person moving. In Hallstatt culture, brooches with
rattling pendants as well as jingles, bells and other sounding artefacts have been used as personal ornaments
and were attached to garments, especially those of rich women. In an interdisciplinary approach, the interplay
between rattling pendants and bells that have been attached to clothing is studied. The sounds of the objects
create acoustic fields, influence the acoustic environment of the people and thus their listening habits.
Such an acoustic code of clothing of Iron Age ladies of the upper social strata is created. This will also be set
in context with depictions of movement on contemporary pottery decorations and situla art and with idiophones
from the western Hallstatt area.
pictorial sources give hints at dance movements. Dance attracts people not only visually, but also by sound – that
of the music, but also other sounds that are created by the person moving. In Hallstatt culture, brooches with
rattling pendants as well as jingles, bells and other sounding artefacts have been used as personal ornaments
and were attached to garments, especially those of rich women. In an interdisciplinary approach, the interplay
between rattling pendants and bells that have been attached to clothing is studied. The sounds of the objects
create acoustic fields, influence the acoustic environment of the people and thus their listening habits.
Such an acoustic code of clothing of Iron Age ladies of the upper social strata is created. This will also be set
in context with depictions of movement on contemporary pottery decorations and situla art and with idiophones
from the western Hallstatt area.
Research Interests:
Orders can currently be placed via email to verlagbeier@online.de. Bestellungen sind zurzeit über E-Mail an verlagbeier@online.de möglich. Chapter 20: Abstracts Stadler Peter, Kotova Nadezhda In Chapter 1 the new results of magnetic... more
Orders can currently be placed via email to verlagbeier@online.de.
Bestellungen sind zurzeit über E-Mail an verlagbeier@online.de möglich.
Chapter 20: Abstracts
Stadler Peter, Kotova Nadezhda
In Chapter 1 the new results of magnetic prospection are shown. Including all excavations and former prospection, we now have 125 – 135 houses constructed from about 5650 to 5050 BC. If we take all into account, there might be up to 150 houses, thus making Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz by far the largest settlement of the LPC, beginning in the Formative phase.
Chapter 2 presents the triangulation map and aerial photos of site 3. Aerial photos were taken on a flight with a helicopter in the excavation year 1999.
In Chapter 3 Alexander Minnich presents statistics of all newly detected hearths and ovens, in which he interpreted the houses in the triangulation map with the exception of those already discussed in volume 1, mostly from site 2.
Chapter 4 investigates technological aspects and the shape of pottery from site 3.
In Chapter 5 the ornamentation of pottery from Brunn site 3 is shown and cast into a typology.
Chapter 6 shows the clay objects, which are amulets and bells, with their parallels in eastern Europe.
In Chapter 7 Beate Pomberger discusses further musical instruments from Brunn – vessel flutes and bells made from ceramics and their parallels in eastern Europe.
In Chapter 8 similarities between the features of the Formative phase of Brunn site 2 are compared with Brunn site 3.
Chapter 9 is the Bayesian approach to a house sequence, for about 27 houses. Only in these houses enough information – radiocarbon dates and ceramics – was available. The same radiocarbon data used in this way can be used for a sequencing of the phases.
In Chapter 10 is given the chronology of the Brunn Sites in the context of the Linear Pottery Culture.
In Chapter 11 Nadezhda Kotova tries to give a sequence of houses from site 3, by using different parameters, such as topography, orientation, climate, seriation, and radiocarbon data.
In Chapter 12 we give an overview of rock materials found at all sites of Brunn Wolfholz.
In Chapter 13 we present a typology of the macrolithic artefacts.
In Chapter 14 a complete dataset of macrolithic artefacts from Brunn Wolfholz is shown.
In Chapter 15 we present a stray find of a stone axe from a geological inspection.
Chapter 16 deals with the further investigation of petrographic and mineralogical analyses of additional selected pottery from the excavation Brunn am Gebirge (locality Wolfholz) from sites 1, 3 and 4 and a comparison with some reference samples.
Chapter 17 disproves our hope to identify Hungarian sites, from where we thought some imported ceramics of Brunn came from.
In Chapter 18 our student Yanik Hahnekamp investigates the topographical situation of LPC
Cemeteries and settlement burials in comparison with the distribution of Mesolithic and LPC settlements.
Bestellungen sind zurzeit über E-Mail an verlagbeier@online.de möglich.
