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Feed additives have been suggested to improve animal growth performance through modulating the gut microbiota. The hypothesis of this study was that the combination of two organic acids would exert synergistic effects on the growth... more
Feed additives have been suggested to improve animal growth performance through modulating the gut microbiota. The hypothesis of this study was that the combination of two organic acids would exert synergistic effects on the growth performance and gut microbiota of weaning pigs. To test this hypothesis, we followed 398 weaning pigs from two university experiment stations (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) and University of Arkansas (UA)) to determine the effects of increasing levels (0%, 0.035%, 0.070%, and 0.105%) of sodium butyrate combined with 0.5% benzoic acid on the growth performance of nursery pigs. At the UA, an additional negative control diet was included and the gut microbiota analysis was carried out. At both universities, increasing levels of sodium butyrate in a diet containing 0.5% benzoic acid improved growth performance, which reached a plateau in the pigs fed 0.035% (SBA0.035) or 0.070% (SBA0.070) butyrate. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that pig...
Research Interests: Food Science, Biology, Medicine, Weaning, Microorganisms, and 3 moreButyrate, Gut Flora, and Sodium Butyrate
Potential use of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), increased temperatures and exposure time may be implemented to mitigate biological hazards in premixes and feed ingredients. However, there are no data on how these strategies influence... more
Potential use of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), increased temperatures and exposure time may be implemented to mitigate biological hazards in premixes and feed ingredients. However, there are no data on how these strategies influence phytase stability. For Exp. 1, there were no four- and three-way interactions among premix type (PT), oil type (OT), storage condition (SC), and storage time (ST) for phytase stability (P > 0.111). There were two-way interactions for PT × SC (P < 0.001) and SC × ST (P < 0.001). The OT did not affect phytase stability when premixes-containing phytase were added as either mineral oil (MO) or MCFA (P = 0.382). For Exp. 2, there was no interaction between PT and OT (P = 0.121). There were also no differences for phytase stability between vitamin premix (VP)- and vitamin trace mineral (VTM) premix-containing phytase were heated at 60 °C (P = 0.141) and between premixes-containing phytase were mixed with 1% MO added and 1% MCFA (P = 0.957). Therefo...
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding 1,500 phytase units (FYT/kg; Ronozyme HiPhos 2,500; DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) when credited with its corresponding nutrient release values to... more
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding 1,500 phytase units (FYT/kg; Ronozyme HiPhos 2,500; DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) when credited with its corresponding nutrient release values to growing-finishing pigs. The assumed phytase release values were 0.146% standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P, 0.102% STTD Ca, 8.6 kcal/kg of net energy (NE), and 0.0217%, 0.0003%, 0.0086%, 0.0224%, 0.0056%, 0.0122%, and 0.0163% standardized ileal digestible Lys, Met, Met+Cys, Thr, Trp, Ile, and Val, respectively. In Exp. 1, 1,215 pigs (PIC 359 × Camborough, initially 28.0 ± 0.46 kg) were used. Pens were assigned to one of three dietary treatments with 27 pigs per pen and 15 pens per treatment. Experimental diets consisted of a control with no added phytase or diets with 1,500 FYT fed either in the grower period (days 0–57) then switched to the control diet until market or fed throughout the entire study (day 0 to market). Diets containing added phytase we...
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Mitigation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was assessed using two feed additives (0.5% inclusion of a benzoic acid [BA] product and 0.02% inclusion of an essential oil [EO] product; DSM Nutritional Products Inc., Parsippany,... more
Mitigation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was assessed using two feed additives (0.5% inclusion of a benzoic acid [BA] product and 0.02% inclusion of an essential oil [EO] product; DSM Nutritional Products Inc., Parsippany, NJ), and combination of both products (0.5% BA and 0.02% EO) in spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) and a swine gestation diet (FEED) as determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and bioassay. Viral RNA quantification was performed at 7 sampling days post-laboratory inoculation (d 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42) and infectivity was assessed via bioassay with 10-d-old pigs. There was a tendency for treatment × feed matrix × day interaction (P = 0.094), in which the cycle threshold (Ct) value increased over time in FEED when treated with both feed additives, whereas there was no increase over time observed in SDPP treated with both feed additives. There was a feed matrix × day interaction (P < 0.001) in w...
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Research Interests: Chemistry, Food Science, Feed Ingredients, Weaning, Whey, and 4 moreSwine, Lactose, Meal, and Starter
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing dietary total Ca/total P ratios on growth performance, digestibility of Ca and P, bone mineralization, and concentrations of Ca and P in urine and plasma in nursery... more
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing dietary total Ca/total P ratios on growth performance, digestibility of Ca and P, bone mineralization, and concentrations of Ca and P in urine and plasma in nursery pigs. There were six diets in a randomized complete block design, including one positive control and five diets corresponding to five total Ca/total P ratios: 0.55, 0.73, 0.90, 1.07, and 1.24 (analyzed as 0.58, 0.75, 0.93, 1.11, and 1.30). These five diets were deficient in P but supplemented with 1,000 phytase units/kg feed. Each diet was fed to six pens of eight pigs (four barrows and four gilts per pen). All diets contained 3 g/kg TiO2, and fecal samples were collected from each pen on days 5–7 of trial. At the end, one pig per pen was sacrificed to collect the right tibia and urine in the bladder. The results showed that increasing dietary Ca/P ratio to 0.93 increased gain:feed but then gain:feed decreased as the Ca/P ratio was increased to 1.30...
