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Psychometric measurement of personality as it is applied today is very problematic and often results in unreliable, invalid prediction. The main problems have been on one hand the number of personality traits and on the other the almost... more
Psychometric measurement of personality as it is applied today is very problematic and often results in unreliable, invalid prediction. The main problems have been on one hand the number of personality traits and on the other the almost exclusive use of subjective self-report inventories (Q-data), that more or less automatically lead to biased or distorted judgments. The former problem no doubt is the reason for the popularity of the so-called “Big Five” personality dimensions. There are, however, strong reasons for questioning their validity. In order to remedy the latter problem more research is needed in order to develop and test objective (T-data) instruments similar to Cattell's Objective-Analytic Battery.
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In 2007, WHO/UNAIDS recommended male circumcision as an HIV-preventive measure based on three sub-Saharan African randomised clinical trials (RCTs) into female-to-male sexual transmission. A related RCT investigated male-to-female... more
In 2007, WHO/UNAIDS recommended male circumcision as an HIV-preventive measure based on three sub-Saharan African randomised clinical trials (RCTs) into female-to-male sexual transmission. A related RCT investigated male-to-female transmission. However, the trials were compromised by inadequate equipoise; selection bias; inadequate blinding; problematic randomisation; trials stopped early with exaggerated treatment effects; and not investigating non-sexual transmission. Several questions remain unanswered. Why were the trials carried out in countries where more intact men were HIV-positive than in those where more circumcised men were HIV-positive? Why were men sampled from specific ethnic subgroups? Why were so many participants lost to follow-up? Why did men in the male circumcision groups receive additional counselling on safe sex practices? While the absolute reduction in HIV transmission associated with male circumcision across the three female-to-male trials was only about 1.3...
Research Interests: Demography, Law, Clinical Trial, Male Circumcision, Informed Consent, and 13 moreDeveloping Countries, Health Policy, Medicine, Humans, Philosophy and Religious Studies, Female, Male, Law and Medicine, Randomized Controlled Trial, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Law and Legal Studies, Medical and Health Sciences, and HIV infections
This chapter is aimed at the practising industrial/organisational psychologist concerned, for example, with the validity generalisation of personnel selection tests. The practitioner is taken through a sequence of procedures involved in... more
This chapter is aimed at the practising industrial/organisational psychologist concerned, for example, with the validity generalisation of personnel selection tests. The practitioner is taken through a sequence of procedures involved in performing a meta-analysis and interpreting the various statistics that emerge every step of the way. Key concepts are expounded so that the reader might not only become proficient in the mechanics of meta-analysis but also conversant in the interpretation of meta-analytic findings. Wherever relevant, a critical approach is adopted, so that the limits to meta-analytic application are appreciated. More generally, the relative merits and shortcomings of meta-analysis are identified within the broader context of research review methodology. Such an appraisal leaves little doubt that metaanalysis has evolved into a useful approach not exempt from criticism but in many ways well advanced beyond the traditional narrative and quasi-statistical approaches to integrating research findings.
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Research Interests: Health Psychology, Human Rights, Social Problems, Male Circumcision, Medical Microbiology, and 10 moreInformed Consent, Medicine, Botswana, Humans, Sexually transmitted infections, Sexual Behavior, Clinical Sciences, Public health systems and services research, Psychological Stress, and HIV infections
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Psychotherapy, Personality, Structural Equation Modeling, and 14 moreForecasting, Medicine, Learning, Motivation, Humans, Psychological, Theoretical Models, Dental Calculus, Big Five Model, C, Raymond Cattell, Cattellian Psychometrics, Cattellian School of Psychology, and Personality Learning
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for perimenopausal women has been suggested to minimize the physical symptoms of menopause and improve mood and psychological functioning; however, the therapy remains controversial. In this study the... more
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for perimenopausal women has been suggested to minimize the physical symptoms of menopause and improve mood and psychological functioning; however, the therapy remains controversial. In this study the effects of such therapy (comprising tablets, patches, and implants) on mood states was investigated within a sample of 70 perimenopausal women who were attending a family planning clinic within the Brisbane metropolitan area. On a battery of standardized questionnaires, including the General Health Questionnaire, the Profile of Mood States, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, those 35 women who were using hormone replacement therapy prescribed by the clinic physician reported significantly lower scores on anxiety, insomnia, and somatic symptoms than did a comparable group of 35 untreated perimenopausal women. These findings provide some tentative support for the beneficial effects of the therapy on physical symptoms and psychological mood states related to the onset of menopause. Given increased life expectancy, there is a growing need for research into issues of aging.
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Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Anxiety Disorders, Fatigue, Situational Ethics, and 15 moreAnxiety, Mood, Regression, Qualitative data analysis, Extraversion, Guilt, Arousal, Human Motivation, Moods, ANXIETY, Raymond Cattell, Dynamic traits, Motivation Analysis Test, Eight State Questionnaire, and Integrated Motives
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Abstract In the area of psychometric measurement of depression, the most comprehensive multidimensional instrument is the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (CAQ). This self-report inventory is purported to measure some 28 normal and... more
Abstract In the area of psychometric measurement of depression, the most comprehensive multidimensional instrument is the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (CAQ). This self-report inventory is purported to measure some 28 normal and abnormal personality source traits. In particular, seven separate depression primaries are claimed to have a measurement basis in the CAQ. Clearly, despite the apparent comprehensiveness of the instrument, there are too many primary factors in the CAQ for practical use in many contexts. In order to simplify interpretation of CAQ scores, it seems desirable to utilise a smaller number of more reliable superfactors wherever possible. The present investigation explores this issue and findings suggest that depression is a complex phenomenon even at the superfactor level. Findings also suggest that traditional psychiatric labels may need to be reworked in the light of the present evidence on superfactors within the psychopathological domain.
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The discriminant validity of measures of abnormal illness behaviors and psychopathology was examined in three samples differing in illness proneness: a sample of young healthy university students (n = 38), a general community sample (n =... more
The discriminant validity of measures of abnormal illness behaviors and psychopathology was examined in three samples differing in illness proneness: a sample of young healthy university students (n = 38), a general community sample (n = 36), and a sample of clinical psychiatric outpatients (n = 36). Adjustment to illness was measured using the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ; Pilowsky & Spence, 1994), while the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III; Millon, 1994) was used to measure clinical syndromes and personality. MANCOVAs were performed across the three groups on the IBQ and the MCMI-III categories, separately. As expected, clinical outpatients obtained significantly higher scores than did nonclinical groups on most of the IBQ scales, suggesting discernible discriminant validity. However, the lack of discrimination between groups on several of the MCMI-III scales raises questions about the test validity of this multidimensional instrument.