Chapter 20: Abstracts
Stadler Peter, Kotova Nadezhda
In Chapter 1 the new results of magnetic prospection are shown. Including all excavations and former prospection, we now have 125 – 135 houses constructed from about 5650 to 5050 BC. If we take all into account, there might be up to 150 houses, thus making Brunn am Gebirge Wolfholz by far the largest settlement of the LPC, beginning in the Formative phase.
Chapter 2 presents the triangulation map and aerial photos of site 3. Aerial photos were taken on a flight with a helicopter in the excavation year 1999.
In Chapter 3 Alexander Minnich presents statistics of all newly detected hearths and ovens, in which he interpreted the houses in the triangulation map with the exception of those already discussed in volume 1, mostly from site 2.
Chapter 4 investigates technological aspects and the shape of pottery from site 3.
In Chapter 5 the ornamentation of pottery from Brunn site 3 is shown and cast into a typology.
Chapter 6 shows the clay objects, which are amulets and bells, with their parallels in eastern Europe.
In Chapter 7 Beate Pomberger discusses further musical instruments from Brunn – vessel flutes and bells made from ceramics and their parallels in eastern Europe.
In Chapter 8 similarities between the features of the Formative phase of Brunn site 2 are compared with Brunn site 3.
Chapter 9 is the Bayesian approach to a house sequence, for about 27 houses. Only in these houses enough information – radiocarbon dates and ceramics – was available. The same radiocarbon data used in this way can be used for a sequencing of the phases.
In Chapter 10 is given the chronology of the Brunn Sites in the context of the Linear Pottery Culture.
In Chapter 11 Nadezhda Kotova tries to give a sequence of houses from site 3, by using different parameters, such as topography, orientation, climate, seriation, and radiocarbon data.
In Chapter 12 we give an overview of rock materials found at all sites of Brunn Wolfholz.
In Chapter 13 we present a typology of the macrolithic artefacts.
In Chapter 14 a complete dataset of macrolithic artefacts from Brunn Wolfholz is shown.
In Chapter 15 we present a stray find of a stone axe from a geological inspection.
Chapter 16 deals with the further investigation of petrographic and mineralogical analyses of additional selected pottery from the excavation Brunn am Gebirge (locality Wolfholz) from sites 1, 3 and 4 and a comparison with some reference samples.
Chapter 17 disproves our hope to identify Hungarian sites, from where we thought some imported ceramics of Brunn came from.
In Chapter 18 our student Yanik Hahnekamp investigates the topographical situation of LPC
Cemeteries and settlement burials in comparison with the distribution of Mesolithic and LPC settlements.
Research Interests: Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic Europe, Bayesian Models, Bayesian Radiocarbon Dating, Correspondence Analysis, and 15 moreMesolithic/Neolithic, Pottery Typology, Ceramics, Early Neolithic pottery technology, Neolithic Eastern Europe, Aerial Photography, Early Neolithic, Radiocarbon Dating (Archaeology), Thin Section Petrography, Neolithization, Radiocarbon Chronology, Prehistoric Longhouses, Late Mesolithic, Helicopter Flight Dynamics, and Milanovce - Veľký Kýr
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The prehistoric necropolis in the area “Rheintal-Süd” is part of the municipality of Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge. It is located on a gravel terrace of the river Leitha, about 2, 8 km off the townchurch. That area had already been used as... more
The prehistoric necropolis in the area “Rheintal-Süd” is part of the municipality of Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge. It is located on a gravel terrace of the river Leitha, about 2, 8 km off the townchurch. That area had already been used as graveyard during the early and the middle Bronze Age. It was used again as graveyard in the older late Bronze Age and several hundred years later during the Latène. The local historians Friedrich Opferkuh and Heribert Schutzbier started to rescue the first findings. From 1978 – 1984 the departement for maintaining soil monuments of the Federal Office for preservation of monuments undertook rescue excavations guided by Gustav Melzer.