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Three hundred-fifty pigs (initially 11.9±0.56 kg) were used to evaluate effects of different bones and analytical methods on assessment of bone mineralization response to dietary P and vitamin D in nursery pigs. Pens of pigs (5 pigs/pen)... more
Three hundred-fifty pigs (initially 11.9±0.56 kg) were used to evaluate effects of different bones and analytical methods on assessment of bone mineralization response to dietary P and vitamin D in nursery pigs. Pens of pigs (5 pigs/pen) were randomized to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 10 pens/treatment. After feeding diets for 28-d, 8 pigs/treatment were harvested for bone analysis. Treatments were: 1) P at 0.19% STTD P (deficient), 2) P at 0.33% STTD P (NRC requirement) using monocalcium phosphate, 3) P at 0.33% STTD P including phytase, 4) P at 0.44% STTD P (industry level) using monocalcium phosphate, phytase, no vitamin D, 5) diet 4 with vitamin D (1,653 IU/kg), 6) diet 5 with additional 2,000 IU/kg 25(OH)D3 (HyD). Final BW, ADG, and ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.05) and G:F improved (quadratic, P < 0.05) as P increased. The response to treatment for bone density and ash was dependent upon bone (density×bone interaction, P = 0.044; non-d...
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Our objective was to determine the effects of high phytase levels and feeding duration on performance of growing finishing pigs. A total of 1,215 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initially 28.0±0.47 kg) were used in a 126-d growth... more
Our objective was to determine the effects of high phytase levels and feeding duration on performance of growing finishing pigs. A total of 1,215 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initially 28.0±0.47 kg) were used in a 126-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 15 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal-dried distillers grains with solubles-based.Treatments were: 1) Control (no added phytase); 2) Grower phytase (1,500 FYT/kg added phytase fed from d 0 to 57, then no phytase from d 57 to market); and 3) Grow-finish phytase (1,500 FYT/kg added phytase fed throughout the study). Phytase (Ronozyme Hiphos GT 2500, heat-stable; DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) was assumed to release 0.146% digestible phosphorus (P), 0.166% available P, 0.102% STTD calcium, 53 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, 42 kcal/kg of net energy (NE), and 0.0217, 0.0003, 0.00886, 0.0224, 0.0056, 0.0122, and 0.0163% standardized ileal digestible lysine...
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The objective was to determine phosphorus (P) requirement of lactating sows using 24-hour urinary P excretion as the response criteria. The underlying assumption was that urinary P remains low and constant until the requirements are met... more
The objective was to determine phosphorus (P) requirement of lactating sows using 24-hour urinary P excretion as the response criteria. The underlying assumption was that urinary P remains low and constant until the requirements are met then increases as P consumption increases. Thirty-six crossbred PIC Camborough sows (parity 3 to 7) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 corn-soybean-meal diets with increasing dietary total P (tP) levels (0.40, 0.48, 0.56, 0.64, 0.72, and 0.80%) and a constant calcium (Ca) to tP ratio (1.25:1). Diets were fed from breeding until the end of lactation. Urine and blood samples were collected on days 4 and 18 of lactation and analyzed for P and Ca concentrations. Data were analyzed using MIXED and NLIN procedures of SAS. Phosphorus requirements were estimated using a broken-line regression model. Plasma Ca (ranging from 12.1 to 10.3 mg/dL) was not affected by dietary treatments, and was maintained within the normal physiological range on day 4 and 18 of lac...
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A subset of 720 weaned pigs (6.44 ± 0.1 kg, PIC genetics, approximately 21-d of age) were used in a 42-d trial with a 2x3 factorial design evaluating the effects of adding organic acid (OA) blends [factor 1 = no organic acid (NO), Acid... more
A subset of 720 weaned pigs (6.44 ± 0.1 kg, PIC genetics, approximately 21-d of age) were used in a 42-d trial with a 2x3 factorial design evaluating the effects of adding organic acid (OA) blends [factor 1 = no organic acid (NO), Acid Pak 1 (AP1), Acid Pak 2 (AP2)] to diets with or without higher levels of Zn or Cu [factor 2 = +/-PZC] on pig performance. Pigs were allotted 10 pigs/pen to 12 weight blocks and randomly assigned the six dietary treatments. The +PZC diets contained 3000 ppm Zn (d 0-7), 2000 ppm Zn (d 8-21), and 250 ppm Cu (d 21-42) and -PZC diets contained 95 ppm Zn and 20 ppm Cu (d 0-42). The AP1 and AP2 diets used 0.9% of 2 acid premixes (d 0-21), and 0.45% of the premixes (day 22-42). AP1 provided 0.5% benzoic acid, 0.07% sodium butyrate, and 0.025% phosphoric acid (day 0-21) and half those levels (day 22-42). AP2 included the same acids as AP1 but at half the rate and combined with 7 other organic acids and carvacrol. From d 0-21, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were improved (...
