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The level of detail of economic models has until recently been limited by the availability of computational capability. At present, the constraint is the systematic compilation of detailed and comprehensive economic and technical data and... more
The level of detail of economic models has until recently been limited by the availability of computational capability. At present, the constraint is the systematic compilation of detailed and comprehensive economic and technical data and the ability to manipulate them. The effective use of enhanced data processing capabilities will have to proceed hand in hand with a concerted effort to develop the economic database and with the shift from analytic approaches based on aggregative data to those that can take advantage of detailed information.
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Abstract We propose a framework for evaluating alternative approaches for recovering products and materials from capital goods that are no longer in use. It calls for deepening the existing collaborations between input-output economists... more
Abstract We propose a framework for evaluating alternative approaches for recovering products and materials from capital goods that are no longer in use. It calls for deepening the existing collaborations between input-output economists and industrial ecologists to develop scenarios for the future and databases to support the analysis of global strategies for resource management. Our formulation offers the endogenous choice among technologies subject to resource constraints to minimize economy-wide use of factors of production in satisfying final demand. The determination is made on the basis of comparative advantage for a single economy and for the global setting. We develop an illustrative database for three regions characterized by different resource profiles for natural resource endowments and for the accumulation of built capital; they are roughly modeled on Japan, Guinea, and India. The material and economic consequences for each region, and for the world as a whole, are then calculated under alternative recovery scenarios. Sharp contrasts in region-specific outcomes are evident, and clear impacts of actions in one region on outcomes in other regions demonstrate the need for a global context. Next steps include making dynamics explicit by incorporating lifetimes of durable goods and infrastructure, varying production duration periods, and resource stock-flow relationships. The final section addresses the corresponding development challenges, in particular those surrounding jobs and livelihoods. These concerns need to inform design priorities for the scale and degree of decentralization of future technological systems, which are readily represented as technological alternatives.
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The great success of the nuclear freeze referendum in the recent elections can fairly be interpreted as popular support for winding down military spending. At the same time, there obviously also exists an effective consensus in the United... more
The great success of the nuclear freeze referendum in the recent elections can fairly be interpreted as popular support for winding down military spending. At the same time, there obviously also exists an effective consensus in the United States for significant, sustained increases in military spending. An increase or decrease in military spending involves a shift among government programs or a transfer between public and private purchasing power. In all cases the changes will inevitably absorb some idle resources, bid others away from alternative uses, and leave idle yet others now in use. This is so because any economic activity requires a distinct combination of labor skills, of manufacturing and service sector infrastructure, of dependence on imports like specific minerals, and so on. Particular menus of public spending, coupled with implicit or explicit industrial and trade policies, have a direct impact on such aspects of the "quality" of life as the amount and types of work that need to be done and the nature of educational and training requirements. Even in the absence of deliberate long-term economic policy, the structure of our economy will change in the future as it has in the past. During this century the composition of the American labor force has shifted, individual sectors have grown and declined, and the importance and composition of trade have changed with the transition from agriculture to
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Oxford University Press Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Petaling Jaya Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Beirut Berlin Ibadan Nicosia... more
Oxford University Press Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Petaling Jaya Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Beirut Berlin Ibadan Nicosia Copyright © 1986 by Oxford ...
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... edu Anushree Sinha, National Council of Applied Economic Research, 11 Indraprastha Estate, New Delhi, 110 002, India STRUCTURAL ECONOMICS AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE 131 Page 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are grateful for the contribution... more
... edu Anushree Sinha, National Council of Applied Economic Research, 11 Indraprastha Estate, New Delhi, 110 002, India STRUCTURAL ECONOMICS AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE 131 Page 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are grateful for the contribution of N. Sangeeta ...
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SummaryThis article presents a methodology for identifying critical links in global resource supply chains by tracking resources from their extraction in one region of the world economy through their embodiment in intermediate products in... more
SummaryThis article presents a methodology for identifying critical links in global resource supply chains by tracking resources from their extraction in one region of the world economy through their embodiment in intermediate products in the same and other regions to eventual embodiment in final goods. We build on previous work that applied an absorbing Markov chain (AMC) to results obtained using an input‐output (IO) model of a single region to define a resource‐specific network within that economy. In the absence of model calculations, the AMC can also be applied to standard IO data for a past year. This article first generalizes the analytic framework from a single region to the important case of the global resource‐specific network. This network typically includes cycling of embodied resources between sectors not only within each economy, but also among regions, as subsequent rounds of intermediate products are traded. Next, we refine that analysis to exhibit a crucial subnetwork, the resource end‐use network, which only tracks the portion of the resource that ends up embodied in a specific final product in a given region. Finally, we develop techniques to distinguish key branches of these networks and provide detailed insights about the structure of global resource dependence. A numerical example is applied to results of scenario analysis using an IO model of the world economy. Two alternative scenarios are compared. In each scenario, embodied resources are carried over specific branches of a global network in three regions using three resources to produce four goods.
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ABSTRACT The appropriation of water for economic activities is limited by regional surface and underground endowments, and symptoms of environmentally unsustainable withdrawals are already visible in many regions of the world. In this... more
ABSTRACT The appropriation of water for economic activities is limited by regional surface and underground endowments, and symptoms of environmentally unsustainable withdrawals are already visible in many regions of the world. In this paper we investigate the economic implications of water policy imposing source- and region-specific restrictions on water withdrawals taking the Mexican economy as a case study. We use an inter-regional input–output model of Mexico's hydro-economic regions to allocate production subject to the availability of water and other factors of production. Water sustainability requires a reduction of 7.5 km3/yr of groundwater withdrawals, which is compensated by an increase of 3.4 km3/yr of surface water, an expansion onto an additional 1.4 million hectares of rainfed land, and modifications in subnational patterns of food trade. This framework for evaluating scenarios describing sustainability-oriented water policies is readily applicable to other regions.