55 graves of the “Urnenfelder” Culture could be identified, a majority of which had been disarranged or completely destroyed. All graves were typical flat graves of the “Mitteldonauländische Urnenfelder” Culture dug shallowly under humus soil. The architecture of the graves can principally be classified into two types: Type I is longish-rectangle-shaped with or without rests of stone covering, Type II round oval to circle round. Type I showed only one way of burials: cremation heaped on the ground, whereas Type II in addition contained cremation in urns. The longish-rectangle pits were mostly oriented toward northwest-southeast. Tomb 72 and tomb 194 are exceptions as they are directed to northeast-southwest, grave 53 is aligned with east-west. Possibly some characteristic points of the nearby hills, the so called “Leithagebirge”, played a special role within the orientation of the tombs. The ashes of the cremated corpses were mostly placed in that part of the grave pits, which pointed to the west, sometimes they were in the middle of the graves. Ceramics however were placed on different positions, for example alongside the longitudinal axis, or on the southeast part of the pit. Bronze artefacts could be traced in 40 % of the tombs. In most cases parts of the traditional costumes, as needles, fibulas, rings, pendants/razors, and knives were cremated with the corps and thus are only preserved in deformed condition. Some Bronze artefacts as knives and arrowheads, were put intact into the tombs. All pieces show traces of having been used. A large part of the ceramics and bronze objects typically represent the older “Mitteldonauländische Urnenfelder” Culture of the period “Baierdorf-Velatize”. Therefore the necropolis has to be dated in the period HaA1 until HaA2. Cultural and economic contacts with the South German area, Northern Europe, Central and Northern Lower Austria as well as Moravia and the Lausitz Culture can be identified through some objects.
55 graves of the “Urnenfelder” Culture could be identified, a majority of which had been disarranged or completely destroyed. All graves were typical flat graves of the “Mitteldonauländische Urnenfelder” Culture dug shallowly under humus soil. The architecture of the graves can principally be classified into two types: Type I is longish-rectangle-shaped with or without rests of stone covering, Type II round oval to circle round. Type I showed only one way of burials: cremation heaped on the ground, whereas Type II in addition contained cremation in urns. The longish-rectangle pits were mostly oriented toward northwest-southeast. Tomb 72 and tomb 194 are exceptions as they are directed to northeast-southwest, grave 53 is aligned with east-west. Possibly some characteristic points of the nearby hills, the so called “Leithagebirge”, played a special role within the orientation of the tombs. The ashes of the cremated corpses were mostly placed in that part of the grave pits, which pointed to the west, sometimes they were in the middle of the graves. Ceramics however were placed on different positions, for example alongside the longitudinal axis, or on the southeast part of the pit. Bronze artefacts could be traced in 40 % of the tombs. In most cases parts of the traditional costumes, as needles, fibulas, rings, pendants/razors, and knives were cremated with the corps and thus are only preserved in deformed condition. Some Bronze artefacts as knives and arrowheads, were put intact into the tombs. All pieces show traces of having been used. A large part of the ceramics and bronze objects typically represent the older “Mitteldonauländische Urnenfelder” Culture of the period “Baierdorf-Velatize”. Therefore the necropolis has to be dated in the period HaA1 until HaA2. Cultural and economic contacts with the South German area, Northern Europe, Central and Northern Lower Austria as well as Moravia and the Lausitz Culture can be identified through some objects.
Research Interests:
This interdisciplinary work deals with musical instruments and sound objects of the Neolithic Period, Bronze Age, Iron Age and the Roman Period in the region from the rivers Salzach to the Danube. This territory includes Austria East of... more
This interdisciplinary work deals with musical instruments and sound objects of the Neolithic Period, Bronze Age, Iron Age and the Roman Period in the region from the rivers Salzach to the Danube. This territory includes Austria East of the Salzach, the Czech Republic, here especially Moravia, the Western part of Slovakia, the Western Part of Hungary and Slovenia.
385 instruments were researched from relevant literature and 26 collections and accepted in the catalogue, which consists mostly of idiophones, membranophons and winds. The questions of research are dating, classification of the objects concerning periods, cultures, idiographic typology, distribution, science of instruments, way of playing, range of tunes, frequencies, sound levels, acoustic radius in the open air, the maximum quantity of persons who can be placed in the respective radius and who can hear the sounds, and the development of the musical instruments. For answering all these questions first objects, which were not dated, were compared with dated instruments and classified into the corresponding relevant cultures. Several typologies were created in using the pictures of the instruments. Distribution maps are based on the Image Database Montelius of Peter Stadler and GoogleMaps. The scientific classification of instruments followed Hornbostel and Sachs as well as Jänichen. Musician colleagues and I learned to play the instruments. Tone recordings of 153 original instruments and 28 reconstructions were necessary to provide the dates for frequency analyses, which were realized with two programs for audio visualization, an orchestral tuner and the ear. Sound level measurements were done with a sound level meter in the closed room and calculated for the open air. For making statements concerning the maximum quantity of persons who can be placed in the respective radius and who can hear the sounds a new method was created by me. At least using all these dates I could make statements about a development of the musical instruments. 56 plates with pictures, 24 plates with photos, 36 plates of the acoustic radius, 11 plates of distribution and 287 plates with frequency analyses are completing the work.