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio in diets adequate in standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P on performance of 26- to 127-kg pigs fed diets with or without phytase. Pens... more
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio in diets adequate in standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P on performance of 26- to 127-kg pigs fed diets with or without phytase. Pens of pigs (n = 1,134 in Exp. 1 and n = 1,215 in Exp. 2, initially 26.3 and 25.3 kg) were blocked by body weight (BW) and allotted to treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 27 pigs per pen with 7 and 9 replicates per treatment in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. Treatments were formulated to contain 0.75:1, 1.00:1, 1.25:1, 1.50:1, 1.75:1, and 2.00:1 analyzed Ca:P ratios in Exp. 1, and 0.75:1, 1.00:1, 1.25:1, 1.50:1, and 2.00:1 analyzed Ca:P ratios in Exp. 2. These correspond to a range of 0.96:1 to 2.67:1 and 0.95:1 to 2.07:1 STTD Ca:STTD P ratios in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. Experiment 2 diets contained 1,000 phytase units of Ronozyme HiPhos 2500 (DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) with release values of 0.132%...
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A total of 36 sows (DNA Line 200 × 400) and their progeny were used to determine if feeding a combination of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 influences progeny muscle fiber morphometrics. Within 3 d of breeding, sows were allotted to 1 of 3... more
A total of 36 sows (DNA Line 200 × 400) and their progeny were used to determine if feeding a combination of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 influences progeny muscle fiber morphometrics. Within 3 d of breeding, sows were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments fortified with 1,500 IU/kg vitamin D3 (CON), 500 IU/kg vitamin D3 + 25 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 (DL), or 1,500 IU/kg vitamin D3 + 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 (DH). One average body weight male per litter was euthanized within 24 h of birth (n = 36) and at weaning on d 21 of lactation (n = 35). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with maternal dietary treatment as the fixed effect. When pigs were sacrificed at birth, there were no treatment effects for fiber morphometric measures (P > 0.170), except for primary fiber number and secondary to primary muscle fiber ratio (P < 0.016). Pigs from CON fed sows had fewer primary fibers than pigs from sows fed the DH treatment (P = 0.014), with the DL treatment not differing from either (P >...
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Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different analyzed calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratios on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg. A total of 1,134 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initial BW... more
Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different analyzed calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratios on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg. A total of 1,134 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initial BW 26.3 ± 0.71 kg) were used in a 110-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. The 6 dietary treatments were formulated to contain 0:75:1, 1.00:1, 1.25:1, 1.50:1, 1.75:1, and 2.00:1 analyzed Ca:P ratio. All diets were corn-soybean meal-based and were formulated to contain adequate standardized total tract digestible P (approximately 122% of NRC 2012 estimates) for the weight range in all 4 dietary phases. Treatments were achieved by increasing calcium carbonate at the expense of corn while maintaining a constant level of monocalcium phosphate. Experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio incre...
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Approximately 1,200 weaned pigs (8.8 ± 1 kg; Camborough×337, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used to evaluate the effects of a blend of essential oils compared to therapeutic programs [negative control (NC), Carbodox (NC + 55 ppm Mecadox,... more
Approximately 1,200 weaned pigs (8.8 ± 1 kg; Camborough×337, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used to evaluate the effects of a blend of essential oils compared to therapeutic programs [negative control (NC), Carbodox (NC + 55 ppm Mecadox, Phibro, Teaneck, NJ; MX), added ZnO and CuSO4 (NC + 2,000 ppm Zn and 150 ppm Cu in P1 and 150 ppm Cu in P2; ZnCu), and essential oils blend (NC + 0.4% Victus Liv, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ; VL)]. Pigs were allotted to the treatments 10 d after weaning. Treatments occurred over 2 phases: 14 d (P1) and 21 d (P2). Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (F:G) were evaluated. Data were analyzed as a CRD using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit and treatment as main effect. During P1, pigs fed MX or ZnCu had increased ADG compared with NC (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively) and VL (P = 0.007 and P = 0.018, respectively). Pigs fed MX, VL, or ZnCu had improved F:G comp...
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Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different analyzed calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratios on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg fed diets containing 1,000 phytase units (FYT). A total of 1,215... more
Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different analyzed calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratios on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg fed diets containing 1,000 phytase units (FYT). A total of 1,215 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initial BW 26 ± 0.71 kg) were used in a 114-d growth trial with 27 pigs/pen and 9 pens/treatment in a randomized complete block design. The 5 dietary treatments were formulated to contain 0:75:1, 1.00:1, 1.25:1, 1.50:1, and 2.00:1 analyzed Ca:P ratio. Diets contained 1,000 FYT of Ronozyme HiPhos 2500 (DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) with assumed release values of 0.15% available P and 0.132% standardized total tract digestible P (STTD P). All diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated to contain approximately 122% of NRC (2012) STTD P estimates for the weight range across all 4 dietary phases. Treatments were achieved by increasing calcium carbonate at the expense of corn while maintaining a c...