385 instruments were researched from relevant literature and 26 collections and accepted in the catalogue, which consists mostly of idiophones, membranophons and winds. The questions of research are dating, classification of the objects concerning periods, cultures, idiographic typology, distribution, science of instruments, way of playing, range of tunes, frequencies, sound levels, acoustic radius in the open air, the maximum quantity of persons who can be placed in the respective radius and who can hear the sounds, and the development of the musical instruments. For answering all these questions first objects, which were not dated, were compared with dated instruments and classified into the corresponding relevant cultures. Several typologies were created in using the pictures of the instruments. Distribution maps are based on the Image Database Montelius of Peter Stadler and GoogleMaps. The scientific classification of instruments followed Hornbostel and Sachs as well as Jänichen. Musician colleagues and I learned to play the instruments. Tone recordings of 153 original instruments and 28 reconstructions were necessary to provide the dates for frequency analyses, which were realized with two programs for audio visualization, an orchestral tuner and the ear. Sound level measurements were done with a sound level meter in the closed room and calculated for the open air. For making statements concerning the maximum quantity of persons who can be placed in the respective radius and who can hear the sounds a new method was created by me. At least using all these dates I could make statements about a development of the musical instruments. 56 plates with pictures, 24 plates with photos, 36 plates of the acoustic radius, 11 plates of distribution and 287 plates with frequency analyses are completing the work.
Research Interests:
This interdisciplinary work deals with musical instruments and sound objects of the Neolithic Period, Bronze Age, Iron Age and the Roman Period in the region from the rivers Salzach to the Danube. This territory includes Austria East of... more
This interdisciplinary work deals with musical instruments and sound objects of the Neolithic Period, Bronze Age, Iron Age and the Roman Period in the region from the rivers Salzach to the Danube. This territory includes Austria East of the Salzach, the Czech Republic, here especially Moravia, the Western part of Slovakia, the Western Part of Hungary and Slovenia.
385 instruments were researched from relevant literature and 26 collections and accepted in the catalogue, which consists mostly of idiophones, membranophons and winds. The questions of research are dating, classification of the objects concerning periods, cultures, idiographic typology, distribution, science of instruments, way of playing, range of tunes, frequencies, sound levels, acoustic radius in the open air, the maximum quantity of persons who can be placed in the respective radius and who can hear the sounds, and the development of the musical instruments. For answering all these questions first objects, which were not dated, were compared with dated instruments and classified into the corresponding relevant cultures. Several typologies were created in using the pictures of the instruments. Distribution maps are based on the Image Database Montelius of Peter Stadler and GoogleMaps. The scientific classification of instruments followed Hornbostel and Sachs as well as Jänichen. Musician colleagues and I learned to play the instruments. Tone recordings of 153 original instruments and 28 reconstructions were necessary to provide the dates for frequency analyses, which were realized with two programs for audio visualization, an orchestral tuner and the ear. Sound level measurements were done with a sound level meter in the closed room and calculated for the open air. For making statements concerning the maximum quantity of persons who can be placed in the respective radius and who can hear the sounds a new method was created by me. At least using all these dates I could make statements about a development of the musical instruments. 56 plates with pictures, 24 plates with photos, 36 plates of the acoustic radius, 11 plates of distribution and 287 plates with frequency analyses are completing the work.
385 instruments were researched from relevant literature and 26 collections and accepted in the catalogue, which consists mostly of idiophones, membranophons and winds. The questions of research are dating, classification of the objects concerning periods, cultures, idiographic typology, distribution, science of instruments, way of playing, range of tunes, frequencies, sound levels, acoustic radius in the open air, the maximum quantity of persons who can be placed in the respective radius and who can hear the sounds, and the development of the musical instruments. For answering all these questions first objects, which were not dated, were compared with dated instruments and classified into the corresponding relevant cultures. Several typologies were created in using the pictures of the instruments. Distribution maps are based on the Image Database Montelius of Peter Stadler and GoogleMaps. The scientific classification of instruments followed Hornbostel and Sachs as well as Jänichen. Musician colleagues and I learned to play the instruments. Tone recordings of 153 original instruments and 28 reconstructions were necessary to provide the dates for frequency analyses, which were realized with two programs for audio visualization, an orchestral tuner and the ear. Sound level measurements were done with a sound level meter in the closed room and calculated for the open air. For making statements concerning the maximum quantity of persons who can be placed in the respective radius and who can hear the sounds a new method was created by me. At least using all these dates I could make statements about a development of the musical instruments. 56 plates with pictures, 24 plates with photos, 36 plates of the acoustic radius, 11 plates of distribution and 287 plates with frequency analyses are completing the work.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Table of the investigated pellet bells forged from metal sheet - Avar Period, Early Middle Ages/Europe, within the research project "Metallic Idiopohnes between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe" Austrina Science Fonds FWF and Natural... more
Table of the investigated pellet bells forged from metal sheet - Avar Period, Early Middle Ages/Europe, within the research project "Metallic Idiopohnes between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe" Austrina Science Fonds FWF and Natural History Museum Vienna
Research Interests:
“Imagination of Dance in Hallstatt Culture” (Project „Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe“) Choreography according to pictorial sources in Early Iron Age Central Europe (Hallstatt Culture), jewellery and... more
“Imagination of Dance in Hallstatt Culture” (Project „Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe“)
Choreography according to pictorial sources in Early Iron Age Central Europe (Hallstatt Culture), jewellery and costumes after artefacts from graves, salt mines and ritual cave site.
Archaeological Sources:
Dance – body language/movements: conical necked vessels from tumuli 27 and 28, Sopron-Várhely, HU; tumulus 1883/12 from Frögg near Rosegg, AT; bowl from tumulus III, burial S1 from Basarabi, RO
Dancers’ costumes: Hallstatt, AT (Iron Age cemetery and salt mine) and the Býčí skála Cave, CZ.
Dance: Georgina Babinszki, Theresa Prem
Choreography: Beate Maria Pomberger
Music: ArchäoMusik Vienna
Beate Maria Pomberger (Eastern Hallstatt Lyre)
Ingrid Wagner-Kraft (Schirndorf Lyre)
Bernhard Winkler (Frame drum)
Costumes: Karina Grömer, Beate Maria Pomberger
Cut Video Recording (Mastering): Jörg Mühlhans
Project lead: Beate Maria Pomberger
Logos: FWF – NHM-Wien – Universität Wien
© Archaeological Sounds
Choreography according to pictorial sources in Early Iron Age Central Europe (Hallstatt Culture), jewellery and costumes after artefacts from graves, salt mines and ritual cave site.
Archaeological Sources:
Dance – body language/movements: conical necked vessels from tumuli 27 and 28, Sopron-Várhely, HU; tumulus 1883/12 from Frögg near Rosegg, AT; bowl from tumulus III, burial S1 from Basarabi, RO
Dancers’ costumes: Hallstatt, AT (Iron Age cemetery and salt mine) and the Býčí skála Cave, CZ.
Dance: Georgina Babinszki, Theresa Prem
Choreography: Beate Maria Pomberger
Music: ArchäoMusik Vienna
Beate Maria Pomberger (Eastern Hallstatt Lyre)
Ingrid Wagner-Kraft (Schirndorf Lyre)
Bernhard Winkler (Frame drum)
Costumes: Karina Grömer, Beate Maria Pomberger
Cut Video Recording (Mastering): Jörg Mühlhans
Project lead: Beate Maria Pomberger
Logos: FWF – NHM-Wien – Universität Wien
© Archaeological Sounds
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
"... An den beginn der 99. Ausgabe der "Archaeologia Austriaca" dürfen wir die Bekanntgabe der Gewinner des Preises für den besten Artikel des vergangenen Hefts 97-98/2013-2014 stellen. Unser wissenschaftlicher Beirat hat sich für den... more
"... An den beginn der 99. Ausgabe der "Archaeologia Austriaca" dürfen wir die Bekanntgabe der Gewinner des Preises für den besten Artikel des vergangenen Hefts 97-98/2013-2014 stellen. Unser wissenschaftlicher Beirat hat sich für den Beitrag "Forschungen zur Akustik der Prähistorie. Versuch einer raum- und instrumentenakustischen Analyse prähistorischer Bauten und Instrumente" entschieden. Als Preis wird der verfasserin und den Verfassern Beate Maria , Jörg Helmut Mühlhans und Christoph Reuter ein Bücherpaket des Instituts für Orientalische und Europäische Archäologie überreicht. Im Namen des Herausgebergremiums und des Redaktionsteams möchten wir der Gewinnerin und den gewinnern herzlich gratulieren. (ArchA 99, 2015, 7.)
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Ensemble Ars serena, Vienna, plays improvisations for Kithara and Aulos
Research Interests:
Jene zwei Schellen, die im Museum Hallstatt, Oberösterreich, aufbewahrt werden, stammen aus dem Ortsteil Hallstatt – Lahn. Vermutlich wurden sie bei der von Friedrich Morton und Ferdinand Wiesinger oberhalb des Salzbergweges im Echerntal... more
Jene zwei Schellen, die im Museum Hallstatt, Oberösterreich, aufbewahrt werden, stammen aus dem Ortsteil Hallstatt – Lahn. Vermutlich wurden sie bei der von Friedrich Morton und Ferdinand Wiesinger oberhalb des Salzbergweges im Echerntal durchgeführten Grabung entdeckt. Sie datieren in die frühe Neuzeit. Hören Sie ihren Originalklang!
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Sounds of the bronze bells from the late Avaric cemetery ov Vösendorf, Loweraustria. - Video on Youtube
Research Interests: Acoustics, Early Music, Early Medieval Archaeology, Archaeomusicology, Archaeology of the Avars, and 11 moreBells, Ur und Frühgeschichte, Avars, Frühmittelalterarchäologie, Frühmittelalter, Musicarchaeology, Musikarchäologie, Akustik, Avars and Avar Archaeology, Historische Glocken, and History of Bells
Pellet bells from the cemetery of the Avaric Vösendorf/Laxenburgerstrasse:
Soundfile auf Youtube / Sound file on Youtube:
https://youtu.be/ayZunkOkusc
Soundfile auf Youtube / Sound file on Youtube:
https://youtu.be/ayZunkOkusc
Research Interests:
Roman Bells – the Sounds of the bells from the Jupiter Dolichenus hoard of Mauer an der Url, Lower Austria. The hoard was discovered in 1937, 40 km away from the auxiliary fort (Locus Felix?), Mauer an der Url in Lower Austria. Beside... more
Roman Bells – the Sounds of the bells from the Jupiter Dolichenus hoard of Mauer an der Url, Lower Austria. The hoard was discovered in 1937, 40 km away from the auxiliary fort (Locus Felix?), Mauer an der Url in Lower Austria. Beside statutes, tableware, tools and various votive offerings seven bells were discovered: three hammered of iron and four cast in bronze. The sounds of the original bronze bells can be heard here. (Beate Maria Pomberger) Römische Glocken – die Klänge der Bronzeglocken des Jupiter Dolichenusfundes von Mauer an der Url, Niederösterreich. Der Depotfund wurde im Jahr 1937 ca. 40 km vom Auxiliarkastell Locus Felix (?), Mauer an der Url in Niederösterreich entdeckt. Neben Statuen, Geschirr, Werkzeugen und verschiedenen Votivgaben enthielt der Fund auch sieben Glocken: drei Eisenglocken und vier Bronzeglocken. Auf der Tonaufnahme sind die Klänge der originalen Bronzeglocken zu hören. (Beate Maria Pomberger)
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The earliest evidences of prehistoric bows in Europe are known from the Magdalenién (Mannheim-Vogelstang, Germany and Cave " Le Trois-Frères " , France), followed by finds from the Mesolithic and Neolithic. Hand in hand with the invention... more
The earliest evidences of prehistoric bows in Europe are known from the Magdalenién (Mannheim-Vogelstang, Germany and Cave " Le Trois-Frères " , France), followed by finds from the Mesolithic and Neolithic. Hand in hand with the invention of the hunting bow the musical bow must have been played: the swinging and sounding string. Die frühesten Nachweise für urgeschichtliche Bögen stammen aus dem Magdalenién (Mannheim-Vogelstang in Deutschland; Höhle " Le Trois-Frères " , Frankreich), gefolgt von Funden aus dem Mesolithikum und dem Neolithikum. Der Musikbogen wird Hand in Hand mit der Erfindung des Jagdbogens gespielt worden sein: die schwingende und klingende Saite.